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The Korean legal system pertains to the Continental-European system. In the area of criminal law and procedure, the Korean legal system has been greatly influenced by German rules and theories. However, the Korean Criminal Procedure Act adopted provisions for cross-examination and hearsay rule in 1961. This study focuses on the origins and rationale of hearsay rule in Anglo-American rule of evidence and Korean law. The ultimate goal of this study is directed at looking for a desirable form of future Korean style hearsay rule. It will be necessary to study the origins and rationale of hearsay rule for attaining this goal. Hearsay rule is one of the important elements of the adversary system. In addition, Anglo-American evidence law, including hearsay rule, is a child of a Jury system. Historically, Anglo-American evidence law became necessary because there were lay jurors as fact-finders. However, basically, the structure of criminal procedure of Korea is inquisitorial. There was not a jury system in Korea. The professional judge decides both the law and the facts in the Korean legal system. Thus, some people might think that if there is not a jury system, and the judge is a fact-finder, there is no need to adopt exclusionary rule, such as hearsay rule, in the Korean law. Nonetheless, hearsay rule is a firmly rooted principle in the Korean legal system. However, historically, the jury system and the adversary system have been bases for hearsay rule. The pivot rationale for hearsay rule is that the declarant cannot be examined. Therefore, we need to promote the adversary trial and the cross-examination for the future form of Korean style hearsay rule.

Nehmen alle Streitgenossen an der mündlichen Verhandlung des Rechtsstreits teil, so ist jeder in dem Vorbringen des Prozeβstoffes unabhängig von den anderen. Jeder kann Angriffs- oder Verteidigungsmittel vorbringen, die nur ihn angehen oder allen gemeinsam sind, und Beweismittel daür benennen, kann eine von den anderen abweichende Sachdarstellung geben, die Behauptungen des Gegners bestreiten oder zugestehen, auf den geltend gemachten Anspruch verzichten oder ihn anerkennen usf. Aber die Einheitlichkeit der Entscheidung verlangt Einheitlichkeit des Prozeβstoffs. Bei widerstreitenden Sachdarstellung entscheidet über die dem Urteil als wahr zugrunde zu legende die Beweisaufnahme und die Beweiswürdigung des Gerichts, die wie bei der gewöhnlichen Streitgenossenschaft nur einheitlichkeit sein kann. Wenn aber ein Streitgenosse ein Geständnis, einen Verzicht oder ein Anerkenntnis erklärt, eine Klageänderung vornimmt oder ihr zustimmt usf., so kann deren Wirkung nur eintreten, wenn der Streitgenosse auch materiellrechtlich zu Lasten der anderen Streitgenossen verfügen kann.

The original system of REITs has begun from 1880' in the United States. In Korea, this system was introduced for the transparency of real estate market and remodelling of private enterprise and the consolidation of vicious bonds of banking facilities by the opportunity of IMF economic crisis which was occurred in 1997. In our country, the Real Estate Investment Trust Act(Act No. 6471) was enacted in April 2001 for the above purpose and revised seven times till now. However, we have not prepared full solutions on many issues as yet through several time's revisions. Therefore this study covers the general theory of REITs, REITs in the United States, the Korea's REITs and the direction for improvement of our REITs system with expectation of sound development. First, this study intends to build up the concept of REITs by arranging the concept characteristics. structure and types of REITs. Second, this intends to draw the factors which can contribute to the activation of our country's REITs by comparing with America's REITs which has been the backbone of the REITs system Third, this study was tried to arrange for seeking the improvement device for the main issues on poor progress of foundations of self-management REITs as actual type of company which is matched the real purpose of REITs.

It can be seen that the ideal of the civil action forms the ideal of civil affairs execution. Moreover it is regulated that civil affairs execution law article 23 term 1 “excluding the circumstances where there is a special regulation to this law, it applies correspondingly the regulations of civil action law regarding the procedures of civil affairs execution and preservative measure.” so, different to the opinion of looking at the ideal of civil action as the ideal of civil affairs execution, it seems as though there can be no different opinion. Therefore it is sometimes thought that legalistic character and ideal of civil affairs execution procedure don't need to be particularly understood. But even if the principle of civil action and civil affairs execution is identical, civil action procedure is ideally solving the dispute factum via mentality that has been through opinion proof(Verhandlungsmaxime) of the person concerned. Different to this the civil affairs execution systematically actualizes the authority of ideal acknowledged executive power original state, or it is a procedure that forcefully realizes the authority based on conversion right that is immanent in mortgage rights such as mortgage, right of pledge, the lease of a house on a deposit basis rights, and lien. Furthermore it is a procedure where human execution possible, so it is hard to see that the meaning of that principle is definitely identical. Therefore an examination is necessary to see whether legalistic character in a civil action is different to legalistic character of civil affairs execution procedure, whether regulations about ideal of Code of Civil Procedure article 1 are applied correspondingly in civil affairs execution and article 1, whether or not that meaning is identical if it is applied, and because there is the problem of whether the ideal different to civil action is needed or not. It is because the ideal of civil affairs execution is needed as the analysis ideal of civil affairs execution law, and as the appropriate standard of legislation(opening of court) direction according to the changes of society's economic important matters and sense of values that were prerequisite during the legislation. In this essay we looked at whether public good is needed as the ideal of civil affairs execution. There is no reason to object to the opinion 'civil action law article 1 term 1 is applied correspondingly', because civil affairs execution law does not keep the regulation about the ideal of civil affairs execution procedures. But rapidity, economics, propriety and equity according to civil action, does not have the same meaning with the legalistic character and civil affairs execution which objective is different. Also the existence of ideal besides the ones regulated in civil affairs execution law, that are deduced according to the various regulations that have been regulated in civil affairs execution law can not be denied. The procedural prowl in civil affairs execution is something that is arranged at the front in the ideal(especially propriety and equity) of civil affairs execution, but preferably in civil affairs execution procedure if there is no prowling, it brings execution incapable situation due to the debtor, so not only will it be against propriety and equity but it will bring the result which makes it harder for idea achievement of economy and rapidity. Also it can be said that the civil action procedure actually does not have public beneficial and third person-wise relative importance, and there are very little circumstances where it has any effects. On the contrary civil affairs execution procedure has more gain and loss related people than civil action, and it is a procedure of substantially realizing creditor's authority. So that is how the gain and loss relation between creditors, between creditor and debtor, between creditor and other understanding related people, between creditor and third debtor, and between vendee and third person, sharply confronts. Therefore there is the need for civil affairs execution procedure to regard the idea of public benefit as important. In conclusion the principle in civil affairs execution requires rapidity, economics, propriety and equity due to correspondingly applied civil action law, other than these it is seen that the ideal of prowl and public benefit is required. These ideal supplement and overlap with each other, and sometimes they are inconsistent or collide. However public benefit as the civil affairs execution ideal is the only notion that does not conflict with other ideal. Civil affairs execution is the procedure that forcefully realizes authority as executive power original state that has been ideally approved in things such as civil action, in the aim of creditor's profit, it is caused by debtor's unfaithfulness so it has to plan creditor's superiority and creditor's maximum satisfaction more than anything else. But bringing unexpected loss to third person or other understanding related person, furthermore being to harsh to the debtor, In the end it should not be a result opposing against public benefit.

Chaihark Hahm argue we should remember that constitutionalism in America is a product of its specific history and culture. Also, he is arguing on two fronts. As against those who pay attention only to the written text of a constitution, he argue that culture should not be ignored, for it is culture that supplies the vocabulary for understanding the constitution and making it effective in its context. As against those who capitalize on "culture" to argue in favor of authoritarian politics, he argue that culture is not monolithic or static, and that culture actually contain within itself many divergent strands which enables a continuous critique and reinterpretation of itself. According to Professor Carl J. Friedrich`s functional definition of constitutionalism as "effective regularized restraints upon the government" is instructive in this regard. Dr. Hahm depend on Carl J. Friedrich`s theory. I stand with Dr. Hahm`s thesis. My main thesis is that within the moral and political meaning of Confucian culture, the concept of ritual propriety(禮) can function as a constitutional norm. Although Hahm deny that there was the judicial review as legal system in chosun dynasty, I demonstrate the historical data as a proof(the argument between King Sungjong and members of cabinet as Confucian scholar on the revision of main code, Kyungkukdaejeon) of existence of legal system for the judicial review. But, some historians deny this thesis, because they have not sufficient knowledge on the legal theory. In a positivist position(considering the historical data), the appropriate evaluation on the legal system of Chosun dynasty is a necessary. In this respect, Chosun Dynasty was the Confucian constitutional state.

The constitution is providing regarding a compensation responsibility of the nation. And State Compensation Act is deciding compensation for the damages of the individual which was illegally acted by public servant. Consequently, By the administration action of the State the citizen who is infringed an interests there is a possibility of being compensated. And so, the compensation requisition of the citizen is increasing and the many national revenue source is expended. But, The instance which claim for indemnification is slight level in that the a government employee who is responsibility. Accordingly, There is a necessity which will activate a indemnity system. In this sense, the main point of this paper is to study exercise of right to indemnity. This paper is organized as follows; Chapter Ⅰ. The purpose of the study Chapter Ⅱ. Meaning, nature and function of right to indemnity Chapter Ⅲ. Requisites of right to indemnity Chapter Ⅳ. Scope of indemnity Chapter Ⅴ. Subject of rights to indemnity Chapter Ⅵ. Summary and conclusion

Es hat sich längst herumgesprochen und ist unbestritten, dass die Integration im Sinne der Richtlinie nicht so umfassend ist, wie es am Anfang häufig angenommen wurde. Die IVU-Richtlinie regelt einen Ausschnitt aus dem Gesamtkonzept einer integrativen Umweltpolitik. Dass das Konzept eines integrativen Umweltschutzes viel weiter ist als der Gehalt der IVU-Richtlinie, überrascht nicht. Damit unterscheidet sich das Prinzip der Integration nicht von anderen Leitprinzipien des Umweltrechts. Vorsorge als Prinzip ist viel weiter und etwas anderes als die Vorsorge im Sinne des konkreten Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes. Und das Prinzip der Nachhaltigkeit ist etwas anderes und viel Umfassenderes als das, was jetzt in mehreren Gesetzen normiert worden ist. Programmatische Konzepte haben eine andere Funktion als konkrete Rechtsnormen, die materielle Inhalte und konkrete Instrumente zur Umsetzung des Prinzips regeln. Die IVU-Richtlinie bietet nicht Integration schlechthin, sondern konkret und spezifisch eine integrierte Vermeidung und Verminderung von Umweltverschmutzungen im Sinne der ausdrücklichen Regelungen der IVU-Richtlinie, also gemäß den materiellen und verfahrensmäßig integrativen Elementen der Richtlinie, und sie begrenzt sie auf diese. Das Integrationskonzept im Sinne der IVU-Richtlinie fordert weder eine Zusammenführung der Anforderungen der IVU-Richtlinie mit denen der UVP-RL noch eine Einbeziehung der Regelungen über Eingriffe in Natur und Landschaft. Insoweit war der UGB-Entwurf und der Entwurf eines Umweltgesetzbuches I umfassender und konzeptionell geschlossener gewesen- und dies zu recht. Von der naturschutzrechtlichen Eingriffsregelung heißt es nämlich in der Literatur, dass sie integrativ par excellence sei, und dass das deutsche Recht diese Integration, die vom europäischen Recht in dieser Form nicht gefordert ist, selbst schon geleistet habe. Wenn dem aber so ist, dann wäre nicht verständlich, dass man in einem Artikelgesetz, welches das Konzept zur integrierten Vermeidung und Verminderung umsetzt, die im deutschen Recht schon vorhandene Integration nicht auch sichtbar machen würde, also z.B. in § 6 BImSchG eine entsprechende Formulierung einfügen würde. Offenkundigkeit und Sichtbarkeit einer Integration schaden nie, im Gegenteil sie unterstützen den Gesetzesvollzug in willkommener und positiver Weise wie umgekehrt eine komplizierte und undeutliche Regelungsweise die Praxis der Integration behindert. Es besteht in der Bundesrepublik ein zäher Widerstand gegen jede noch so kleine Erweiterung der Liste der UVP-pflichtigen Anlagen. Manche der dabei vorgebrachten Einwände können nur irrational genannt werden. Es ist fraglich, ob sie überwunden werden können und eine durchaus wünschbare Übereinstimmung der Anlagenliste an die UVP- und IVU-Richtlinie erreicht werden kann. Generell ist die Gefahr nicht von der Hand zu weisen, dass das beabsichtigte Artikelgesetz am Streitpunkt der Anlagenliste aufläuft. Abgesehen davon, dass es mehrere Kompromißlösungen bei der Verbindung von UVP- und IVU-Anlagenliste gibt, könnte eine Minimallösung darin bestehen, dass eine Liste erstellt wird, die sowohl Anlagen der IVU- als auch der UVP-Richtlinie enthält. Jedoch werden in die Liste nur die Schnittmengen beider Richtlinien aufgenommen sowie die Anlagen, die ausschließlich IVU-pflichtig sind. Übrig bleibt dann eine Restmenge von nur UVP-pflichtigen Anlagen. Das mag nicht optimal sein, aber die Verwirklichung des Konzepts der Kombination.

Grundsätzlich wird aufgrund der Privatautonomie die Pflicht zur umfassenden Aufklärung eines Vertragspartners gegenüber einem anderen Vertragspartner abgelehnt. Auf der Suche nach der Begründung der Aufklärungspflicht bei Vertragsverhandlungen steht hier im Mittelpunkt der Interessen die Gesichtspunkte aus verschiedenen Quellen wie nicht nur die Kriterien der Zivilrechts- und Verfassungsnormen sondern auch außerrechtliche Wertungskriterien. Dazu gehören das Schutzprinzip der Schwächeren wie Verbraucher nach dem Sozialstaatsprinzip des Grundgesetzes, Vertrauensschutz sowie ökonomische Analyse des Rechts, Berufshaftung, Selbstbindung ohne Vertrag und bewegliches System. Im Ergebnis ist zu erwähnen, dass eine begrifflich exakte, abstrakte Definition von Aufklärungspflichten allgemein für unmöglich gehalten wird. Daher kann eine Aufklärungspflicht immer nur aus besonderen Gründen anhand der Umstände des Einzelfalles bejaht werden. Unter der Berücksichtigung der Rechtssicherheit ist es aber nicht zutreffend, wenn das Bestehen der Aufklärungspflicht vom Einzelfall und den bloßen Leerformeln abhängig gemacht wird. Hier liegen Einzelfallgerechtigkeit und Rechtssicherheit im Streit. Unter diesen Umständen empfiehlt es sich, auf die wichtigen Faktoren in Bezug auf die Informationspflicht zurückzugreifen. Dabei ist es sinnvoll, dass man die Fallgruppenbildung aufgrund der Interessenwertung der Parteien betrachtet. Hier lässt sich herausstellen: Es ist keine Aufgabe der Rechtsordnung, generell ein Informationsgleichgewicht der zukünftigen Vertragsparteien herzustellen. Unter diesen Umständen kann eine vorvertragliche Aufklärungspflicht nur dann angenommen werden, wenn hinsichtlich der Umstände, welche für die Entscheidung des Vertragsschlusses bedeutsam sind, das Informationsgefälle zwischen den Beteiligten besteht. Angesichts der Informationsasymmetrie bezüglich der wichtigen Umstände zwischen Beteiligten ist für das Bestehen der vorvertraglichen Informationspflicht einerseits der Informationsbedarf auf Seiten des Aufzuklärenden erheblich. Hierbei ist unter dem Informationsbedarf zu verstehen, dass zum einen die Informationen für den Vertragsentschluss wesentlich ist, zum anderen der Informationsgläubiger aus seiner Unkenntnis der wichtigen Informationen aufklärungsbedürftig ist. Andererseits ist die Erkennbarkeit des Informationsbedarfs für den Informationspflichtigen wichtig.

New trial in a criminal action occurs when an important misunderstanding of the truth is spotted or is suspected of, and it is an emergency aid procedure for the convicted to confirm the illegality and the injustice of the adjudication. Although the code of criminal procedure Item 5 of Art. 420 enacts one of the reasons for new trial as 'when a clear and new evidence is discovered,' there are many disputes over the standard and the manner of judgement. Hitherto, the Korean Supreme Court did not recognize the new evidence if it was not presented intentionally or negligently. In addition, the Court for the application of new trial persist that new evidences should be examined separately, not comprehensively with other evidences, for the proof to be evident, and that it should be examined by the judge who made the irrevocable judgement of the accused. These judgments are made in the stance that puts importance to legal safety. However, these precedents run counter to the reason for new trial in a criminal action; that it aids the innocent under a false charge. Legal stability is not an absolute notion; and therefore should be reinterpreted with justice and harmonious interpretation. Also, these precedents run counter to the freedom from conviction, which is that the court judges the actual value of the evidence with a free impression. It is also contradictory towards the preliminary examination that occurs before the decision for a reexamination is entered to the original bill. These precedents are also contradictory to the principle of valuing all evidences comprehensively, and with the need for implicit application of the changed the Korean Supreme Court rulings, they should be changed. The responsibility to settle the undeserved accusation and to re-grant the reputation of the many who were ignored of their rights under the past dictatorial government lies in the hands of the court. This is, ultimately, the way to rid of the people's distrust of the judicature, and to gain legal peace and stability.

Die Grenzbestimmungsklage im Falle einer Grensverwirkung einklaget werden. Die unterscheidet Eigentumsfeststellungsklage mit die Unanwendung des Prinzip des Beweislast in non liequt. Daher die Grenzbestimmung der Besitzstand maßgebend ist. Ferner kann der Besitzstand nicht festgestellt werden, so ist jedem der Grundstücke ein gleich großes Stück der streitigen Fläche zuzuteilen. Über das Wesen der Grenzbestimmungsklage ist streitige. Die herrschende Meinung Verfahren der freiwilligen Gerichtsbarkeit unterstande, und die Gegenstand des die Klage ist öffentrechtliche Grenz. Während die einflußreich Lehre Verfahren des allgemeine Streitigkeit, und es Eigentum feststellst.

No one denies that settlement in administrative litigation has a broad utility in practical affairs for all that it has not enough legal ground in current law, and contribute to a rapid and economic solution of administrative litigation. However, currently we don’t have definite regulations about legal characteristics of the settlement in practical affairs, which include various problems even at the time of applying settlement in Civil Procedure Act. Above all, there are still theoretical discussions on whether settlement is possible in administrative litigation since Administrative Litigation Act doesn’t still have official regulations of settlement. Thus, the Supreme Court prepared for a revised bill of Administrative Settlement Act considering characteristics of administrative litigation as well as accepting settlement in Civil Procedure Act. The revised bill has core contents that it limits an object of settlement decision to the cases that disposals of administrative agencies are deviated and abused their discretion and to the cases of curable procedure flaw exceptionally, considering rights relief of administrative litigation and control function of administrative legality, and contents of the settlement bill should not also escape legal limits. Only, I think that it is an urgent problem to prepare for proper and concrete regulations of Administrative Litigation Act by supplementing such a revised bill since the revised bill also has indefinite regulations and problems about legal effect are still not settled by only application of procedure.

The government put a partial amendment proposal of the Civil Code before the 268th extraordinary session of the National Assembly in August 8, 2007. This amendment proposal of the Civil Code is establish the four property system of married couple by law. The 1st Act, The one side prohibits to dispose the Matrimonial Home without the assent of the life partner. The 2nd Act, The couple makes the privilege to divide a property have among the marriage. The 3rd, The case which the divide the couple does a property due to the divorce, To divide the property so that they are identical is the principle. The 4th, A couple one side to preserve own privilege give the privilege which the cancel can do the deed of the life partner. The amendment proposal 4 is establish newly to the property system of married couple by law can do to a couple property contract. The writer evaluates this to the realization of a couple equality. And good bill. However, We can not expect but the legislation of National Assembly. It is difficult to. And then, To the legislate, This thesis hope that find the adequate ground for the legislation which the compares with other countries system. This paper studied couple property system of Germany and France civil law which the bill receives.

Zur Zeit handelt es sich um die Einwohnerbewegung gegen die Errichtungen der öffentlichen Einrichtungen. Aus diesem Grund ist die Stastplanung fraglich und streitwürdig. In dieser Untersuchung handelt es sich um die Planabwägung der die stadtplannung (sog. Bebauungspaln). Dementsprechtend ist Rechtsprechung die Entscheidung von Seoul Verwaltungsgericht in 2003. In disem Fall steht das Abwägungsgebot im Kernpunkt der Gerichtkontrolle über die Stadtspläne. In der Praxis hat die Rechtsprechung für die Kontrolle des Stadtsplans in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland die Abwägungsfehlerlehre entwickelt. Dagegen hat die Entscheidung von Seoul sich nur um das allgemeines Verwaltungsermessen behandelt. Aus diesem Grund sollte das Verwaltungsgericht zuerst zwischen dem Planermessen und dem unterscheiden wollen, ferner wollte es den Abwägungsgebot in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland nicht eingeführt.

What is the relationship between ENGOs and state sovereignty in the context of international climate change negotiations is one of the topics which should be discussed sincerely to consider the role and the influence of ENGOs in future. Although States usually allow NGOs to observe international environmental negotiations, they frequently exclude NGOs from closed-door sessions which often referred to as "informals" where many of the key decisions are made. While it is clear that NGOs have not overtaken States as the most powerful actors, it is also evident that NGOs can constrain the ability of States to act as autonomous decision makers. ENGOs influenced the Kyoto Protocol negotiations by catalyzing and framing debates on emissions trading and sinks, and by increasing pressure on States to reach agreement. Thus, ENGO activities have had indirect effects on the final agreement. Though state sovereignty does place some limits on how influential ENGOs can be in international climate change negotiations, it is not their most significant obstacle. Perhaps even more problematic are the opportunity costs ENGOs have incurred by focusing almost exclusively on international negotiations, and the increasing diversity among members of the environmental community, paving the way for disagreement among the ENGOs themselves. This paper addresses these things by examining the role of environmental NGOs (ENGOs) in the negotiations of the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC. And it concludes by arguing that state sovereignty is not the most significant obstacle for ENGOs hoping to shape international climate change negotiations. ENGOs themselves may be the greatest obstacle to future ENGO influence.

Considering the constitutional restrictions on the research and application of the bio-technologies, this article is dedicated to reduce certain fundamental rights under the constitution for the victims by the bio-technologies based on the human dignity and the government's obligation to protect the people's fundamental rights, and to analyse the specific legislations therefor; on the other hand, this article is to resolve the problems of the conflicts among the rights-holders who have many different interests in the land of the bio-technologies in light of the constitutionality of the legislations to restrict the fundamental rights of the people engaged in the bio-technology industry under the article 37 paragraph 2 of the Constitution, consequently to discuss the statutory limitation of the bio-technologies.

Even though the prompt corrective action (hereinafter PCA) over financial institutions was adopted during the Korean financial crisis by the Act concerning the Structural Improvement of the Financial Industry (hereinafter ASIFI), the PCA has been still provided in order to resolve problems of insufficient financial institutions in the post-financial crisis. In this sense, the PCA has been debated. This arguing is also suitable in the financial holding companies in Korea. In this regard, Part Ⅱexamines the PCA system under the ASIFI and its Enforcement Decree, and the Korean Financial Holding Company Act (hereinafter KFHCA), its Enforcement Decree, Regulation on Supervision of Financial Holding Companies (hereinafter RSFHC) and Rules on the RSFHC. Part Ⅲreviews several drawbacks of the PCA system and Part Ⅵ finally recommends some resolutions to remove or decrease some problems of the PCA system for the efficacy of Korean financial holding companies.

Nowadays Aggregate residential buildings and collective residential buildings such as apartments consist of large percentage of the types of housing that exist in Korea. Since aggregate residential buildings and collective residential buildings are similar and partially overlap with one another, many questions have been raised as to whether administration of such properties are governed under the Housing Act or the Ownership and Management of Aggregate Residential Building Act. The Housing Act has provisions governing warranty and repairs against structural defects to be provided for by the company that constructed the residential building, but this Act has no provisions concerning the warranty for structural defects that the Committee of dwellers representatives dominion over. Therefore, to secure effectiveness on warranty for structural defects of the Aggregate residential building, I'd investigate about legal position of the Committee of dwellers representatives, and criticize attitude of recent precedent.

In August 2007, the Ministry of Justice of Korea promulgated the revision draft of Insurance Law codified in Korean Commercial Code(hereinafter "KCC"). The most dramatic change intended by the draft lies in the duty of insurer to explain the material clauses contained in the insurance policy. Korean law regulating general terms of consumer contract, enacted in 1986, requires an entrepreneur to explain the material terms, and if she or he fails to do so, the terms shall be excluded from the contract. As late as in the year of 1991, KCC introduced an article to reverse the legal consequences of the opting out, awarding the insured the alternative right to revoke the contract or accept the clauses as a whole by waiving the right. KCC's goal was to make the opt-out method void as inconsistent with the alternative right, but Korean Supreme Court refused to follow the KCC legislative object and did not changed its attitude toward the insurer's duty to expalin the policy terms. A viable Insurance system presupposes a considerable size of group members being subject to the same sort of disasters. Each member of the group contributes the premium and copes with the common difficulties hand in hand. This collective nature of the insurance contracts requires insurers to deal with every insured all the same, and the general terms of insurance policy helps to this end. Even if an insurer fails to perform the duty to explain the material terms of its insurance policy, it is undesirable to allow the insured a privileged right not shared by other insureds in the same group. That is why KCC attempts to revise the duty again by adding a passage - "if the insured does not revoke the contract, the general terms of the policy applies to the contract." In conclusion, KCC Revision Draft appears to be reasonable on this matter, but it would be worth while to watch out for the judicial resistance opposing to the radical change of the status quo.

There are several views about Kor-Us FTA. These are not clear in the influence on the future of Kor-US relationship, especially economic and political situations. After making the Kor-US FTA, GMOs became new issue because of the understanding of GMOs between US and Korea even though GMOs were not the subject of Kor-US FTA. Public concerns are whether GMOs will be imported much more than it has at any time in the past. However, this is not important. More important is the future influence of GMOs legal policy in Korea after the ratification of "The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety". Several issues will be appeared. First, whether or not the revision of the safety assessment of GMOs is possible for the further protection. Second, the existing GMOs labeling system is sufficient for the public information. Third, whether or not our existing GMOs-related system is the technical barriers to Kor-US trade. In actuality, the US government have demanded the deregulation of GMOs in the past several years and our government has approved these demands. Therefore, what we have to concern is whether the maintenance of existing GMOs regulations and further protection are possible. For this, we should prepare the human and material resources for carrying out the legal system on GMOs. In above, we get all the necessary data for taking proper measures when the conflict on GMOs between US and Korea occurs.

This paper focuses on the problems in the Korean adoption laws, specifically the problems inherent in the adoption based on the acceptance by legal representatives of child(=child's custodial parents) and the civil code’s indifference to the unmarried fathers’ rights. The former Civil Code (the one existing prior to the amendments by the Act No. 4199 on January 13, 1990), in section 869, provided that “if the adoptee is under the age of 15, legal representatives, or the guardian in place of the parents in the case of no parents, shall accept the offer of adoption.” After the amendments, this section replaces guardians with legal representatives with custody as the person with acceptance power. As a result of this amendment, when only one parent is appointed as the holder of custodial rights due to a divorce or a birth out of wedlock, the other parent who is not awarded the custodial rights can't have any voice in the adoption of his or her children. To the contrary, section 870(1) of the Civil Code provides that “an adoptee shall obtain the parents’ consent…,” and this section has not been amended. Therefore, if the adoptee is over 15, he or she shall obtain consent from the both parents, even when only one parent has been awarded custody due to a divorce or a birth out of wedlock. Section 869 of the Civil Code, whic authorizes the adoption of an adoptee under 15 only with the legal representatives’ acceptance results in an involuntary deprivation of the non-custodial parents’ potential custodial rights, has a potential to violate Article 10 of the Constitution, which guarantees the human dignity and value, and the right to pursue happiness, Article 36(2) of the Constitution that prohibits improper invasion of marriage and family lives. In order to trace the history of the U.S.A.’s protection of unmarried fathers, this paper reviews the Supreme Court cases of Stanley, Quillion, Caban, and Lehr. In the U.S.A., when a unmarried father demonstrates his commitment as a father by having participated in the raising of the child[ren], he ca enjoy several rights equivalent to those of the mother, a right to a notice and opportunity to be heard and a right to consent (or a right to veto). Even for those father who have not formed a substantial relationship with the child, due to the biological link, they still have an opportunity interest so that they can develop a father-child relationship. They acquire this opportunity interest from their biological link to develop a constitutionally protected relationship. In order to protect this interest, a system called putative father registry has been established, and those father who have registered in time are give notice of adoption. A complete agreement to what Justice White stated in Lehr in his dissenting opinion, “the biological link in itself is a relationship that creates a protected interest,” may not be expected. However, considering the Stanley case and the other relevant cases, there is a need for the establishment of a institutional system through which biological fathers’ voice can be heard. As a tentative measure, they should be given the rights to consent and to a notice and opportunity to be heard through interpretation of existing laws, depending on whether they have developed a substantial and real father-children relationship. In any event, there shall be more research on the issues of biological fathers, i.e., unmarried fathers, who have not established legal fatherhoods through acknowledgments or other means. Once the new paradigm of the U.S.A. on unmarried fathers is applied to the Korean adoption laws, it is just a matter of time that there emerge constitutional problems regarding the violation of human dignity and value, the right to pursue happiness, and due process and equal protection.

The advent of digital era in created the importance of digitalized contents on culture, education, game etc. our daily lives. The digital contents which has creativeness has been protected by the Copyright Act in Korea. However, the contents which was not creative could not have been protected so far on the ground that it lacks creativeness, one of the prerequisite for copyright protection, even though the industry invent much time effort in digitalizing the contents. Until recently, they had no remedies against illegal reproduction of their contents through the internet network. The purpose of the Online Digital Contents Industry Promotion Act is not only to promote Korean digital contents but also to protect investment to digitalization of contents by adopting the unfair competition principle. Although both copyright laws and Online Digital Contents Industry Promotion Act aim to protect Digital Contents in different ways, the one stipulate the limitation of liability for online service providers but the other doesn‵t.

A great number of studies have been conducted so far to determine the significance of the system for prescription of real property possession, reasons for it's existence, legislating procedures and conditions. The present study, thus, focuses exclusively on the legal status to be acquired after a prescription for real property is completed. What comes in issue firstly in terms of the legal status upon completion of a prescription for real property possession is whether the owner of a real property is able to apply for acquisition of claim for registration for the purpose of acquiring possession although he can't get the possession immediately upon completion of prescription for possession. Majority and legal precedents view such status as a thing in action, while minority supports the theory of real rights that perceives that those who complete prescription can acquire the there is also theory or actual ownership upon completion of prescription. Besides, there is also theory of legal trust in name that is deemed as a reasonable method to take advantage of theory of real fights while adjusting conflicting interests between the acquirer of prescription and the third acquirer reasonably. You may well wonder, however, if the conventional theories and judicial precedents have placed too much weight on protecting the legal status of prescription performer in terms of prescription for real property possession, compared to its relationship with the 3rd party. It is, therefore, adequate to adopt the theory of thing in action subject to the proviso that it can't be claimed whether the change in name is made before or after expiration of prescription once the title is transferred. What is important for the party who applies for registration upon completion of prescription is who will be the owner indicated on the register at the time when possession begins. This is because the Civil Law Act of Korea stipulates that it is not proper to protect the performer of prescription for a real property at the cost of the 3rd party who faithfully performs the legal obligations. What is argued in this connection secondly is if the possession acquired by the performer of prescription in terms of possession of real property is an acquisition by origin or by succession. Majority affirm it as an acquisition by origin while minority considers it an acquisition by succession. The legal precedents do not take any definite stand in this regard, inclined to siding with the acquisition by succession, thought. According to an explanation of the majority which favor acquisition by origin, the possession which constitutes basis for prescription of acquisition but is limited by the right of others(e.g. the right of region) is acquired, since all restrictions imposed upon the prior possessor whill vanish unjustly at the completion of possession under the theory of acquisition by origin. However, such explanation can't be applied to the right of others (e.g mortgage) which have nothing to do with possession. Acquisition by succession should be deemed justifiable in view of transfer registration of possession. The third issue in this context is if the right to claim for compensation in substitute will be allowed to the performer of prescription for real property possession. Although the Korean Civil Law Act does not expressly stipulate such right, theories and legal precedents in general approach to it positively. What still remains a problem awaiting solution is whether the right to claim for compensation in substitute can also be given to the prescription of real property possession. In this regard, theories are divided into positive and negative standpoints and legal precedents are not consistent, either. It seems, however, appropriate to recognize the right to claim for compensation in substitute when the performer of prescription has claimed the acquisition by prescription for reason of completion of prescription or has already exercised the right to claim for registration, even though the right for compensation in substitute can't be allowed to the acquisitor of prescription for reason of completion of possession.