Earticle

This paper deals with Chinese notation on the person or name that appears in the literature of the Meiji period in Japan with respect to “~ 哥･~ 姐”, focucing on the current notation of “兄・姉”. In China, there are various examples of "哥哥･大哥･小 哥･阿哥･姐姐･大姐･小姐･阿姐" and their usages vary. These were not Chinese written words, but have been spoken words since the Chinese Tang. Theses words had few characters of written languages, and thus have been not registered in old Japanese-chinese dictionary. 　In Japan, due to the boom in China after the metallurgy 江 戸, the acceptance of Chinese secular literature and learning of Chinese was popular. However, because Chinese literatures and paintings contained so many difficult words, pervasive Japanese-chinese dictionary registered “~ 哥･~ 姐” very frequently. Even in the era of 明治, there remained the trace of Chinese studies, and prevailed in the popular section. More or less, its impact worked in the Chinese usages from the works of 明治 times. There appeared the various expressions such as ｢哥・哥哥・大哥・小哥・兄哥・哥兄・阿哥・姐・姐様・姐姐・大姐・小姐・少姐・阿姐・尊姐・貴姐｣ Most of them was used as Japanese renderings of Chinese letters. Also, by default, the original meaning of the Chinese usage were reduced or used as notations for the Japanese meanings.

本稿は、日本の近世や近代の文学作品における人称や呼称に関する漢字表記の問題を扱ったもので、今回は｢〜哥・〜姐｣の語について考察した。今の｢兄・姉｣に当るものである。中国では古来、｢哥・哥哥・哥子・哥児・哥們・大哥・小哥・小哥子・小二哥・小大哥・阿哥・大阿哥・小阿哥・姐・姐姐・大姐・大姐姐・小大姐・小姐・小大姐・阿姐・姐夫・姐妹｣の例があり、その用例はかなり多様である。これは漢語ではなく、唐代以後用いられてきた口頭語(白話語彙)であった。これは、文言の性格が殆んどなかったためか、日本の古辞書である｢漢語辞書｣には登録されていない。 日本では、近世以来の唐話学のブームによって、中国俗文学の受入れや中国語の学習などが行われた。近世には、唐話辞書、中国俗文学やそれを分かりやすく翻訳した和文、｢日本人作白話文学｣、｢漢文戯作｣、読本に現れている。 近代になっても唐話学の残影があり、依然として人気を博していた。その影響か、明治期の作家の作品にも中国語がちりばめられている。そこには、｢哥・哥哥・大哥・小哥・兄哥・哥兄・阿哥・姐・姐様・姐姐・大姐・小姐・少姐・阿姐・尊姐・貴姐｣の多様な語が見られた。ただし、用例はあまり多くない。大部分が訓読みとして用いられていることからも分かるだろう。また、基本的に中国本来の意味用法が縮小されたり、日本的な意味で用いられたりする例もあることが特徴である。

본 논문은 일본어의 <상대시간명사> 중에 ｢昨日に｣｢今日に｣를 대상으로 하여, 선행연구에서 부가성분의 하나로만 다루어져 왔던 ｢昨日に｣｢今日に｣가 필수성분으로 쓰이는 경우가 있음을 밝혀냈다. 선행연구에서 밝혀낸 필수성분으로 쓰이는 ｢明日に｣와 같이 다양한 동사의 필수성분으로 쓰이는 양상을 보이지는 않았으나, ｢明日に｣와 마찬가지로, ｢昨日に｣｢今日に｣도 일정한 동사와 함께 쓰여 필수성분으로 쓰이고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 필수성분으로 쓰이는 ｢昨日に｣｢今日に｣는 반드시 조사 ｢に｣의 도움을 필요로 하며, 조사 ｢に｣가 없이도 성립가능한 경우는 부가성분으로 쓰인 경우임을 알 수 있었다. 부가성분으로 쓰인 경우는 어느 명제가 발생하는 시간성분인 반면에, 필수성분으로 쓰인 ｢昨日に｣｢今日に｣는 어느 명제가 성립하는 시간성분이 아니라, 그 명제내의 성분임을 알 수 있었다. 필수성분과 부가성분의 판정기준으로는 닛타(1993)에 따라, <주제화＞＜연체수식절의 주요어화><분열문의 초점부화>를 채용하였다. 앞으로는 부가성분으로 쓰이는 ｢상대시간명사+に｣(｢昨日に｣｢今日に｣｢明日に｣등)을 대상으로 하여, 조사｢に｣의 사용여부가 어떤 차이를 나타내는지,　益岡등의 선행연구를 토대로 다양한 예문을 수집하여 고찰하고자 한다.

In this paper I studied ‘relational Time Noun+ ni’ as a essential argument on the focusing ‘kino+ni’ and ‘kyo+ni’ and I made it clear ‘kino+ni’ and ‘kyo+ni’ which is< relative time noun> exist as a essential argument . It was ordinary that ‘kino+ni’ and ‘kyo+ni’ is not involved as a essential argument by the preceding study, but I assumed that it was possible to involve a ‘kino+ni’ and ‘kyo+ni’ as a essential argument by a case. ‘relational Time Noun’ is requested of as a essential argument as like ‘kino+ni’ and ‘kyo+ni’

This study has analyzed if there are any similarities and differences between the syntactic Japanese [te shimau] and Korean [a/e berita]. As a result, [te shimau] and [a/e berita] preceding the verb can rely on the company and the company muuiji. Japanese [te shimau], but it can be used with a state company [dekiru] [iru] Among the company muuiji, Korean [a/e berita] can not be used together. And [te　shimau] is showing human emotions [tereru] [uresikunaru] [sukida] can be used in conjunction with, but Korean [a/e berita] is unlikely to be used together. However, [te shimau], but can be used with the adverb [tyotto] [itsumo] [yoku], [a/e berita] may in some cases be used with the context according to the circumstances, there may not be written. Korean [a/e beorida], but can be used with negative format, Japanese [te shimau] as for the relationship between the negative and the format needs a little more research.

本稿では、日･韓両言語の｢てしまう｣と｢아/어 버리다｣が統辭的な面にはどのような類似点と相違点があるかを調べた。その結果、｢てしまう｣と｢아/어 버리다｣に先行できる動詞は意志動詞および 無意志動詞で、無意志動詞の中で状態動詞の｢できる｣｢いる｣と｢てしまう｣は共起できるが、韓国語の｢아/어 버리다｣とは共起できない。そして｢てしまう｣は、人間の感情を表す、｢照れる｣｢嬉しくなる｣｢好きだ｣などと共起が可能であるが、韓国語｢아/어 버리다｣は、結びつきにくい。副詞との共起で、｢てしまう｣は副詞｢ちょっと｣｢いつも｣｢よく｣と共起が可能であるが、｢아/어 버리다｣は文脈状況により、結びつく場合もある。否定形式との共起で、韓国語｢아/어 버리다｣は否定形式と共起できるが、日本語｢てしまう｣と否定形式との共起については、さらなる研究が必要である。

A biblio battle is a kind of book review meeting which is becoming active in recent years in Japan. An author introduced biblio battle to the Japanese class. This report reports the practice and does tuition’s looking through a questionnaire survey to a member of a class and an interview investigation, and I think how there should be this activity. After an investigation was analyzed, members of a class found out that they have the opinion to which they say “It was useful for Japanese study, but we wouldn’t like to do again. to doing biblio battle at the Japanese class.” As the reason, “It’s difficult to choose a book.” “It’s difficult to announce it in Japanese.”, it was mentioned to say “There was a time limit, and it was difficult.” I found out that it’s caught affirmatively about the point that “improvement of the vocabulary power is expected” on the other hand. The conclusion that a biblio battle may be able to grow as Japanese good class activity by practicing several plans to conquer mentioned “difficulty”, putting a point as “improvement of the vocabulary power” on the center and doing class composition was shown to the above.

ビブリオバトルとは、日本で近年活発になりつつある一種の書評大会である。著者はこのビブリオバトルの活動を所属する大学の日本語授業に取り入れた。本報告はその実践を報告し、受講生に対するアンケート調査・インタビュー調査を通じて授業の振り返りをおこない、この活動がいかにあるべきかを考えるものである。 調査を分析した結果、受講生はこのビブリオバトルを日本語の授業でおこなうことに対して｢日本語の勉強に役立つが、再びやりたいとは思わない｣という意見を持っていることがわかった。その理由としては｢本を選ぶことが難しい｣｢日本語で発表することが難しい｣｢時間制限があって難しい｣ということが挙げられた。反面、｢語彙力の向上が期待される｣点については肯定的に捉えていることがわかった。 上記に挙げられた｢難しさ｣を克服するためのいくつかの方策を実践し、｢語彙力の向上｣という点を中心に据えて授業構成をおこなうことによって、ビブリオバトルは日本語の良い授業活動として成長できるのではないかという結論を提示した。

본 연구에서는 SNS에 기입된 대한항공086편의 항공사고에 대한 한국인과 일본인의 비난을 발췌하여 비난의 의미내용을 화용의 입장에서 분석하고, 하위의｢비난표현｣으로 분류하였다. 그리고 비난의 범위가 어디까지 이르는지를 검토했다. 먼저 비난의 출현양상을 분류했다. 그 결과 <비아냥> <욕설> <선언> <비교･비유> <실망> <질책> <분노> <질병> <비하> <자질>의 10종류의｢비난표현｣으로 분류되었다. 한국의 경우 <비난> <욕설> <선언> <비교･비유> <실망> <질책> <분노>의 7종류가 관찰되었고 일본의 경우 <비아냥> <욕설> <선언> <비교･비유> <실망> <질책> <분노> <질병> <비하> <자질>의 10종류였다. 한일 모두 비난의 전략으로서 <비아냥>이라는｢비난표현｣ 을 가장 많이 사용하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그 이유로는 사회적 지위와 힘을 가진 사람을 포함하여 비난의 대상이 저지른 정의에 반하는 언행에 대한 반감이 높았기 때문이었다고 결과로 부터 생각된다. 다음으로 비난의 범위가 어디까지 이르는지를 분석한 결과 ①개인의 비난에서 민족으로의 확대 비난 ②개인의 비난에서 국가로의 확대 비난 ③과거의 사건에 이르는 확대 비난을 관찰할 수 있었다. 한국의 경우 확대 비난이 3건밖에 확인되지 않은 것에 비해 일본의 경우는 25건이나 확인되었다. 특히 개인의 비난에서 민족으로의 확대 비난이 19건이나 관찰되었다.

In this study, a researcher tried to classify the expressions of criticisms and analyzed the sematic contents of them from the standpoint of pragmatics. The research was conducted on the excerpt of the SNS messages about the incident of Nut return of Korean Air 086. Those messages, most of which were criticisms, were written by Korean and Japanese people. Also the researcher examined the range of the criticisms. First of all, the emergence aspects of criticisms were classified into 10 types of expressions, which were <sarcasm> <abuse> <declaration> <comparison・metaphor> <disappointment> <rebuke> <fury> <disease> <disparagement> <qualification>. In case of Korea, the researcher found 7 aspects such as <sarcasm> <abuse> <declaration> <comparison and metaphor> <disappointment > <rebuke > <fury>. In case of Japan, the researcher found out 10 types such as <sarcasm> <abuse> <declaration> <comparison・metaphor> <disappointment> <rebuke> <fury> <disease> <disparagement> <qualification>. The researcher found that both Korean and Japanese used <sarcasm> most frequently as a strategy for criticism. It is assumed that there was high antipathy against the person with high social status and power. Additionally, the researcher analyzed how far the range of condemnation reaches; ① the extended condemnation from the individual toward ethnic groups ② the extended condemnation from the individual toward the nation ③ the extended condemnation up to the past incidents. In case of Korea, there were only 3 confirmed cases for the extended condemnations. as opposed to the case of Japan, where there were 25 cases. In particular, the researcher found 19 cases of the extended condemnations from the individual toward the nation.

This study was aimed at investigating what Korean university students learnt though the fieldwork project on the linguistic landscape of Japanese in Busan, South Korea. The subjects in this study was 16 Korean T university students who were taking one of theirgeneral subject “Understanding of Japanese socio-culture”. In this course, students were requested to do the fieldwork and make a report about the linguistic landscape.Analyzing the reportsusing ethnographic method,this study focusedon; 1) where and what kind of linguistic landscape (visual signs) students were interested in, 2) the words and expressions they collected, 3) how they did their fieldwork and how they felt through the project. The result showed 1) 16 students were interested in restaurant area (Ramen shop, Japanese style bar, and other Japanese restaurant etc.) and 2) the visual signs they collected were 8 varieties store sign, menu, store curtain, poster, lantern, box, bottle and can of alcohol. The number of the words and expressions they collected were 40 and it was classified into 4 patterns; In Japanese and Korean, Only in Japanese, In Japanese and English, and Only in English. 3) Students found out the meaning of the words and expressions not only by looking in a dictionary or internet, but also by hearing and talking at their fields. This study pointed out that students found out “Understanding of Japanese sociocultural background (7 students)”, “Motivation for autonomous learning (5 students)”, “Expansion into understanding of Japanese language (3 students)”, and “Encouraging for job hunting (1 student)” during the project. Given this result, it indicated the possibility that students suppressed their stereotypestoward Korea(n) and Japan(ese) though their learning process. Additionally, this fieldwork project on the linguistic landscapecould be useful not only in improvingthe quality of Japanese learning, but also in increasing the Japanese learners.

本研究では韓国釜山のＴ大学校において教養科目の一つである｢日本社会文化の理解｣を受講している韓国人学生のうち、16名からの言語景観調査に関するレポートを対象とし、彼(女)らはどこでどのような言語景観(視覚的掲示物)に興味を持っており選択したことばや表現は何か、そしてそのことばや表現に対しどのような調査活動を行いつつ何を感じたか、という過程についてエスノグラフィーの手法による分析考察を行った。その結果、まず16名は釜山の南浦洞、西面、キョンソン大学・プギョン大学の周辺で飲食の領域(ラーメン専門店、居酒屋、その他の日本料理店等)に興味を持っていることがわかった。次にこれらの領域で16名が接した視覚的掲示物は様々な形の看板とメニュー、のれん、ポスター、提灯、酒の紙パック、ビン、缶等8種類である。さらに、これらに書かれていることばや表現は40個であり、日本語と韓国語の併記、日本語のみの表記、日本語と英語の併記、英語のみの表記の４つのパターンに分類できることがわかった。最後に、16名はこれらのことばや表現に対し辞書とインターネットの調査に止まらず、現場での聞き取り調査や話し合いも行っていた。その内容に関する質的分析とその結果に対する考察を深めたところ、｢日本の社会文化的背景の理解(7名)｣｢自律学習への動機付け(5名)｣｢日本語理解への発展(3名)｣｢就職への勇気付け(1名)｣を感じていることが浮き彫りになった。以上のように、16名にとって言語景観調査から様々なことを感じていることが明らかになり、その過程の中で韓国(人)と日本(人)に対し形成されつつあるステレオタイプ化の緩和にも正の影響を与えている可能性が窺えた。また、日本語に興味や好感を持つ学生も現れたことから、言語景観調査活動について工夫し教育の現場で応用すれば日本語学習の質的な向上だけでなく学習者の増加にも肯定的に作用するだろうと考えられる。

본 논문은 일본과 한국의 영어교육에 대해서 조사하고, 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 일본과 한국에서 영어교육은 교육적인 환경이나 커리큘럼적인 면에서 아주 유사하다. 그러나 한국에서 영어교육은 생활영어 중심의 영어회화 중심으로 하고 있는데, 일본의 경우는 읽기와 쓰기에 초점을 맞춘 교육을 하고 있다. 그래서 일본의 학생들은 읽기와 쓰기에 능하고 한국의 학생들은 말하기와 듣기에 능력을 보이고 있음을 알 수 있다. 사실, 영어를 비롯한 일본어이든 한국어든 습득하기 위해서는 4 skills(listening, speaking, reading, writing)를 모두 갖추고 접근해야 하는 것이 일반적인 통념이라 할 수 있다. 그렇다면 일본이나 한국에서의 영어 교육은 문제점을 안고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 본 논문에서 밝힌 내용들을 토대로 일본과 한국의 영어교육을 함에 있어서 공유하고 서로 협조적인 자세를 취할 필요가 있음을 밝힌다. 양국의 영어 교육을 보다 활성화하기 위해서 그리고 인접구가로서 함께 글로벌, 세계화에 동참하기 위해서 양국의 교사들을 서로 교환하고 파견하는 방법으로 보다 업그레이드되는 영어교육을 할 필요가 있음을 제시한다. 교사들을 먼저 교류하고 또 학생들에게 교류의 기회를 폭넓게 허용해 준다면 분명 지금보다 한층 향상된 영어 실력을 갖춘 두 나라가될 것이라 여긴다.

This paper is to survey, examine and analyze the English education between Japan and Korea. English education between Japan and Korea is very similar in educational situations and curriculum. However, English education is focused in living English conversation in Korea. In Japan, English education is focused in reading and writing. In general, Korean students are good at speaking and listening but Japanese student are good at reading and writing. Japan and Korea should teach English in order to be the world’s citizen to their students throughly. Japan and Korea must cooperate each other in English education. Japan has to imitate Korean good English education system and Korea does, too. Japan and Korea should share their English textbooks. Then, English education of two countries is going to develop and esteem each other’s system.

본고의 연구목적은 기존의 서양 철학사를 지배하던 형이상학적 전통을 해체하고 비극예술로부터 영혼의 고양을 이끌어내는 니체 철학에 근거하여 『지옥변』을 해석한다는 데에 있다. 아쿠타가와는 세인의 경멸과 고통을 극복하고 파괴와 창조가 순환되는 삶을 선택하는 요시히데를 ‘힘에의 의지’가 충만한 초인의 자리에 놓고 반대로 정치권력과 지위를 가지고 기존의 질서를 지키려는 오토노를 몰락의 길을 걷는 최후의 인간에 위치시켜 놓았다. 요시히데의 추미(醜美)의 추구는 기존의 사회 질서와 에토스에 의해 억압되고 제거된 것을 복원하려는 시도이며, 동시에 영혼을 고양시키는 예술로의 이행을 의미한다. 요시히데가 타인의 고통을 직접 봐야 하는 행위를 미메시스라는 관점에서 해석하면 그의 행위는 자기가 본 것을 그림으로 똑같이 형상화하려는 모방이 아니라 자기가 직접 본 사건을 체화하여 정신적으로 닮아가려는 의도라고 할 수 있다. 요시히데가 미적 환희에 이르는 순간도 니체의 영원회귀 사상의 핵심에 해당하는 순간의 철학과 유사한 측면이 존재한다.

The purpose of this study was to interpret Jigokuhen with the base of Nietzscheanism. Nietzsche was well known for a philosopher who had deconstructed traditional Western metaphysics and promoted mental elevation from the art of tragedy. Akutagawa situated Yoshihide in the status of a overman, who had overcome the despise and agony from the crowd and courageously faced with the life of extreme ups and downs. On the contrary, he put Otono into the status of last man who tried to maintain the existing power and social value and was finally ruined. Yoshihide’s pursuit of the beauty of ugliness was tantamount to rebuilding things which were suppressed and removed by the social order and ethos. It also made a transformation of the art which could lead to a mental elevation. Yoshihide’s intention of seeing the terrible scenes before drawing a picture was not due to the intention of strait imitation but due to the intention of being spiritually assimilated into the object. The moment of aesthetic ecstasy which Yoshihide had experienced was similar to the Philosophy of the Moment of Nietzsche which was the part of Eternal Recurrence.

『붉은 돼지(Porco Rosso)』는 감독 미야자키 하야오가 월간 『모델 그래픽스』에 연재하던 ｢비행정 시대｣를 원작으로 1992년에 완성한 작품이다. 당시의 유고내전이나 소련 붕괴 등의 긴박한 정치적인 배경아래에 감독은 전쟁의 시대를 살면서도 전쟁을 떠나서 살고 싶어 하는 ‘인간’을 작품 속에 그리려고 하고 있다. 감독은 주인공 마르코는 중년의 자신의 투영이라고 말하면서도 그를 통해 반파시즘과 무정부주의를 주장하고 나아가서는 반전주의를 표방한 작품을 그리고 있다. 여기에서는 『붉은 돼지』는 몇 가지의 키워드를 중심으로 본 작품만이 갖고 있는 보편성과 특이성을 다른 미야자키 하야오의 다른 작품과 비교해서 살펴보았다. 먼저 작품 속 돼지의 이미지에 대해서 알아보았다. ‘돼지’는 작품명이자 주인공으로 등장하는데 대체로 돼지는 더럽고 나태하여 게으른 이미지이지만 『붉은 돼지』에 그려진 돼지는 자신의 소신에 따라 살아가는 멋진 중년으로 그려지고 있다. 또한 붉은색의 이미지에 대해서도 분석했다. 돼지란 일반적으로 핑크색 돼지를 떠올리지만 미야자키 하야오는 붉은색의 이미지를 가해 단순히 하늘을 나는 돼지가 아닌, 그 안에는 친구들의 희생, 친구들을 위한 자신의 희생을 담고 있어서 붉은색의 ‘희생’의 이미지를 담고 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 붉은색 이미지는 주인공의 비행기의 색깔에도 반영되어 있다고 본다. 다음으로는 유토피아적 장소로서 마르코가 거주하는 무인도와 피콜로공장을 들어서 유토피아적 장소에서의 여성의 성역할에 주목하였다. 여기서 여성들은 남성보다 더 강인하고 자립적인 성격으로 그려져 있어서 다른 미야자키의 작품의 여성성과도 보편성을 갖는 부분임을 알았다.

『Porco Rosso』 was created by Hayao Miyazaki in 1992, based on his original work 『Hikotei Jidai (The Age of the Flying Boat)』released in a monthly magazine 『Model Graphix.』 In the political background of the Yugoslavia wars and the collapse of the Soviet Union, Miyazaki presents in his works people who wish to leave their warring reality. Miyazaki mentioned that Marco in『Porco Rosso』 is the reflection of middle-aged himself and he wanted to represent, through Marco, anti-fascism, anarchism, and further his anti-war stance. This study analyzes『Porco Rosso』 by a few key words and examines its both common and specific characteristics in comparison to other works by Miyazaki. First, images of a pig were analyzed. A pig, normally considered dirty and lazy, is the main character here and is also a part of the title itself. In 『Porco Rosso』 at least, a pig is depicted as someone in his middle age who is true to himself and follows his heart. Next, meanings of the color “red/crimson” were examined. Pigs are in pink in general. Miyazaki, however, focused on the sacrifices that Marco made for his friends as well as the sacrifices done by his friends. Thus, he highlighted the color “red” representing sacrifices and incorporated the character of a simply flying pig with a valuable meaning. The same color and its embedded meaning can also be applied to Marco’s flying boat. Lastly, Piccolo’s repair shop and the island where Marco lives in were taken together to examine women’s gender roles in Utopian places. Women are strong and more independent than men in 『Porco Rosso,』 which is in line with the women’s gender roles in other works by Miyazaki.

This is a lesson report discussing the incorporation of narrative-writing methods in Japanese language teaching.Narrative-writing lessons have not played a big role in Japanese language instruction, let alone national language education, but the author, based on narratological theory, wants to actively use narrative writing when teaching literary composition. In this instance, the author devised simple narrative patterns suited for Japanese-language learners-the And-Then type of narrative, the Urashima-type narrative, and the BambooCutter-type narrative -and asked students to write their own stories. The language proficiency levels of students were at Levels N2 or N1 of the Japanese-Language Proficiency Test(JLPT). This puts the level at intermediate to advanced, but it became clear that the learners about Japan were more than capable ofusing Japanese language to create narratives, assuring the author of the continued potential of the approach. This report presents the details of the trial along with future tasks.

本稿は、日本語教育の授業に、物語創作の方法を取り入れた授業報告書である。創作の授業は、これまで国語教育はもちろん、日本語教育の現場でも、あまり行われていないが、筆者は物語論(ナラトロジー)の理論なども踏まえたうえで、創作の授業を、作文指導のなかで積極的に行ってきたいと考えている。今回はその試みとして、日本語学習者向けの簡易な物語の類型パターン(①｢それから｣式物語、②｢うらしま｣式物語、③｢竹取｣式物語)を作成し、実際に作文を書いてもらった。学生のレベルは、JLPT２級~１級程度。中上級クラスになるが、実際に授業を行った結果、日本学習者が日本語を用いて物語を書く、というのは十分可能であり、また今後の発展の可能性も感じ取ることが出来た。本論はその内実を今後の課題とあわせて紹介する。

“The Quarterly Sanzenri” showed that “Stagnation theory” was basic as for the slight feelings for the Japanese Korean. Justification of the colony management of educator Inazo Nitobe, “Datsu-A Ron” “Leader theory” of thinker Yukichi Fukuzawa were created as the theoretical base by “Stagnation theory”. Poet Tekkan Yosano sang Korea without looking at Korea. “The Quarterly Sanzenri” made clear that Inazo Nitobe and Yukichi Fukuzawa create the Korea theory without looking at Korea. At first colony Korea was necessary, thereafterand “Stagnation theory” was created as the theory that a colony made Korea for the modernization of Japan . The formula called the Japanese superrace vs. the Korea inferiority race was made based on “Stagnation theory” by intellectuals of the Meiji, thereafter recognition called Japanese = “powerful” “Westernization” “cleanliness” Korean = “minority” “non-civilization” “dirtiness” was immobilized by a literary person telling this formula to the Japanese public emotionally and grew arrogant for Japanese Korean slight feelings. Working papers “Historic investigation about the Japanese overseas activity” was edited in postwar period. It immobilizes inferior racial Korea with the justification of the Korea colony of Japan by “Stagnation theory”. “The Quarterly Sanzenri” tells that “Stagnation theory” supports feelings to despise a Korean now.

日本人の朝鮮人に対する蔑視感情は、｢停滞論｣が基本であったことを󰡔季刊三千里󰡕は語り続けてきた。教育者新渡戸稲造の植民地経営の正当化、思想家福沢諭吉の｢脱亜論｣｢盟主論｣などすべて、｢停滞論｣をその理論の土台におき創造されたものである。 詩人与謝野鉄幹が朝鮮を見ずして朝鮮を歌っているように、新渡戸稲造や福沢諭吉の朝鮮観も朝鮮を見ずして創造されたものであることを、󰡔季刊三千里󰡕は明らかした。即ち、日本の近代化にとって必要な植民地としてまず朝鮮があり、その次に朝鮮を植民地化する理論として、｢停滞論｣が創造されたのである。 明治の知識人は、この｢停滞論｣に基づいて優秀民族日本VS劣等民族朝鮮を公式化し、さらに、この公式は文学者によって感情的に日本人大衆に伝えられ、日本人の｢強大｣｢文明開化｣｢清潔｣に対して、朝鮮人の｢弱小｣｢未開化｣｢不潔｣という認識が日本人のなかで固定化され、日本人の朝鮮人蔑視感情を増長してきた。 そして、この｢停滞論｣は、戦後編集された調査報告書󰡔日本人の海外活動に関する歴史的調査󰡕からも分かるように、日本の朝鮮植民地化を正当化するとともに、劣等民族朝鮮を固定化す理論として現在も生き続け、韓国･朝鮮人を蔑視する感情を支えてきた、と󰡔季刊三千里󰡕は語っている。

As one of the ethnically homogeneous Korean nationals who have the blood of victim mentality due to the suffering from japan’s brutal colonial domination, the writer of this dissertation also has such victim mentality deeply engraved in his body. Even though he himself did not exist in the colonialized period, the grudge and hatred about the colonial domination are deeply rooted in him as if they are tattooed on his physique. All the more because of those, the writer can not be set free from the historicity, and not only that, he is strongly bound by the fetters. On the other hand, in Japan after WWII, the history has been written down as that of “the victims without perpetrators.” It seems as though the atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively on August 6th and 9th, 1945, has been imprinted in the mind of Japanese nationals as an apparatus to symbolize their country as the leading character in the myth of the victims. This study is to make suggestions as to how the nationals of the two countries could be possibly set free from the frames of nation states and get over the “historical recognition” which lies between the two nations by focusing on the fact that such domestic-oriented historical points of view are locked in the composition of dichotomy between the two, and their historical criticisms are exposed to the risk of being collected into the national particularism at any time.

筆者は、韓国人として日本の残酷な植民地支配により受けた被害意識の血が流れる単一民族という出自から、その被害意識が体内の奥深くまで刻み込まれている。自らが植民地時代には存在しなかったにもかかわらず、あたかも当時生きていたかのように、自身の身体にはその植民地支配の怨念と憎悪が入れ墨のように彫り込まれている。だからこそ、筆者はその歴史性から自由に解き放たれないのみならず、その足かせにも強く縛られているのだ。一方、戦後日本では｢加害者が存在しない被害者｣として歴史が書き記されてきた。1945年8月6日・9日の広島・長崎原爆被爆は、日本を被害者の神話の主役として象徴化する装置として、国民の脳裏に根を下ろしているようだ。 本研究は、このような自国中心的な歴史観が二項対立的構図の中に閉じ込められて、その歴史批判が自国中心主義に回収される危険性にいつも晒されていることに焦点を当て、どのようにすればその国民国家の枠組みから解放され両国間の｢歴史認識｣を乗り越えることができるかについての提示をしたものである。

The sect in which East and West Honganji of Jodo Shinshu is the leading huge sect among the Japanese Buddhism.Both were divided into two by the Edo Shogunate of the policy in the early 1600s,it has maintained its form until now. End of the Edo period was the correspondence that was particularly different.Nishi Honganji(Honganji faction)attached to overthrow the shogunate forces and Higashi Honganji(Otani faction)was attached to the original shogunate. As a result,the new government was established and position of Otani faction had become worse. Therefore Otani faction was necessary to accept one after another the request of the government. And one of the requests was a missionary overseas. Ishikawa Shuntai played a major role in the overseas missionary. Through the activities of the Otani school, including overseas missionary work, I want to analyze how he had influence. For example there is a “Korea missionary work fifty years Magazine”. It has been written that Otani faction to advance to Korea.There is an important description. It was appointed only Otani sect in Korea missionary work to Okubo Toshimichi. The reason is considered that was a relationship of Ishikawa Shuntai. And he was also involved the appointment of Okumura Enshin who played a major role in Busan missionary work. Ishikawa Shuntai is summarized once in a form to be re-evaluated. But it is necessary to be discussed at that point of view whether this evaluation is the appropriate.

浄土真宗の宗派である東西両本願寺は日本仏教の中でも有数の巨大宗派である。両者は1600年代初めに江戸幕府の政策により二つに分けられ、現在までその形を維持している。 両派が特に違った対応を見せたのが幕末である。東本願寺(大谷派)は当初幕府方に付いた。結果としては幕府が倒れ、薩長を中心とした明治新政府が成立し、大谷派の立場は悪くなる。そのため大谷派は政府の要求を受け入れる必要が生じる。そして要求の一つが海外への布教であった。それらに大きな役割を果たしたのが石川舜台である。海外布教を始めとする大谷派の活動に、彼がどれくらい影響力を持っていたかを確認したい。 󰡔朝鮮開教五十年誌󰡕には、大谷派が朝鮮へ進出し、布教することになったきっかけが記されている。そこでは大久保利通などの当時の重要人物が大谷派だけを朝鮮開教に指名したことが述べられているが、その理由として、石川舜台の人間関係があったと考えられる。またこのほかにも釜山開教に大きな役割を果たした奥村圓心の任命などにも舜台は関わっている。 石川舜台の言動は再評価される形で一度総括されており、現在ではその視点で論じられることが前提となっているが、この評価が適切なのかは今一度検討する必要があると論者は考える。

본 연구에서는 메가 스포츠 이벤트인 월드컵을 대상으로 한국과 일본의 인터넷을 통한 온라인 공간상에서 나타나고 있는 한·일간의 인터넷 민족주의의 특성을 분석하고 해소방안을 제안하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 통하여 한국과 일본에 형성된 인터넷 민족주의의 새로운 특성을 분석함으로써 궁극적으로 인터넷 민족주의에 대한 이해의 확장과 이론화에 기여하고자 한다. 결론적으로 한일 양국의 사회적 환경과 인터넷 문화의 경우 전체적인 흐름은 비슷하다고 볼 수 있으나 그 내용은 서로 다른 양상을 보이고 있음을 발견할 수 있다. 한국의 경우 사회적 유대, 문화적 표현과 향유, 지식정보수요가 급증하면서 인터넷 등장으로 상대적으로 자유로운 쌍방향 의사소통과 정부주도하에 전 사회적 정보화 매진 노력에 따라 인터넷 여론의 사회적 영향이 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 일본의 경우 인터넷 도입 이전부터 각종 미디어를 통해 다양하고 풍부한 콘텐츠가 제공되었다. 이러한 요인들이 복합적으로 작용하여 인터넷의 잠재력과 영향력을 한정하였고, 인터넷 여론의 영향력에도 한계를 지닌 것으로 분석된다. 한·일간의 인터넷 이용실태에 대한 분석 결과 한국의 인터넷 활용 및 참여도가 일본보다 매우 적극적이고 활동적임을 잘 보여준다고 활 수 있다. 월드컵 기간 동안 미디어와 인터넷 공간에서 스포츠를 통한 민족주의 고양이라는 전형적인 특성이 선별적 사건과 배타적 민족주의 및 언어적 차이와 혐오적 인종주의적 특징을 보이며 반복된다. 한·일간의 배타적이며 인종차별주의적인 인터넷 민족주의적 정서의 확산을 방치할 경우 한·일간의 향후 관계발전에 매우 부정적 요인으로 작용할 것임은 자명하다. 본 논문의 결론에서는 이 문제를 해결하기 위하여 한국과 일본은 지식・문화・미디어 분야에서의 자유로운 교류를 통해 상호 이해와 신뢰를 보다 증진시키고 이를 동아시아 각국에까지 확대하여 보편적인 생각과 문화를 공유하는 인식공동체를 조성하려는 노력을 기울여야 한다.

The purpose of this paper is to critically reflect the international mega sports event such as FIFA World Cup through the media where the game is used as an important tool to promote (internet) national or (internet) collective belonging-nationalism. Then, do sports events with media really help to integrate the whole societies or not? In addition, using Benedict Anderson’s conceptualization of the nations as an “imagined community”. It certainly means that the media generate a sense of national or collective belonging in South Korea and Japan; the country where keep the pace to adjust in the digital age. Nowadays, the role of television for integration has replaced to the internet; SNS at least in South Korea and Japan. Also, it is important to note that the syndromes in Korea and Japan opened up spaces for a new vision of what Korean and Japanese identity and culture could be. I would say the media itself is still the mainstream for social integration in most of the countries especially South Korea and Japan. The conclusion explains the gap between actual impacts of media during and after the event and suggestions following these aspects.

본 연구는 한국과 일본에서의 노인복지정책의 형성과 변화과정을 사회문화적 관점에서 비교 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 한일 양국의 급속한 고령화는 노인복지정책을 다양하게 발전시켰고 이 발전과정에서 나타나는 차이와 유사점을 설명하는 요인으로서 대부분 정치적 환경과 경제적 발전의 상황들을 들었다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 이것은 주로 정책의 형성시기 즉 정책이 결정되는 타이밍(timing)과 관련하여 더 적절한 해석으로 보았고, 본 연구에서는 그시기에 왜 그런 내용으로 정책이 선택 또는 비선택 (non-decision)되었는가에 주목하고 그 영향요소를 사회문화적 관점에서 접근하고자 하였다. 이때 사회문화적 관점은 한일 양국의 가족주의로 정의하고 그 분석대상은 노인장기요양보험과 개호보험제도를 하였다. 두 제도에는가족주의영향이 가장 첨예하다고 판단되는 요소인 가족개호에 대한 현금급여를 인정할 것인가가 포함되어 있으며 본 연구에서 이를 중점적으로 검토하였다. 연구 결과 한국과 일본은 공통적 요소로서 역사적유산으로서의 역선택의 영향으로 가족 현금급여를 실시하지 않았다. 일본은 현금급여제공을 보상으로 한 여성의 돌봄책임이 과거 일본형복지사회정책 목표에서 강조했던 전통적 가족의 책임으로 다시 재현되는 것으로 인식했기 때문이며 한국의 경우도 가족개호를 인정하게 되면 다시 가족에게 개호를 맡길 의도라는 비판을 넘지 못하며 그렇다면 새로운 제도창설이 가지는 사회화의 취지도 무색해지는 상황으로 보여진 것이다. 또한 한국의 경우에는 일본과 달리 가족개호에 대한 제도적 수렴현상이 작용했다. 한국은 제도창설 과정에서 선험적 제도실시를 하고있는 일본과 독일을 다양하게 학습하면서 현금급여의 필요성을 인지하면서도 독일과 다른 가족적 특성과 일본의 선험적 유사경험을 영향받았다. 타국의 제도학습을 통해 수렴하는 경로를 선택하는 방식이 한국에서 보여졌다고 할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to compare and examine the establishment and changes of welfare policies for the elderly in Korea and Japan from a socio-cultural perspective. The welfare policies for the elderly in Korea and Japan have been changed and developed in many aspects due to the rapid aging in the two countries. Most of the factors that have explained such developing and differences so far include political environments around the policies and situations of economic development. However, that is mainly related to the times for the establishment of the policies, that is to say, the timing in which the welfare policies for the elderly begin to be introduced on the basis of political and economic elements in the course of policy making. Paying attention to why the policies were selected or not selected in such times with such contents, this study tries to approach the influencing factors from a socio-cultural perspective. With respect to what is the socio-cultural perspective, this study regards it as familism in the historical context including modern families and the presentation of Japan-style welfare society, and the objects of the analysis in this study include the long-term care insurance system for the elderly. As for the long-term care insurance system, focus is put on the examination of whether cash payments for family care, a factor most sharply influenced by familism, are admitted. In Japan, claims for and against this issue has continued in the course of policy making. Consequentially, Japan has decided to inhibit cash payments for family care due to the influence of familism because women’s responsibility for care with the compensation by cash payments is recognized as a repeated realization of the traditional family responsibility emphasized by the policy purposes in the earlier Japan-style welfare society. Korea has been similar to Japan. The Korean government decided to inhibit cash payments for family care though the majority of the people turned out to support the system in a pole at that time. This was an adverse decision for the traditional familist emotion as in Japan, and the influence of historical legacy. That is to say, the approval of family care would be criticized as it was to burden families with care roles, and the purposes of the socialization by a new institution seemed void. Second, in the case of Korea, we can tell that a political convergence for family care worked. Thus, though acknowledging the necessity of cash payments, Korea is influenced by learning the care insurance system in advance as Korean families’ characteristics were different from German families’ and Japan already experienced the same troubles. We can say that Korea took the way to reach the conclusion by learning other countries’ systems.

본 연구는 장수기업이 과거 전통기술과 현대 첨단기술 간 융합을 통한 경영전략이 어떻게 시행되고 있는지를 파악하기 위하여 설립 이후 약 400년 간 전통 청주를 생산하고 있는 겟게이칸(月桂冠株式会社, Gekkeikan Sake Company, Ltd.)의 경영전략을 분석하였다. 겟게이칸은 일본 전통 주류인 청주 생산에 오랜 기간 매진하여 세계적인 글로벌 기업으로 성장하고 있는 장수기업이다. 품질제일주의를 사명으로 내세우며 적극적인 기술연구개발을 통하여 과거 전통기술의 유지 및 계승과 현대 첨단기술 간 기술융합에 성공하고 있는 기업이다. 또한 일본의 근대화 시기에 서구의 최신 기술을 적극적으로 도입하여 제품 경쟁력 강화를 도모하였으며, 오랜 기간 청주를 생산하기 위한 효모 및 미생물 발효과학 관련 연구개발에 심혈을 기울이고 있다. 겟게이칸에 관한 문헌자료 분석과 동시에 겟게이칸 본사 및 기념관에 방문하여 인터뷰조사를 시행하여 기술 경영전략에 관하여 보다 면밀하게 고찰하였다. 품질제일주의를 실현하기 위한 겟게이칸의 경영전략은 다음과 같이 요약된다. 첫 번째, 근대화에 발맞추어 근현대 최신 기술을 적극적으로 도입 및 응용한 점이다. 두 번째, 핵심역량 강화를 위하여 경영승계와 직원 교육에 노력하고 있다. 세 번째, 과거 전통기술과 현대 첨단기술 간 융합을 통한 경영전략이다. 과거의 전통적인 청주 제조공정은 유지하면서 첨단기술 간 융합을 통한 생산능력 및 품질 개선을 추진하고 있다. 전통기술과 현대기술의 융합을 통하여 경쟁력을 강화하는 일본 장수기업의 경영전략 모델을 한국기업에 활용할 수 있는 방안을 마련해야 할 것이다.

This study considered the management strategy of a company that has operated for more than 400 years with respect to a technological convergence between a traditional technology and advanced technology. The investigation is focused on the Gekkeikan Sake Company producing Sake(Nihon-shu) which is the traditional liquor of Japan in this paper. The Gekkeikan Sake Company becomes a global major liquor company by exploiting both a traditional brewing technique and advanced mass production technology, Under the belief of ‘Quality First’. This paper investigated both literature researches and interview researches of the Gekkeikan’s employees in order to evaluate the strategy of technological management. The results for the technical managements of the company are summarized: At first, the company introduced and exploited aggressively the latest advanced technologies to improve the quality of the products. Secondly, the major issues in the company are a succession management and staff training for strengthening the core competencies. Finally, they are exploiting convergence technology between traditional technology and advanced high-technology to improve the capacity and quality of the production based on the traditional strategy of the Sake (Nihon-shu) production. We should indeed consider the business strategies of the Gekkeikan Sake Company.

In this study, in order to analyze the subjective recognition types of the collegiate woman in Japan related to CSR, to implement the Q methodology subjectivity of people is obtained through Q sample. This study is an exploratory study seek to establish a conception of CSR and the plan of the sustainability. From the study, the subjective recognition of CSR was classified into four types. Type Ⅰ is ‘social service by business activities come with social responsibility.’ In this type, they recognize it as the CSR that develop of business based on sociality and the position based on theoretical essence of CSR. Type Ⅱ is ‘management strategy based on economic responsibility.’ In this type, they recognize it as the CSR that the means for profit seeking and the position based on the principle of market economy. Type Ⅲ is ‘social service by the creation and practice of new business.’ In this type, they recognize it as the CSR that the creation of sociality through the use of profitability and ability. Type Ⅳ is ‘social service by the philanthropy.’ In this type, they recognize it as the CSR that philanthropy and charity of unrelated to the basic business. The results of this study provide the meaning for exploratory study on the recognition of CSR based on college student subjectivity and each analyzed type would suggest the standards and direction of the concept for CSR and furthermore would be considered to be contributed to invigoration of CSR.

CSRに関する日本の女子大学生の認識とその類型を分析するために、Qサンプルを通じて人の主観性が得られるQ方法論 (Q-methodology) を実施する。本稿の目的はCSRに関する大学生の主観的な認識を明らかにすることにあるが、その実状を調査するということよりも、あくまでもCSRを理論的に考察することにある。 研究分析の結果、利用者の主観的認識は4つの類型に分類された。第1類型は、｢事業の社会性｣を基盤としたCSRに焦点が合わせられており、谷口の理論に基づいて｢『社会的責任』を伴った『事業活動』による『社会的貢献』型｣として名付けた。第2類型は、そもそも社会的責任というのは経済的責任を果たすのに必要な手段にすぎないという意味から、｢経営戦略・経済的責任優先型｣として名付けた。第3類型は、｢成果｣である｢利益｣や｢能力｣を活用した｢新たな事業創造｣の実践による｢社会的貢献｣がCSRであるという意味から、谷口の理論に基づいて｢『新たな事業創造』の実践による『社会的貢献』型｣として名付けた。第4類型は、CSRというのは、社会状況、あるいは組織が置かれている状況によってその実践が左右される性質をもつという意味から、谷口の理論に基づいて｢『フィランソロピー』による『社会的貢献』型｣として名付けた。 本研究は、当然限られた範囲における研究ではあるが、CSRに関して大学生が持っている認識をある程度代弁する要因になるということから、今後、CSRの概念の定立やCSRに関する事業の方向性を提示するのに活用可能な根拠にもなるといえよう。

최근 정부는 중소기업에 근무하는 종업원의 노후소득보장 강화를 위해 현행 근로복지공단의 퇴직연금사업을 개편하여 저비용 자산운용서비스 등을 제공하는 ｢중소기업 퇴직연금기금제도｣ 도입을 추진하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 우선 1959년부터 퇴직연금기금제도를 시행하고 있는 일본의 중소기업 퇴직금공제제도의 운영 현황에 대해 살펴보았다. 그리고 이 제도의 운영 주체인 근로자퇴직금공제기구의 운영 체계 및 주요 특성등을 검토하고, 이를 토대로 우리나라 중소기업 퇴직연금기금제도 도입을 위한 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다. 결론적으로 영세사업장의 퇴직연금제도 유인이라는 제도 본연의 목적을 달성하기 위해서는, 일본의 사례에서 살펴본 바와 같이, 일정 성과가 달성되기 까지는 지속적인 재정지원이 이루어져야 한다. 이를 위한 정부의 재원확보 방안은 본 연구의 범위를 벗어나고 향후 연구과제로 두고자 한다.

Recently, the Korea government has made a blue print for introducing ｢Pooled Pension Fund for medium and micro business｣, which is designed to provide a low management-fee based asset management service through reforming current retirement pension system of KCOMWEL(Korea Workers’ Compensation & Welfare Service), in particular to strengthen retirement income security of low-income employees. In this respect, we examined the managing mechanism and characteristics of the The Smaller Enterprise Retirement Allowance Mutual Aid (SERAMA) scheme in Japan, operating since 1959. Accordingly, we review the functions and roles of its Administrative Agency and then drive out some implications applicable to Korea. As in Japan, in order to make the new pension plan popular and attractive to medium and micro business in Korea, a consistent financial supports are conclusively required. Due to the limits of time and space, we would like to leave how to raise the supporting fund in view of government as the future development.

When we recognize about an Organization Member, we may use the concept of the “Career”. We cannot always form individual Career smoothly. A purpose of this study is to inspect it by Quantitative Analysis about “Mid-Career Crisis”. The precedent study of the Career Theory was reviewed first, and about “Mid-Career Crisis”, a concept of Schein (1978) quoted it. Then, the framework of this study was shown. And, the Questionary Survey for the Yogo Teacher and the Multivariate Analysis for the findings were carried out (n=653). As a result, the following points were confirmed. (1) Motivation in its 40s is the lowest level. (2) Being more likely to generate a malfunction in Motivation and a relationship with the Self-Effect. (3) Being more likely to produce a negative function in Motivation and a relationship with the Learning. Finally it had it pointed out that the origin of the problem was Learning Mechanism Construction that we turned on the experience that worked in the 30s.

我々は、組織成員を考える際、｢キャリア｣の概念を用いることがある。個々のキャリアを常に順調に形成できるわけではない。本研究の目的は、｢キャリア中期の危機｣について定量的に検証をすることである。最初に、キャリア理論の先行研究のレビューがなされて、｢キャリア中期の危機｣については、Schein(1978)の概念が援用された。次に、本研究のフレーム・ワークが提示された。そして、養護教諭に対するアンケート調査(n=653)が実施され、調査結果に対する多変量解析が実行された。その結果、養護教諭において、以下の点が確認された。(1)40歳代のモティベーションが最も低いレベルであること。(2)モティベーションと自己効力との関係性において、機能不全を発生する可能性が高いこと。(3)モティベーションと学習との関係性において、マイナスの機能を発生する可能性が高いこと。最後に、問題の発生原因は、30歳代の仕事経験を通じての学習メカニズム構築にあることが指摘された。

This study examines the role of coach in college sports. . At first, by a review about prior research of sport management and product manager and producer study of organization theory, it reveals that college sport coach must deal with external stakeholder and internal organization. At second, it reveal that external stakeholder want college sport advertising and outcome of the game and connectedness and identity of student and action of regional contribution, college sport coach must establish a basic principle of team, employ players, construct an organizational structure and division of work, unification of activity, integration of the logic of “Athlete” and the logic of “Student”.

本稿は、大学運動部の監督の役割という視角から大学運動部のマネジメントのあり方について検討を試みた論文である。まずは、スポーツ経営学、一般経営学、その中でもプロダクトマネジャーやプロデューサーに焦点を当てた研究のレビューから、大学運動部の監督には、外部ステークホルダーと調整をしていく外部環境のマネジメントと、部内部のマネジメントである組織のマネジメントのふたつのマネジメントが求められることを導出した。その上で外部ステークホルダーは、広告宣伝、競技成果、選手の供給先、在学生の結びつき・アイデンティティの構築、地域貢献活動への期待から大学運動部を支援することが明らかにされ、組織内部のマネジメントには、チームの根幹理念の策定、選手のリクルーティング、組織構造と分業体制の構築、活動の統合、｢競技者の論理｣と｢学生の論理｣の調和が求められることを明らかにした。

There are a lot of studies which focused on a citizen for “organization citizen behavior theory”. But, even the angle as the citizen is the study which judged a member of an association as a citizen, not a citizen of the organization by the open system such as the neighborhood association organizations. Therefore even if a way of thinking of organization citizen behavior of existence is used, it’s immediately difficult to use a way of thinking of organization citizen behavior for community building. I think it’s also necessary to try the study close to the organization citizen behavior theory which made the member the subject with the organization by the open system from this thing. When making them promote concerning of community building with a citizen, the society situation that the citizen participation type community building is performed and the “growth process structure of” the community building which intends a flow of community building don’t become clear. The state which are citizen’s participation in community building, activity and behavior from this thing, it can be imagined, without, I’m here. This thing, community building activity thinks I think as 1 of the factors which don’t spread. The purpose of this research is considered about the organization citizen behavior which made the citizen who composes the organization by the open system, not a citizen by an association the subject. I make it clear about what the participation type community building and a relational structure with a citizen in cooperative participation society are by this thing.

｢組織市民行動論｣は、市民に焦点を当てた研究が多い。ところが、市民という視点であっても、アソシエイションの成員を市民と見立てた研究であり、町内会組織などといったオープンシステムによる組織の市民ではないため、既存の組織市民行動の考え方を用いたとしても、直接的にまちづくりへ組織市民行動の考え方を用いることは難しい。 このことからも、オープンシステムによる組織とその構成員を対象とした｢組織市民行動論｣に接近した研究を試みる必要があると考える。また、市民とまちづくりの関わりを促進させる上で、市民参加型まちづくりを行う社会状況とまちづくりの流れを意図する｢まちづくりの成長過程構造｣が明らかになっていないことから、市民のまちづくりへの参加と活動・行動のあり方がイメージできずにいる。このことが、”まちづくり活動が思うように普及しない要因の1つとして考える。本研究の目的は、アソシエイションによる市民でなく、オープンシステムによる組織を構成する市民を対象とした組織市民行動について考究することで、協働参画社会における参画型まちづくりと市民との関係構造とは、どのようなものなのかについて明らかにする。