Earticle

본고는 VT법이라는 발음지도법을 통해 일본어 학습자들이 알기 쉬운 발음을 익히게 하는 것이 목적이다. 원만한 의사소통을 위해서는 알기 쉬운 발음의 습득은 중요한 요소이다. 또 체계적이고 효과적인 발음지도를 바라는 학습자의 요구도 상급학습자일수록 높아지고 있다. 본고에서는 학습자의 의식조사를 통하여 의사소통에 있어 중요한 발음에 주목하여 그 부분에 초점을 맞추어 연습을 하였다. 초급학습자의 경우 촉음, 장음, 발음, 청음･탁음에 맞추어, 중･고급학습자의 경우 악센트와 인토네이션에 맞추어 지도방안을 제시하였다. 각 항목별로 VT법의 지도법을 제안하고 대조연습을 통하여 각각의 다른 점을 이해하고 그것이 어느 정도 정착이 되면 문장연습을 통해 일상적인 회화에서도 사용할 수 있도록 하였다. 본고를 통하여 일본어학습자와 교사간의 발음교육에 대한 의식의 변화를 바란다. 초급 학습자 측면에서는 발음에 대한 의식은 문법ㆍ회화ㆍ한자 등의 학습에도 많은 어려움이 있어, 발음학습은 굳이 필요없다는 의식에서 발음교육을 통해, 자연스러운 회화ㆍ문법구사를 할 수 있게 된다는 의식전환을 기대한다. 또한, 중･고급자 학습자에게는 자신의 발음에 문제가 있음에도 상당히 시간이 지났기 때문에 고치기 힘들다는 의식에서 발음클리닉 프로그램이나 학습을 통해 자기교정을 할 수 있다는 의식전환을 바란다.

This paper, it is an object using the pronunciation teaching methods of that VT method is wearing a pronunciation that easy to understand the Japanese learners. For harmonious communication, learning of easy-to-understand pronunciation is an important element. Also, are the higher the senior learners need overlooking the systematic and effective pronunciation guidance. In this paper, we performed practice by focusing on important pronunciation in communication through the learner’s awareness survey. In the case of beginner learners, we focused on the double consonants, pronunciation, listening, voiced sound and the case of medium-high level learners, we presented a guidance plan to match the accent and intonation. Proposed the teaching of VT method for each and understand each difference through the practices. Become more comfortable, It could be able to used even in everyday conversation through the practice of the sentence. Also to the medium-high level learners, I hope the consciousness transformation from it is hard to repair their pronunciation problem since a considerable time has passed to they can perform self-calibration through a program of pronunciation clinic or learning.

Field surveys on Japanese collections in Asia, America and Europe were conducted to identify the problems as the information sources on contemporary Japanese studies. The current survey of Chinese institutions was carried out with several points in mind: comparisons with the results of previous surveys; feasibility of union catalogs for Japanese materials; review of supporting elements such as materials and librarians inseparable from China’s Japanese studies. Consequently, characteristics of China’s Japanese studies including: concerted interest in modernization of Japan; direct access to corresponding Japanese scholarly community; prominence of Japanese language as the source materials were identified. China has both favorable and unfavorable conditions for construction and maintenance of union catalogs of Chinese materials, whereas, for Japanese materials, some plans are going to be formulated. International cooperation on union catalogs compilation may be feasible. The validity of viewpoint to regard China’s Japanese studies as inseparable from its supporting elements may be confirmed by the nature of Japanese studies in China.

海外の日本語文献のコレクションが日本研究を支援する上で抱える問題点を洗い出すための一連の基礎調査を、アジアと欧米主要国を対象として実施してきた。中国については：これまでの海外の調査結果との比較；日本語文献所蔵機関の総合目録の可能性；研究活動を方法や情報源、情報サービス側とセットにして捉えることを念頭に置いて、大学の日本研究所等いくつかの機関を訪問・調査した。 その結果、中国における日本研究の特徴として：日本の近代化への関心；手段としての直接交流；情報源としての日本語本位という3つの点を見出した。総合目録の可能性と中国語の文献について、現地図書館の運営方式が一般に資料への直接アクセスを旨とする一方で、国家的情報機関としては、モノグラフ・逐次刊行物ともに総合目録の編集を重視しており、和文文献に関してはすでに始まったところである。中国語文献、和文文献ともに国際協力の可能性がありうるとみた。調査対象の捉え方として、研究をその方法や支援体制と併せてつかむことは、中国の日本研究の特徴から見て有効であると判断できた。中国と日本という二国間の研究や情報交流の調査から、グローバルな視野に拡大した調査が必ず必要となる。

본 논문은 일본의 교직대학원을 소개하고 이에 대한 평가시스템을 분석함으로써 일본 교원양성기관 체제 수정의 방향성을 알아보고자 한다. 일본의 교직대학원은 2008년 처음 만들어져 지금까지 총 25개의 대학에서 이를 설치하고 있다. 21세기의 빠르게 변화하는 사회에서 인재를 양성하는 질 좋은 교원 양성은 중요한 과제가 되었다. 고도 전문화된 교원을 양성한다는 목적 하에 만들어진 교직대학원은 교육평가기구에 의해 5년마다 평가를 받게 된다. 평가는 자기평가와 제3자 평가에 의해 이루어지며 평가기준은 총 10개 영역에서 28개의 세부기준으로 되어 있다. 교직대학원은 필요전임교원의 4할 이상을 실무경험이 있는 교원으로 하고 45단위 중 10단위 이상을 학교 실습으로 의무화하고 있다. 동경학예대학과 와세다대학의 교직대학원 평가에서 볼 수 있듯이 한국과 비교하여 서열화하는 방식이 아니며 평가결과에 대해 학교가 의견을 낼 수도 있는 유연성이 있는 평가이다. 평가는 서면평가와 방문평가로 구분되고 이에 대해 평가결과를 ‘적합’과 ‘부적합’으로 낸다. 지금까지 부적합 판정을 받은 학교는 없다. 효율적인 교원양성체제를 구축하고 제재보다는 이를 적극 지원하는 방향의 평가 방식을 취하고 보완점을 찾아가고 있는 일본의 경우가 우리에게 시사하는 점은 크다.

This article aimed to overview the pre-service teacher education system through revealing the graduate school of education(敎職大學院) and analyzing the evaluation certification system. The graduate school of education which is founded first in Japan, 2008 and the number is up to 25 schools so far. In the 21st century, it is important to give an environment to develope the specialization skills to the pre-teachers. The graduate school of education(敎職大學院) which has the object for training teacher and making teacher received the evaluation every 5 years. This evaluation from the third-part is conducted by 28 indexes from 10 areas. Pre-teachers should get more than 10 of 45(total) practice subject credits in the graduate school of education. Moreover, the graduate school have to have more than 40% professors which have the experience at the field. The Institute for the Evaluation of Teacher Education(IETE) takes the absolute evaluation and the schools can give the opinion to the Institute. The result is only ‘adequate’ or ‘inadequate’ and there is no ‘inadequate’ school. We can look for a suggestion from the Japanese case of the school and evaluation system that we have to search for the method to improve the pre-service teacher education system and the evaluation system in the future.

In the city of Bungo-Ono, Oita prefecture, there exists a Sobotake legend that describes the birth of the forefather of Ogatasaburokoreyoshi, a general of a country called Bungo. This legend not only draws parallels to the Mount Miwa-Shikon tale (A tale about a marriage between a god and a human) which is part of Odamakigata-Hebimukoiri(A tale about the use of a yarn ball to reveal a snake as a son-in-law) as it is found in Kojiki, it is also highly congruent with the Kyonhwon legend which depicts the advent of the Post-Baekje period – one of the ancient kingdoms of Korea. In the academia of the past, research on the Odamakigata-Hebimukoiri tale focused merely on the Mount Miwa legend. Therefore, a focus on the Sobotake legend set in Bungo and Hyuga is unprecedented. As such, this paper attempts to provide some first thoughts and perspectives on the Sabotake legend with Bungo and Hyuga at its center, which thus includes Genpejosuiki and Heike monogatari. This paper particularly aims to investigate how the Sabotake legend is depicted in neighboring Korea. Through a comparison of the Sabotake legend (based on Bungo and Hyuga) and Odamakigata-Hebimukoiri tale, the characterization of both is undertaken from the perspective of the ironware culture. Furthermore, according to past scholarship, the oviparity legend and the legend of oviparous clans were considered unrelated. This paper is the first of its kind to point out the implicit message behind the Odamakigata-Hebimukoiri tale. In addition, according to existing records of Samgukyusa which depicts Kyonhwon, the first king of the Post-Baekje period, as raised and fed by a tiger of the mountains, academia in the past had a strong tendency to focus on the special meanings of tigers to Koreans. However, such inclination make the legend strongly resemble the Odamakigata-Hebimukoiri tale from Unnansho, China. There is therefore a need to re-investigate the direct impact of the Kyonhwon legend.

大分県豊後大野市には豊後国武将・緒方三郎惟栄の始祖誕生を叙述する｢祖母嶽伝説｣が存在する。この伝説は、󰡔古事記󰡕に見える苧環型蛇聟入譚に属する三輪山神婚説話と類似するもので、韓国の古代国の一つ、後百済国の始祖由来を叙述する｢甄萱伝説｣ともきわめて近似している。従来学界での苧環型蛇聟入譚についての研究は、󰡔古事記󰡕収載の三輪山神婚説話を中心に考察が行われ、豊後や日向地方を背景にしている｢祖母嶽伝説｣に中心を置いて考察した論考は皆無に近いといえる。そこで本稿では、豊後国と日向国を舞台とする、󰡔源平盛衰記󰡕や󰡔平家物語󰡕収載のいわゆる、｢祖母嶽伝説｣に焦点をあてて検討を試みた。特にその祖母嶽伝説が隣の国・韓国ではどのように展開されているのか、豊後国や日向国の祖母嶽伝説や民間伝承の苧環型蛇聟入譚との比較を通して、両伝承の特質を鉄文化の視点から明らかにしている。また従来、学界では日本には卵生型氏族神話や卵生神話が縁遠いものとされてきたが、民間伝承の苧環型蛇聟入譚のなかに密かに伝承されているのもはじめて指摘している。さらに後百済国の始祖王の甄萱に｢山の虎が来て乳を飲ませて育てた｣と記す󰡔三国遺事󰡕の記録についても従来の学界では、虎に対する韓国人の固有信仰として捉える傾向が強かったが、この趣向はすでに中国の雲南省の苧環型蛇聟入譚に見えるので、甄萱伝説への直接的な影響関係も検討する必要性が出てきた。

일본의 구연동화 역사는 제국주의의 확대 양상과 함께 특수한 발달형태를 보인 일본의 독자적인 아동문화형태임에도 불구하고 본격적인 연구가 이루어지지 않고 있는 실정이다. 이는 문자가 아닌 음성언어로 이루어진 장르의 특성으로 인한 자료 수집 정리의 어려움에 기인하다. 본 연구는 일본에 구연동화활동이 성립, 정착되어 가는 과정을 검토하고 그 양상을 고찰하고자 함에 주된 목적이 있다. 그동안 구체적으로 논의된 적이 없었던 삼대 구연동화가와 삼대 구연동화회 의 존재에 대해서도 살펴보고 최종적으로 일본에서 발생한 구연동화활동이 식민지 조선으로 전파되어 가는 과정을 밝히고 자 한다.

However, there has never been a thorough study of the subject because of the difficulty in collecting such diverse information that was developed by spoken language and was rarely recorded in a written format. In my paper, I will examine the development of the storytelling process; as it started and became established in Japan, with a look into the environment of that time. I will introduce the existence of three of the greatest storytellers/lecturers from that time period which have not been studied and discussed before. With this paper, I will bring clarity to the development of storytelling from its beginning and development in Japan and as it propagated into colonial Korea.

And ｢Fugaku Hyakke｣ through the ｢golden landscape｣, I tried to re-interpretation of 《distress》. By my feelings, feelings against Fuji had wavered. Had a “distress” <I> is by her who I met in there, become a presence, such as 《light》, Fuji had changed as 《nightshade》 and 《evening primrose》. So, is ｢Fugaku｣ of the ｢golden｣ and ｢hundreds of views｣, ｢landscape｣ is human ｢hundreds of views｣, it was a story that became a ｢landscape｣. This should be of Dazai in the medium-term is a 《single representation》 《rustic》 《natural》 《concise》 《sharpness》 of is met, Ariel in the attitude of Dazai in the medium-term. However, rather than this just a matter of, facing the people, will be honest, the effort to meet the new myself go, it is was let go. Medium-term Unlike the previous year, which had lost hope of Dazai, style changes as if regain hope, 《distress》 is 《light》, and <I> is earnest facing the people and myself, solidified awareness is a work, it is was thought the meaning of re-interpretation.

｢富嶽百景｣と｢黄金風景｣と通じて、《苦悩》を再解釈してみた。富士山に対する〈私〉の気持ちが相当に揺れ動いている作品であったが、《苦悩》を自慢している<私>が富士山で何人かの女性たちに出会う。その出会いから富士山に対し、《光》のような《月見草》が咲いていると、周囲のことを明るく解釈し、感じ、変わっていることが分かった。太宰の中期が｢素朴｣｢自然｣｢簡潔な｣ことを指向していたことはよく周知の上で、希望を失っていた前期とは違い、自分と向き合い、正直になり、希望を取り戻せたかのように、《苦痛》が《光》に変わっている作品であった。

본고에서는 하쓰요의 불륜사건에 초점을 맞추면서 그와 관련이 있다고 생각되는 일련의 작품을 정신의학에 속하는 현대 심리학로 인해 해석함으로써 하쓰요와 다자이의 관계에서 문제가 되고 있는 심리적 심상(心傷)에 대해서 밝히려는 것이다. 지금까지 다자이의 작품을 통해 다자이의 성격이나 인격(personality)에 대해서 정신의학적으로 분석하거나 정신분석학적으로 분석하는 연구가 있었지만, 하쓰요에 초점을 맞추어 하쓰요와 다자이의 관계에 한해서 현대 심리학적 해석을 적용하고 다자이의 심상(trauma)을 해명하려는 연구는 없었다. 처녀의 순결이 유린되어 인간에 대한 신뢰가 배신당하는 것이 다자이의 작품에 일관되어 있다. 다자이는 어린 시절부터 그가 동경한 처녀가 그를 떠나는 경험을 했다. 이와 같은 처녀의 상실사건은 하쓰요의 실수에 대한 기억과 함께 끊임없이 그를 침습하고 괴롭히고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 그러므로 순결유린과 그로 인한 신뢰의 배신이 다자이의 심상(trauma)이 되어 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이것이 다자이의 추억 속에 나타나 반복해서 그를 괴롭히고 있는 것으로 볼 수 있다.

This is the study to analyze the sexual insult to virgin that appear in the literature of Dazai. Purity and fall is written in the literature of Dazai repeatedly in all his works. Dazai had sad memory that a girl whom he had loved had left him in his childhood. After that he met one girl in his youth and married her. But he knew that she was not pure. When she committed sexual sin after his marriage he tried to die with her. In this way his life was repeats of suicide. Some alienist pointed out his mental problem, but in this study we analyze Dazai’s mental disorder as trauma. Dazai tried to defend week person from his childhood. And he married Hatzuyo and tried to keep her as his wife. But when she was insulted again Dazai’s trauma appeared. His anxiety, distrust to human, and loneliness comes from his such a sad experiences. We can say that his life should be to recover his hurt mind but his life was still painful. He wrote his painful memory in his last work. it is “disqualification of human”. We can say that insult of the virgin became distrust to human and it became Dazai’s trauma. He searched for purity and trust but his reality was dishonor and betrayal. Dazai’s trust to virgin was chaste but this trust was betrayed by insult. We can say that this kind of experiences made Dazai so sympathetic to woman but trauma made his character and life so miserable.

Ryūnosuke Akutagawa’s Susanoo no Mikoto (Osaka Mainichi Shimbun, 1920), according to a note by the author, is a story that was developed through a three-step process: “Revolt” to “Maturity” to “Elder.” Based on the text, one can say this three-step growth process involves Susanoo no Mikoto, a young boy, growing into a father and then becoming a god. Of course, this growth process is not evident in the original Japanese myth of Susanoo. In the myth, Susanoo was described as being eternally youthful, and he was depicted as an immature hero who was perpetually unable to separate himself from his mother. Unlike in the original legend, the hero of Akutagawa’s Susanoo no Mikoto exhibits a strong desire to establish his paternal rights. This characteristic shows that Akutagawa’s version includes the problem of failure to construct a tale of the establishment of paternal rights. However, it can likely be used to raise the question of what paternity means in Akutagawa’s literature.

芥川龍之介の｢素戔嗚尊｣(｢大阪毎日新聞｣,1920)という作品は、作者のメモによれば｢Revolt｣→｢Maturity｣→｢Elder｣という三段階の成長過程によってストーリーが展開されていくが、この三段階の成長過程とは、本文に即して考察すれば｢少年｣だった素戔嗚が｢父親｣として成長、そこからさらに｢神｣へと発展していくプロセスだったといえる。もちろん、このような成長過程は、原典である日本神話のスサノヲにはみられない。日本神話のスサノヲは｢永遠の少年｣などといわれ、永遠に｢母離れ｣の出来ない未成熟な英雄として描かれているのである。従って、芥川版・素戔嗚尊は、原話に比べ｢父権確立｣の志向が強く打ち出された英雄になっていることがわかる。ここに芥川文学における父性の問題も提起することが出来るであろう。

소세키의 삶과 작품은 병과의 싸움으로 점철되어 있다고 할 수 있다. 특히 그의 생명을 앗아간 위궤양은 위장병에서 시작되었다. 본 논문은 소세키의 위장병을 󰡔나는 고양이로소이다(吾輩は猫である)󰡕와 󰡔만한 이곳저곳(満韓ところどころ)󰡕을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 그리고 위병에 고통을 느끼면서도 만한 여행을 결행한 소세키의 동기를 고찰해 보았다. 󰡔고양이󰡕에서는 위병을 시달리는 구샤미를 통해 소세키가 가지고 있었던 위병과 그 병을 치료하기 위해 노력한 모습을 정리하였다. 󰡔만한 이곳저곳󰡕에서는 위장병의 연장선에서 소세키가 적나라하게 표현하는 위의 통증을 파악하고 그런 상황 속에서 42일간의 여행을 시도한 동기를 고찰해보았다. 만한 여행의 동기는 소세키의 가정적인 이유와 사회적인 원인으로 해석해 보고자 하였다. 소세키가 살아간 시대는 전쟁시대였다. 스스로 징병기피의 고뇌를 갖고 있던 소세키에게도 청일전쟁, 러일전쟁의 전쟁터였던 만주와 한국은 관심의 대상이었을 뿐만 아니라 당시 아시아에 식민지 정책을 펼치고 있는 일본의 실태를 확인하고 싶은 욕구가 잠재되어 있었다. 또한 소세키는 어린 시절부터 경험한 가정적인 번민이 소속감의 부재를 불러일으켰고, 성인이 돼서도 자신의 삶을 옭아매는 의부와의 갈등으로부터 도피하고 싶다는 욕구가 만주와 한국 여행을 떠나게 한 또 다른 동기가 되었다고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 소세키의 위장병은 단순한 위나 장의 염증이 아니라 신경쇠약에 따른, 즉 정신적 질환이 동반된 위궤양으로 확대되어 결국 그를 죽음에 이르게 만들었다. 젊은 시절부터 앓고 있던 육체를 괴롭힌 위장병과 어린 시절부터 갖고 있던 가정적, 사회적인 번민에서 벗어나고자 해결책을 모색하기 위해 소세키는 만한 여행을 떠난 것은 아니었을까.

I think the life and the work of Soseki to be a fight with the illness. The gastric ulcer that snatched his life began in particular with stomach and intestines disease. This article checked stomach and intestines disease of Soseki around <I Am a Cat> and <Manchuria and Korea, Here and There>. And I considered a motive of Soseki who carried out trip to Manchuria and Korea while feeling pain for stomach disease. I arranged the figure which made an effort to treat chronic stomach disease of Soseki and the disease through a pain Kusami suffered from stomach disease in <I Am a Cat>. I grasped the pain of the stomach which Soseki expressed openly in an extension line of stomach and intestines disease in the Manchuria and Korea and considered the motive that tried a 42-day trip in such situation. The motive of the trip to Manchuria and Korea tried approach from a homey reason of Soseki and a social cause. The times that Soseki lived in were wartime. Not only Manchurian and Korea which were Sino-Japanese War, a battlefield of the Russia and Japan war for Soseki who had a suffering of the draft evasion by oneself were objects of the interest, but also a desire to want to confirm the Japanese actual situation that opened a colonial policy was underlying in Asia in those days. In addition, the homey agony that I experienced from early childhood reminds Soseki of the absence of the position feeling, and there is the desire that I want to escape from the tangle with the father-in-law who restricts the life of oneself even after it is come of age to, and the other motive that it came to leave for Manchurian and the trip to Korea can consider it that it was. As for stomach and intestines disease of Soseki, it was the gastric ulcer that with the nervous breakdown namely a mental disease was accompanied by not inflammation of the simple stomach and bowels and enlarged it and I died and have driven him after all. I think that the reason why Soseki started on trip to Manchuria and Korea is that he wanted to explore a solution out of stomach and intestines disease and mental agony.

<나>는 남편이 젊은 애인과 같이 있는 모습을 보고도　못 본채 하며, 외박해도 질투하는 여자의 모습을 보이지 않는다. <나>는 스스로 외모에도 자신 없고 남편보다 연상이기　때문에 “불쌍한 여자”로 보이지 않기 위해 노력한다. 이런 <나>에 대한 요시토의 생각은 전혀 나타나 있지 않다. 그만큼 지요는 <나> 중심으로 표현하고 남편의 생각을 배제함으로, 남편이 아직 <나>를 사랑하고 있을지도 모른다는 기대감을 남겨두고 있다. 그러나 끝내 사랑하는 남편이 이혼을 요구했다. <나>는 당황해 하면서도 남편의 의사를 존중하며 이삿짐까지 돕는 여유를 보인다. 이렇게 지요는 <나>를 통해 나타내고 있는 다케오와의 결혼생활에서, 남편보다 연상인 아내의 한계를 그려내면서도 끝까지 여자로서의 자존심은 버리고 싶지 않다는 강인함도 보인다.

“I” pretend not to notice as my husband goes out with a young mistress and, do not show an aspect as a woman who feels jealous even though he sleepover with her. “I” do not have confidence in my looking, thus always make a great effort to be the one not to be seen as a miserable wife who is older than her husband from others. However, Yoshito (my husband) does not care anything about such efforts. Chiyo, the author attempts to keep an expectation on the husband still loving “me”. In the end, nevertheless, the husband required to divorce. “I” was perplexed but pretended not to. It indicates that there is a limitation of the wife who is older than her headband while she is showing her strength to hold her dignity.

다자이 오사무(太宰治)의 완성된 마지막 소설 <인간실격>은 그의 자전적 요소가 깊게 배어 있으면서 전후 시대 상황과 맞물려 실존주의적 경향을 두드러지게 보이는 작품이다. 2차 대전과 한국 전쟁이라는 차이에도 불구하고 1950년대 한국 소설에 나타난 실존주의 양상 역시 “재앙”으로서의 전쟁과 전후 사회라는 부조리한 현실 속에서 실존적 불안, 고독, 저항의 문제를 드러내고 있다. 장용학의 <요한시집>은 대표적인 작품이다. <인간실격>에서 요조라는 인간은 합리적으로 설명되거나 상식적으로 파악이 되지 않는 인간이다. 그는 닫힌 사회에서 곧 “실격자”를 의미한다. 그러한 요조는 다자이 오사무의 자의식이 투영된 인물이다. 부조리한 현실 앞에 절망하고 철저히 소외되어 버리는 인간은 <요한시집>의 누혜 역시 마찬가지다. 한국 전쟁과 포로수용소라는 공간이 만들어내는 부조리하고 폭력적인 야만의 시공간은 본질적인 인간 자체의 부조리함을 드러내는 역할을 하고 있다. 집단적이고 폭력적이며 부조리한 역사의 청산, 개별자로서의 실존적 자유에 대한 추구가 바로 이 소설의 주제이다. 요조는 도깨비 그림을 그리는 화가가 되고자 하는 꿈을 꾸지만 아버지의 반대와 세상의 부조리함에 꺾여 그 꿈을 이루지 못한다. 아버지로부터 벗어나는 것, 그것은 죄의식을 불러일으키는 엄청난 것이지만 그 품에 안길 수는 없는 실존적 자의식 때문에 요조는 술과 마약으로 자학하고, 자살을 통해 그 죄의식으로부터 도망치고자 했던 것이다. 누혜의 자살은 그에 비해 훨씬 적극적인 의미를 지닌다. 도망치고자 하는 것이 아니고 진정한 실존의 의미를 찾아 스스로에게 주어진 자유마저 희생시키고자 하는 의도에서 나온 것이기 때문이다. 두 작가의 작품을 통해 한일 전후 문학에 나타나는 실존주의적 경향을 일반화시킬 수는 당연히 없는 것이겠으나 한일 전후 소설에 있어 두 작품은 가혹한 현실 속에서 지식인의 자기 존재에 대한 질문이라는 공통된 문제를 당대에 던졌던 중요한 텍스트라고 할 수 있을 것이다.

『No Longer Human』, the Osamu Dazai(太宰治)’s last novel, features his autobiographical perspective strongly incorporated in it and existential aspects interlinked with postwar circumstances. Despite the difference between the World War 2 and the Korean War, existential aspects reflected in Korea novels in 1950s reveal such issues as existential anxiety, loneliness and resistance under the unreasonable reality of wars and postwar societies. ｢Poem of John｣ is one of the most iconic pieces of literature in that era. A person named ‘Yojo’ in 『No Longer Human』can neither be explained in a reasonable manner nor understood based on common sense. He was nothing but a “loser” in a closed society of the time. However, Yojo reflects Osamu Dazai’s sense of identity. When it comes to a postwar victim who suffers intense feeling of alienation and lost hope faced with harsh reality, Nuhye in ｢Poem of John｣ is no different. The visuospatial conditions of the Korean War and a POW camp that are characterized by irrationality, violence and barbarism reveal intrinsic irrationalities of humans. Overcoming the history marred by collective violence and irrationalities and a pursuit of existential freedom as individuals are the main theme of this novel. Yojo dreams of becoming a painter who paints goblins but fails to realize it due to the opposition of his father and the irrationality of reality. Escaping from his father is something overwhelming that instigates a strong sense of guilt but the existential self-consciousness forces him to torture himself with alcohol and drug and tries shake off the guilt through suicide. The suicide of Nuhye carries a lot more active meaning than that as it resulted from his voluntary intention to sacrifice freedom granted to him in an attempt not to escape but to find the true meaning of earnest existence. It is, of course, not rational to generalize existential aspects reflected in postwar literature of Korea and Japan through the literary works of these two authors but it is worth noting that these literary works revealed a common contemporary issue of questioning the self existence of intellectuals against the backdrop of the harsh reality.

2011년 3월11일, 일본 사상 미증유의 사건이 발생했다. 그것은 쓰나미로 인한 원전폭발이다. 3.11은 일본 역사상 전쟁이후 최악의 자연재해로 기록되었다. 본고에서는 3.11이라는 사건을 전후로 일본인들의 의식변화와 그 사회 시대상을 반영하는 영화라는 콘텐츠에 나타나는 변화상에 대해 고찰하기로 한다. 영상을 기반으로 하는 극영화나 이미지로 전달되는 영상콘텐츠 제작자들은 3.11의 여파로 사회적 모순에 눈뜨고 탈 원자력운동과 후세에게 전해야 하는 메시지들을 담은 영상을 제작하였다. 또한 일본인들이 안고 있는 불안감과 결핍들을 표현하기 위해 영화 속에 3.11을 통해 체험한 이미지들을 침투시켰다. 콘텐츠 제작자들의 윤리적인 태도의 결핍과 본질이 왜곡된 정보가 무자비하게 실시간으로 전 세계로 전송됨으로서 3.11로 인해 고통 받은 피해자들에게 이중의 고통을 안겨주기도 했다. 3.11 전과 후의 의식변화 여론조사 결과를 바탕으로 비교⋅분석한 결과 3.11 이전보다 일본인들은 인간의 본질의 중요성 및 가족과 인간 유대관계를 더욱 가치 있게 생각하는 양상이 나타났다. 그리고 일본인의 기본적 가치관 변화는 미래에 중점을 두며, 자기본위적인 가치관으로 변화했음을 알 수 있다. 동경전력과 일본 정부의 지나친 안정성 강조에도 불구하고 2015년 3월 19일에 NHK은 일본 후쿠시마의 제 1, 2, 3호기의 멜트다운 확정을 보도함으로서 3.11은 더 이상 일본에만 국한된 문제가 아닌 전 인류의 문제로 대두되었다. 추가적인 피해를 줄일 수 있는 폐로에 대한 구체적인 계획과 인간본질이 표백되거나 누락되지 않도록 범세계적인 관심과 자각이 요구된다.

On march 11, 2011, the unprecedented accident in Japanese history occurred. That was a nuclear power plant explosion caused by tsunami. 3.11 was recorded as worst natural disaster since WWII in Japanese history. This study will examine the consciousness change of japanese around accident of 3.11 and the aspect of change which appeared in the film contents reflecting social aspect of the time. The producers of play film based on picture or picture contents transmitted as image manufactured pictures which contain the campaign for free from nuclear energy and message for next generation by recognition of social inconsistency by aftereffect of 3.11. And they put images of 3.11 experience through into the movie to express anxiety and wants that Japanese have. By brutal and real time transmission of nature distorted information due to lack of ethical attitude of contents manufacturers, the victims of 3.11, who already damaged, had doubled pain.The comparison and analysis of the results of public opinion survey on consciousness change of Japanese around 3.11 shows the aspect that Japanese think the importance of human nature and the unity of family and human more valuably. Even though the excessive emphasis of Japanese government and Tokyo Electric Power on stableness, NHK reported confirmation of meltdown of Fukushima NPP unit 1,2,3 in Japan, so the 3.11 was on the rise as no more a problem limited in Japan but a problem of all human.The detailed plan on finished nuclear reactors to reduce additional damage and worldwide attention and self-consciousness not to bleach or omit the human nature are needed.

614년 전국적인 ‘기리시탄 금교령’이 내려지자 사제들은 잠복 사목 활동을 하다가 추방되거나 순교 당하게 된다. 특히 한 사람의 사제도 없는 상황에서 금교령이 해제될 때까지 신자들 스스로 비밀 조직을 만들어 세례를 비롯한 여러 가지 의식(儀式)과 교리, 기도문 등을 세대를 거듭하여 전승해 온 자들이 있는데 이들을 가리켜 ‘잠복 기리시탄’이라 하고 그 기간을 잠복시대(1644-1873)라 한다. 본고는 기리시탄시대(1549-1644)의 혼인성사가 잠복시대에도 전승되어 왔는가에 대한 고찰이다. 통혼(通婚)에도 불구하고 비밀 신앙 공동체가 유지된 이유는 주로 공동체 내혼(內婚)이었기 때문임을 알 수 있다. 또한 사료를 통하여 살펴본 결과 기리시탄 상당수에서 혼인성사가 이루어지고 있다. 다만 장기적인 사제의 부재와 지속적인 탄압의 영향으로 변용이 나타나기도 하지만, 1873년 해금(解禁)을 맞아 기적적으로 교회로 돌아온 자도 많다.

The edict against Christianity in 1614 caused Secret Padres to be banished or martyred. Especially after the edict, no padres were in Japan. Secret-Christians organized secret communities and transmitted baptism, ceremonies, doctrines, prayers, and so on until the revocation of the edict. This period today is called Secret Period(1644-1873). This paper explores whether the sacrament of matrimony in Christian Period(1549-1644) was transmitted in Secret Period. In spite of marriage, the reason of maintenance of secret communities was community intermarriage. According to the historical materials, the sacrament of matrimony was done by most of the Christians. Some transformation of religion appeared because of the long-term absence of padres and the suppression. Nevertheless, many people returned to church after the revocation of the edict in 1873.

본 고에서는 일본어학습자 Y의 일본관과 그 형성요인에 대해서 고찰하였다. 먼저, 일본인에 대해서는 중･고등학교 때 역사적 사실을 알게 되면서 부정적인 이미지가 형성되었는데 일본에서 사람들을 만나면서 마음씀씀이가 따듯한 사람들, 협동심이 강한 사람들, 자기 나름의 가치관과 생각을 가지고 있는 사람들이라는 긍정적인 이미지로 바뀌게 되었다. Y에게 있어서 일본어는 영어에서는 느낄 수 없는 외국어 공부의 재미를 느끼게 해준 언어이며 자신에게 필요한 것이 무엇인가 스스로 생각해서 학습하여 성과를 본 과목이었다. 또한 일본어는 일본, 일본문화, 일본생활을 더 깊이 경험하고 이해하고 싶어지게 하는 계기가 되고 있다. 이러한 긍정적 이미지의 형성요인으로는 중학교 때 회화와 문화 위주로 재미있게 배웠던 일본어 수업을 들 수 있다. 일본에 대해서는 일본인의 경우와 마찬가지로 중･고등학교 때 역사적 사실을 알게 되면서 부정적 이미지를 갖게 되지만, 일본유학 이후 Y에게 있어서 일본은 한국과 달리 조용하고 평화로운 곳이며 자신의 또 다른 가능성을 발견하게 해 준 곳이며 더 알고 싶은 매력적인 나라고 인식되어 있는 것을 알 수 있다. Y의 이러한 긍정적인 이미지 형성에는 일본어학습과 일본유학을 통해 경함한 것들이 Y자신에게 긍정적으로 작용했기 때문이라고 분석할 수 있겠다.

In this thesis, we considered the viewpoint on Japan of Y learning Japanese language and the formation of factors. First, regarding Japanese people, he had a negative image when he knew historical facts in his middle･high school days, but when he met Japanese people, he shifted it into an affirmative image as warm-hearted people, strongly cooperative people, people with their own values and ideas. As for Y, Japanese is a language which made him feel an interest in the study of a foreign language, which he could not feel in English. Moreover, Japanese is the subject where he thought himself what is essential to him, and achieved the outcome after learning. And Japanese language brought him an opportunity to experience and understand Japan, Japanese culture, and Japanese life. As a formation factor of this affirmative image, he can count the Japanese class he learned interestingly focused on conversation and culture in middle school days. When he knew the historical facts in his middle･high school days, Y had a negative image on Japan as well as Japanese people, but it can be known that after abroad study in Japan Y came to recognized that Japan is a silent and peaceful country unlike Korea, a place where he discovered another probability of his own and an attractive country he wishes to know more. It can be analyzed that the experiences through Japanese learning and the abroad study in Japan worked on Y himself affirmatively in the formation of this positive image.

The present paper aims for a comparison of the movies “Volunteer” (1941) and “Chosun Strait” (1943). Both movies were made by Koreans during the period of Colonial Rule by Japan and are representative examples of war time movies. They are pieces of propaganda in themselves but also carry an important role of eminating these propaganda messages.　　In order to be able to put these movies into their proper context, first the history of movies in Colonial Korea is reviewed. In the actual comparison, it was found that more than “Volunteer”, “Chosun Strait” allows for more than one simple interpretation. As a result, “Chosun Strait” can be read as a simple propaganda piece, but also seen in a light of giving new hope to the Korean people for a more free Korea.

本論文の目的は『志願兵』(1941)と『朝鮮海峡』(1943)という二作の戦時期の朝鮮映画を比較することにある。両者は植民地時代の朝鮮で、朝鮮人によって作成された代表的な戦時下映画である。これらはそれ自体がプロパガンダのための作品であるが、同時にそれらのプロパガンダメッセージを除去する重要な役割も持っていた。ここでは、まず二作の映画の朝鮮の映画史上おける位置を明確にするために朝鮮映画史を概説した。比較を通して『朝鮮海峡』は『志願兵』より多義的な解釈を許すことを確認した。結果として、『朝鮮海峡』は単にプロパガンダの作品としてのみ見ることもできるが、その一方でプロパガンダを超え、朝鮮人に自由な朝鮮への希望を与える作品だとも言えそうである。

2013년 일본 독점금지법이 공정취인위원회의 심판에 대한 불복절차를 2심제에서 3심제로 개정하였고, 이에 따라 우리나라에서도 공정거래위원회의 불복절차를 3심제로 개정하려는 법안이 제출되는 등 개정의견이 대두되었다. 공정거래사건의 대상인 경제현상이 복잡다기하며 변화가 심하므로 사건의 판단을 위해서는 고도의 전문성이 요구된다. 이에 따라 우리 헌법은 공정거래위원회에 준입법권과 준사법권을 가진 독립행정기관으로서의 지위를 부여하여 헌법상의 경쟁정책을 효율적으로 수행하도록 하고 있다. 한편 우리나라의 공정거래위원회는 전세계 경쟁당국 가운데 매우 모범적으로 운영되어 오고 있다는 평가를 받고 있으나, 법집행이 엄격하게 이루어지지 못해 독과점적 시장구조가 개선되지 못하다는 비판이 제기되어 왔다. 따라서 공정거래위원회의 사건처리절차는 오히려 공정거래위원회의 엄격한 법집행을 위해 공정거래위원회의 보다 독립된 지위를 부여하고 심판기능을 강화하는 것이 요구된다. 동시에 개정이 필요하다는 입장에서의 주장을 반영하여 심판을 받는 사업자로 하여금 제대로 된 심판을 받을 수 있도록 사건처리절차에 대심적 요소를 강화해야 할 것이다. 그리고 국제적으로 EU가 미국 연방규제규칙 16편(Title 16 Code of Federal Regulations : 16 CFR)의 사건처리절차를 받아들임에 따라 경쟁사건 사건처리절차는 미국법 중심으로 통일화되어 가고 있으며 또한 한중일의 경쟁사건 사건처리절차의 통일화 필요성이 증대하고 있음을 고려할 때, 미국법의 사건처리절차에서의 집행기관 독립성과 사건처리절차에서의 대심적 요소를 우리법에 반영하는 것이 검토되어야 할 것이다.

Under the revised Japan Antitrust Law in 2013, they amended the appeal proceedings of dissatisfaction against the judgment of JFTC from second trial to third trial. Accordingly the opinion for revision has emerged in Korea, too. Lawmakers introduced the bill to revise the appeal proceedings of dissatisfaction against the judge of KFTC to third trial. High-level professional expertise is needed when we judge the case because the economic conditions which are the subject of fair trade case are complicated and changeable. Consequently the constitution granted KFTC the status as an independent administrative agency holding the rights of lawmaker and the rights of prosecutor and adjudicator in order to perform the constitutional competition policy efficiently. Meanwhile KFTC is considered to be run in a very exemplary way among rival authorities around the world. But criticism is that failing of strict law enforcement has caused failing of improvement of monopolistic and oligopolistic market structure. Therefore the prosecutorial and adjudicative procedures of KFTC requires to give KFTC more independent status and strengthen the prosecutorial and adjudicative functions for the strict law enforcement of KFTC. At the same time we have to strengthen the rights of parties in the prosecutorial and adjudicative procedures for the businessmen facing their trial to get the proper judgement reflecting the claim which requires revision. As EU also accepted the prosecutorial and adjudicative procedures of Title 16 Code of Federal Regulations(16 CFR) from the international point of view, the prosecutorial and adjudicative procedures of competitive cases have been standardized focusing on the U.S. law. And the need to standardize the prosecutorial and adjudicative procedures of competitive cases in Korea, China and Japan has been increasing. All things considered we have to examine whether we ought to adopt the independence of law enforcement organ and the rights of parties in the prosecutorial and adjudicative procedures of the U.S. Antitrust Law.

21세기형 고부가가치 관광으로 인식되고 있는 크루즈 관광은 최근 아시아지역에서 괄목할 만한 성장세를 보이고 있으며, 이에 정부는 크루즈 산업 육성 및 크루즈 관광객 유치를 위한 다양한 전략을 추진 중이다. 본 논문은 방한 크루즈 관광객 주요 시장인 중국과 일본시장의 현황과 특징을 고찰하고, 이들 시장을 유치하기 위한 마케팅 전략 수립 대안을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 크루즈 관광에 관한 문헌연구와 크루즈 선사 관계자와의 인터뷰를 실시했으며, 도입기적인 특성을 가진 중국시장과 성장기로 이행하면서 다변화 양상을 보이고 있는 일본시장에 대한 마케팅적 시사점을 제시했다

The high value-added tourism of 21st century, CRUISE TOURISM shows its outstanding developments in Asian region, and central government of Korea hence promotes various strategies to develop cruise industry and invite inbound cruise tourists. The research aims to study on the current status and features of major inbound markets of China and Japan, search and establish its alternative marketing strategies to invite those markets. The study has reviewed literature researches on cruise tourism, interviewed the partakers of cruise companies and has proposed the marketing implications of Chinese market in its introduction phase and the diverse aspects of Japanese market in its growing period.

Child poverty Countermeasures Law enacted in June 2013, and came into force from January 2014. In August 2014, based on the law “Charter on poverty measures of children” has been approved by the Cabinet. In the future, in consideration of the Charter country-defined, prefectures are expected to determine child’s anti-poverty plan. In this paper, Child poverty Countermeasures Law has been required Japan’s child poverty situation, based on the history of the legislation, and examined the contents of the law, to think about the major challenges of the post-establishment law. History became a law enacted by lawmakers, especially, I also discussed the importance of lobbying by civil society organizations. About Charter based on the enacted laws and legislation, in addition to consider while comparing with the opposition proposal, as the future of the main challenges of the post-establishment law, correction of regional disparities of life protection and school assistance, support for parents, education and welfare I point out the need for cooperation.

子どもの貧困対策法が2013年６月に成立し、2014年１月から施行された。2014年８月に、法律に基づき｢子供の貧困対策に関する大綱｣が閣議決定された。子どもの貧困対策法第９条によれば、今後は、国が定めた大綱を勘案して、都道府県が子どもの貧困対策計画を定めることが期待されている。本稿では、子どもの貧困対策法が必要とされた我が国の子どもの貧困の状況、法律制定の経緯を踏まえ、法律の内容について検討し、法律成立後の主な課題について考える。 議員立法による法律制定となった経緯、特に、市民団体による働きかけの重要性について述べる。成立した法律・法律に基づく大綱について、野党案と比較しつつ検討を加える。法律成立後の今後の主な課題として、就学援助と生活保護の地域格差の是正及び保護者に対する有効な支援のための教育と福祉の連携の必要性を指摘する。

The purpose of this article is to indicate, based on my surveys on target costing which is currently implemented in wedding banquet departments of hotel industry, some implications on how to apply it in service industries. Service target costing is defined as “strategic cost management activities to set target profit and promote cost reduction at the stage of the planning and design of new services”. Target costing especially works in effect at the following five aspects, that is ① headwaters management, ② strategic cost management, ③ market intentionality, ④ cost reduction activities and ⑤ the presence of cost reduction tool. The results of this article can be summarized as follows. That is, ① all companies should implement target costing, ② it should be implemented in connection with ABC, ③ the service industry has features of “customer profitability”, ④ it should be implemented in the entire phase.

本研究の目的は、ホテル業、とくに婚礼宴会部門での原価企画の適用が可能であることを明らかにし、サービス業に原価企画を適用するインプリケーションを提言することにある。本研究では、サービス原価企画を｢新サービスの企画・設計の段階で目標利益を設定し、原価の作り込みを図る戦略的コスト・マネジメント活動｣と定義した。さらに、原価企画適用の要件を、①源流管理、②戦略性、③市場志向性、④原価低減活動、⑤原価低減ツールの存在、の5点に整理した。その結果、サービス業では、①原価企画を知らない企業がまだ少なくないが、むしろ実施すべきであること、②ABCとの併用も検討すべきであること、③｢顧客採算性｣という考え方に特徴があること､④全体のフェーズでとらえることが示された。

An analysis undertaken by NUPRI (Nihon University Population Research Institute) indicates that the number of Japanese households able to provide care for the elderly, that is, households containing a woman aged 40 to 59 and an elderly person, have been, since 2005, among the lowest in the world (i.e., 192 states), and this trend is expected to continue for fifty years from 2022 onwards. By reconsidering service support technology for the physically weak, that is, the elderly and the ill, it is possible, through cooperation among industry, academia, and government, to develop a new field of robot technology, a “life function support robot technology (i.e., service robot technology)”, that will provide all citizens with a basic level of security. This paper focuses specifically on strategic innovation in service robot technology and the two main points that will be examined are as follows. 1. A case study of vacuum cleaning robots in the home. 2. In search of a “commodity trap (i.e., commoditization trap)” in Japan. Commoditization is defined as the process by which goods that have economic value and are distinguishable in terms of attributes (product performance, quality or brand) end up becoming simple commodities in the eyes of the market or consumers. Corporations that differentiate their products by building them to be more innovative, more designable, more smart and cheaper begin to find that others quickly imitate every new feature that they introduce. The length of time that any given product is attractive in the market begins to decline, as even newer products quickly take over. A “commodity trap” will end up becoming a “commodity hell”.

日本大学人口研究所[Nihon University Population Research Institute (NUPRI)]の分析によれば、『日本の家族介護力(高齢人』に対する40~59歳の女性人口)は2005年以降、世界192ヵ国中最低水準となり、この傾向は2022年以降50年間続く󰡕ことを指摘している。 本論では、サービス支援技術を、高齢者・病人などの｢身体的弱者向けの支援技術｣として再考し、産学官連携の下、｢生活機能補完技術(すなわちサービスロボット技術)｣という新たな産業分野に発展させることにより、国民全員に基礎的な安心感を与えるという｢イノベーションの観点｣を踏まえ、サービスロボット技術の戦略的イノベーションに焦点をあてながら(1) 家庭用ロボット掃除機における事例研究、(2) 日本における｢コモディティ・トラップ｣ の探究の2点から検証を行う。 本論における｢コモディティ化(commoditization, commodification)｣とは、｢ある経済価値を有する商品カテゴリにおいて、競争商品間の差別化特性(製品性能、品質、ブランド力等)が失われ、市場や顧客の眼には、単なる日常品(commodity)としてしか映らなくなってしまうプロセス｣と置く。 よりイノベーションに特化し、よりデザイン性を高め、より賢く、より安価な製品差別化で臨む企業も、その差別化がすぐに模倣されてしまう現実に直面し、また、製品が市場を魅了する時間も、新たな製品の台頭により魅力の減少を余儀なきものにする。つまり、｢コモディティ化の罠｣の行き着く先は、｢コモディティ化による地獄｣である。

We can show the Leadership and Motivation as a concept to determine the result in Organizations. A Purpose of this study is to do substantial research about the Leadership Recognition and a relationship with the Motivation. In this study, I quoted SL Theory (Hersey&Blanchard,1996 )as a Leadership concept. The Analytical Model in this study was shown first. Then, the Questionary Survey for the Yogo Teacher and the Multivariate Analysis for the findings were carried out(n=208). As a result, 3 points of the next were confirmed. The 1st point is that the difference of the Ideal Leadership-Style is not the constant standard that is meaningful statistically although I have an influence for motivation. The 2nd point is similar, and a difference of the Real Leadership-Style is not to be the constant standard that is meaningful statistically although I have an influence for motivation. The 3rd point is not to have an influence on that the difference of an Ideal Leadership-Style and the Real Leadership-Style is special for motivation. Furthermore, from an additional investigation, the tendency like this result was confirmed (n=138). Finally 3 problems were shown to raise the substantial effectiveness of this study still more.

我々は、組織における成果を規定する概念として、｢リーダーシップ｣と｢モティベーション｣とを提示することができる。本研究の目的は、リーダーシップ認知とモティベーションとの関係性を実証的に探究することである。本研究では、リーダーシップ概念として、Hersey &Blanchard(1996)の｢SL理論｣を援用している。最初に、本研究の分析モデルが提示された。次に、養護教諭に対するアンケート調査(n=208)と、調査結果に対する多変量解析が実施された。その結果、次の3点が確認された。第1点は、理想のリーダーシップ・スタイルの差異は、モティベーションに対して一定の影響を及ぼすものの、統計的に有意な水準ではないことである。第2点は、現実のリーダーシップ・スタイルの差異についても、モティベーションに対して一定の影響を及ぼすものの、統計的に有意な水準ではないことである。 第3点は、理想のリーダーシップ・スタイルと現実のリーダーシップ・スタイルの差異は、モティベーションに対して特別な影響を及ぼさないことである。さらに追加調査(n=138)からも、この結果と同様の傾向が確認された。最後に、本研究の実証的有効性をより一層高めるために3つの課題が提示された。