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본 논문에서는 AC의 3等 合口 陰聲韻이 SK에 어떻게 반영되었는지 1音節 수용의 관점에서 고찰해 보았다. 이를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1)SK에서 3等 合口韻의 丁類는 拗音 ï를 생략하고 u나 o로 合口性을 반영하고 있으며, 丙類는 合口 w를 생략하고 I母音이 들어간 형태로 拗音性만을 반영하여 1音節化한다. 2) 戈韻은 SK에서 <우으아>uïa → <우아>ua → <와>oa로 1音節化한다. 3) 祭韻 丁類가 󰠏ui형으로 나타나는 것은 LAC 이후를 반영한 결과이다. 4) 祭韻 丙類는 SK에서 <위에>uiəi → <예>jəi로 1音節化한다. 5) 廢韻 脣音字가 SK에서 -jəi형으로 출현하는 것은 LAC 이전에 輕脣音化를 거치지 않고 -wiei화한 방언이 존재했었다고 보아야 한다. 6) 支韻･脂韻 丁類는 SK에서 각각 <우으이>uïɐi → <우이>uɐi → <위>ui와 <우으어이>uïəi → <우어이>uəi → <위>ui로 1音節化한다. 7) 微韻은 SK에서 <우으에>uïəi → <우에>uəi → <위>ui로 1音節化한다. 단지 微韻 脣音字의 󰠏i형은 <븨･믜>pïi･mïi로 수용하여 <비･미>pi･mi로 변했을 가능성이 높다. 8) 支韻･脂韻 丙類는 SK에서 <우이우이>uiui → <이우이>iui → <유>ju로 1音節化한다.

In this paper, I researched how third rounded rhymes contained vowel finals reflected to Sino-Korean mainly focused on the changing to one syllable. The study results are summarized as follows. 1) In Sino-Korean, B type of third rounded rhymes appeared as a one syllable /o-/ or /u-/ and A type appeared as a one syllable /j-/. 2) Rhyme Ge(戈) changed to one syllable as like uïa→ua→oa in Sino-Korean. 3) B type of rhyme Zhai(祭) appeared -ui type in Sino-Korean. It is a reflection of Late Ancient Chinese. 4) A type of rhyme Zhai(祭) changed to one syllable as like uiəi→jəi in Sino-Korean. 5) The labial of rhyme Fei(廢) appeared -jəi type in Sino-Korean. It is a reflection of direct of changed to /wiei/. 6) A type of rhyme Zhi(支) and Zhi(脂) changed to one syllable as like uïɐi→uɐi→ui, uïəi→uəi→ui in Sino-Korean. 7) Rhyme Wei(微) changed to one syllable as like uïəi→uəi→ui in Sino-Korean. but The labial of rhyme Wei(微) appeared -i type changed form -ïi type in Sino-Korean. 8) B type of rhyme Zhi(支) and Zhi(脂) changed to one syllable as like uiui →iui→ju in Sino-Korean.

본고에서는 일본어의 시간명사와 함께 쓰인 조사 ｢ニハ｣의 의미를 <+한도>와　 <-한도>로 나누어 고찰하였다. 분류기준으로는 부사 ｢遅くても｣｢きっと｣｢たしか｣ 와의 공기여부와 문말제한을 살펴보았다. 또한 <최대치의 예상(예상가능한 가장 빠른 일시)>을 나타내는 ｢ニモ｣와의 의미대립 여부도 알아보았다. <+한도>의 경우, ｢遅くても｣｢きっと｣와 함께 쓰일 수 있으나, 부사 ｢たしか｣와는 공기불가능하다. 한편, <-한도>의 경우는 부사｢遅くても｣｢きっと｣와는 함께 쓰일 수 없으며, ｢たしか｣와는 공기가능함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 문말표현에 있어서는 <+한도>의 경우는 ｢だろう｣｢と思う｣와 같은 추량의 모달리티와 함께 쓰일 수 있으나, <-한도>의 경우는 불가능하다. 이러한 분류기준은 결국 명제의 확정성에 대한 판단기준이라 할 수 있다. 즉, <+한도.>는 그 명제가 불명확한 것임에 반해, <-한도>의 경우는 명제가 정해진 일, 예정된 일임을 나타낸다. ｢ニモ｣와의 의미대립에 있어서도, <+한도>의 경우는 의미대립이 가능하였으나, <-한도>의 경우는 불가하였다.　또한, <-한도>는 기준을 나타내는 조사 ｢デ｣로 치환가능한지에 따라, ｢デ｣로 치환가능한 <+기준>과 ｢デ｣로 치환불가능한 <-기준>으로 재분류할 수 있었다.

“Time noun+には” was classfied with　<+limit> and　<-limit>.　The frames are the concurrent propriety with the adverb “遅くても”, “きっと”, “たしか” and　the sentence restriction. In case of <+limit>, it can be used together with “遅くても”, “きっと” , but it cannot be used together with an adverb “たしか”. In case of <-limit>, it cannot be used togethe with “遅くても” , “きっと”, but it can be used together with an adverb “たしか”. And, In case of <+limit>, it can be used together with “だろう”, “と思う”, but in case of <-limit>, it cannot be used together with “だろう”, “と思う”.　 This is a problem of the certainty of the proposition. In other words, a proposition of <+limit> has Uncertainty, but a proposition of <-limit> has certainty. So, <+limit> and “にも” are contrasted each other. but <-limit> and “にも” are uncontrasted each other. And <-limit>　was classfied with <+datum point)>, <-datum point)> by changing to “で”.

In this study, I examined how Japanese native speakers think about the naturalness of the “passive verb＋tearu” syntax. In addition, I analyzed the typical usage of the “passive verb＋tearu” syntax in various resultant phrases. The consideration was made in such a way as to take some practical examples of the “passive verb＋tearu” syntax, which is used as an actual example in BCCW, and to judge the naturalness of the Japanese native speaker. As a result of the survey, it was found that more than half of the Japanese native speakers did not have a sense of discomfort in the “passive verb＋tearu” syntax, Such a result is a result of proving that there has been a problem in handling “passive verb＋tearu” syntax as an unnatural expression In addition, all the factors that affect the naturalness of the “passive verb＋tearu” syntax are common to “the subject noun exists in a certain place”. In other words, it has become clear that the usage to emphasize that the subject exists in a place is a typical usage of “passive verb＋tearu” syntax

本研究では、日本人母語話者は｢受動動詞＋テアル｣構文の自然さをどのように判断し、認識しているのかを調べると同時に、複数存在する結果相のアスペクト表現のうち、｢受動動詞＋テアル｣構文が持っている典型的な用法は何なのかについて分析を行った。 考察は、BCCWで実例として用いられている｢受動動詞＋テアル｣構文のうち、いくつかの実例をサンプルとして取り上げ、日本人母語話者に自然さを判断してもらう形で行われた。 　調査の結果、日本人母語話者の過半数以上が｢受動動詞＋テアル｣構文に違和感を持っていないことが判明された。従来、｢受動動詞＋テアル｣構文を一律に不自然な表現扱いしてきたことに問題があったことを証明する結果とも言える。　 また｢受動動詞＋テアル｣構文の自然さに影響する要因及び条件がいずれも｢対象名詞がある場所に存在する｣ということで共通している点から、＜対象がある場所に存在することの強調＞が、｢受動動詞＋テアル｣構文が有するもっとも典型的な用法であることも合わせて判明できた。

In order to present the final particle “yo” effectively in Japanese language education, I considered the following: the main scenes where “yo” can be used are classified into (1) “the scene of information presentation / correction”, (2) “the scene of acceptance / approval”, and (3) “the scene of one-sided / rebellious attitude”. Next, the discourse completion test (DCT) based on this classification was conducted to investigate the use of “yo” by Japanese native speakers and Korean learners of Japanese. Based on the results, I examined the points to be conscious of in presenting “yo” effectively in Japanese language education. First, when presenting “yo” in Japanese language education, the priorities are “yo” in (1) above, “yo” in (2) and “yo” in (3). “Yo” in (1) should be given preference because the usage rate of “yo” by native speakers is high and the risk of impoliteness and FTA (face threating act) is small. In (3), we can show a rebellious attitude in not only “yo” but also other forms, so the priority is low. However, while the use of “yo” in this scene has the risk of impoliteness and FTA, it can also serve as an expression of familiarity, so a detailed explanation of these points is necessary. In (2), it was revealed that even if in the case that the use of “yo” is essential, the usage rate of “yo” by learners was low and the usage rate of the form without “yo”, which is contextually ineligible, was high. On the other hand, sometimes the use of “yo” in this scene may increase the risk of impoliteness and FTA. An explanation which takes these points into account is necessary.

本稿では、日本語教育の場において終助詞｢よ｣を効果的に提示することを目指し、次の通り考察した。まず、｢よ｣が使用され得る主な場面を、①｢情報の提示･是正の場面｣、②｢承諾･是認の場面｣、③｢一方的･反抗的な場面｣の三つに分類した。次に、この分類に基づく談話完成テストを実施し、日本語母語話者と韓国人日本語学習者の｢よ｣の使用実態を調査した。その結果に基づき、｢よ｣を効果的に提示するための要点について検討し、次のような提案をした。まず、提示する際の優先順位は、場面①の｢よ｣、場面②の｢よ｣、場面③の｢よ｣である。場面①は母語話者の｢よ｣の使用率も高く、インポライトネスやFTA(フェイス侵害行為)となる可能性も少ないため、優先的に提示すべきである。場面③は｢よ｣以外の形式でも反抗的態度を示すことができるため、優先順位は低い。しかし、この場面での｢よ｣の使用はインポライトネスやFTAとなる可能性が高い反面、親しみの表明にもなるため、それらの点について解説が必要である。場面②は｢よ｣の使用が必須的な場面であっても、学習者の｢よ｣の使用率が低く、文脈的不適格となる｢よ｣のない形の使用率が高い。その一方で｢よ｣の使用によってインポライトネスやFTAの可能性が高まる場合もある。それらの点を意識した解説が必要である。

2016년 12월과 2017년 1월은 이광수에게는 ｢작품 『무정』 탄생 100주년｣, 소세키에게는 ｢사후 100년｣이라는 특별한 시간적 의미가 겹친다는 것을 한국과 일본의 다양한 미디어에서 시사했다. 본 논문에서는 한국과 일본의 국민 작가로 대표되는 이광수와 소세키 두 사람 모두에게 발병되었던 병(病)이 결국 지식인이자 작가라는 타이틀을 가진 그들에게 어떤 영향을 끼쳤는지 살펴보고자 한다. 더불어 병으로 인해 두 사람 모두 병상에서 일련의 수필과 일기를 통해 병(病)을 바라보는 그들 작가로서의 관점이 어떠하였는지 살펴보고자 한다. 이광수와 소세키는 남의 시선에 갇혀 산다는 점, 각자 처한 제반적 상황에는 분명 차이가 존재하며 자신의 모습이 과거 특정한 경험으로 인한 ‘트라우마’나 태생적인 ‘성격’ 탓으로 돌린다는 점은 상당히 유사하다. 뿐만 아니라 생사의 갈림길에 놓인 육체적 고통 앞에서도 삶을 버텨내겠다는 열정 역시 공통지점이다. 무엇보다 이광수와 소세키는 병(病)으로 인해 병원에 입원, 병원생활, 요양과 같은 경험을 통해 남편으로서, 아버지로서의 역할을 제대로 하고 있지 못한 괴로운 속내를 밝힌다. 이러한 점들을 미루어볼 때 작가적 기질이 얼마나 강한지를 알 수 있다. 인간을 가장 나약하게 만드는 병(病)의 무게감을 고통을 느끼는 그 자체로 방치해 두지 않고 글을 쓰는 행위를 통한 작가로서의 책무, 나아가 가족으로 시선을 돌린 이광수와 소세키만의 병을 치유하는 자신들의 관점이 그대로 읽히는 지점이다.

Various media in Korea and Japan pointed out that Lee Kwang-soo overlaps with Soseki Natsume in December 2016 and January 2017, the “100th anniversary of the birth of his work Moojeong” and the special meaning of One hundred years after Soseki’s death. In this paper tried to examine how the individual illnesses of both Korean and Japanese national writers such as Lee Kwang Soo and Soseki influenced those who were intellectual authors. The goal of this paper is to consider what the viewpoints of both were as a writer looking at illness in a series of essays and diaries written on their bedside. There is a clear difference between the situations of Lee Kwang-soo and Soseki, but it is very similar in the fact that they lived in the sight of others, had ‘trauma’ from the particular experiences in the past and found out the causes of situations from their inherent ‘natures’. In addition to the physical pain that lies in the path of life and death, their own enthusiasm for survival will also be common. Most of all, Lee Kwang Soo and Soseki reveal the painful intentions that they failed to perform properly as a husband and father due to experiences on illnesses, such as hospitalization, hospital life, and medical treatments. This paper concluded Lee Kwang-su and Soseki turned their eyes toward their family, also had to write their writings as a writer under any circumstances, instead of neglecting the results of the illness that make humans the weakest,

A young man wanted to die and he entered into to the dark gallery which seemed to be the another world but he was under the cold water of cavern in the gallery and he was coming to die. Then he felt actually life and recognized the reality. He felt that he lives indeed. In this way he got out of the feeling of nothingness and came to return to his normal sense. In the end we can see that ‘anxiety’ which is written in the beginning in this story has no relationship with experience in the gallery. So it is contradictory in this whole story. We can say that this ‘anxiety’ is written intentionally by Soseki as his feeling and it describes his spiritual situation.

『坑夫』において靑年は生きる喜びがないがために死を願い、死の世界に似ていると思われる地下の抗道に入ることを欲した。しかし、彼は抗道の洞窟の中で冷たい水に浸かり、死に臨むような體験をすることで現實に目覚めた。自分が生きていることを實感したからである。彼はこうしてそれまで彼の心を覆っていた虛無感から脫した。そして日常へと戻ることができた。結局、『坑夫』の冒頭に書かれた｢不安｣は、必ずしも抗道の体験と因果關係があるとは言えない。『坑夫』の筋が｢不安｣から始まったとすれば、それは｢不安｣とは何ら關係のない抗道の中での生死の體驗やその後、抗道を出て日常に戻るという結末と矛盾するからである。したがって抗道體驗への導入として設定されたこの一連の｢不安｣の內容は、漱石が故意に書き加えたものであり、當時の漱石の精神狀態を表わしたものであったと言うことができる。

‘라쇼몽 효과’는 하나의 사건을 두고 서로 다른 입장에서 해석해 본질을 다르게 인식하는 현상으로 사회전반에 걸쳐 언급되었다. 아쿠타가와 류노스케의 ｢라쇼몽｣과 ｢덤불 속｣을 각색한 구로사와 아키라의 영화 <라쇼몽>에서 비롯된 신조어이다. 대중적으로 수용되는 ‘라쇼몽 효과’는 세계 각국에서 다양한 콘텐츠로 리메이크되어 날로 각광을 받고 있는 반면에 정작 콘텐츠의 원형이라 할 수 있는 아쿠타가와문학은 간과되었다. 이에 아쿠타가와문학에서 비롯된 ‘라쇼몽 효과’의 원형적 의미는 무엇인지 고찰하고자 한다. 아쿠타가와는 ｢라쇼몽｣과 ｢덤불 속｣에 사건이 전개되는 라쇼몽 누각과 재판정을 상징적 공간으로 부여해 근대의 시대의식과 인간인식의 원형으로 담았다. 그리고 ｢덤불 속｣의 재판정은 진실규명은커녕 사건의 실체조차 가리는 결과를 초래했다. 나아가 아쿠타가와는 근대의 상징적 공간에 그 시대를 표상하는 등장인물의 캐릭터설정에도 주력했다. 아쿠타가와문학의 등장인물들은 거짓된 말과 행동을 반복하면서 허구의 세계를 진실로 믿는 성취욕구가 강한 인간의 이기적인 행태로 오늘날 매스컴에서도 볼 수 있다. 이와 같이 등장인물의 각각의 캐릭터가 극대화될 수 있었던 것은 ｢덤불 속｣의 기술 형식에 있었다. ｢덤불 속｣의 서술형식은 마치 지문 없는 시나리오와 같이 등장인물의 진술이 하나의 단락이었고 모두 일곱 개의 단락으로 나눠져 있어 등장인물 간의 갈등이나 대립은 원천적으로 차단되었다. 결과적으로 인간의 편협한 이기주의가 사건의 본질 자체를 전혀 다르게 해석해 버릴 수 있다는 사실만 남겼다. 여기에 ‘라쇼몽 효과’의 원형적 의미가 있었다. 이러한 작가의식을 놓치지 않았던 구로사와 감독은 영화 <라쇼몽>에 연출기법으로 활용했으며 아쿠타가와문학에 기초한 ‘라쇼몽 효과’의 철학적 주제를 도출했다. 아쿠타가와문학에서 비롯된 ‘라쇼몽 효과’ 원형적 의미는 시대와 국가를 초월하여 현대에도 수용되어 소통하고 있었다.

The ‘Rashomon Effect’ is a phenomenon that recognizes the essence differently from one case to the other. It is a coined word derived from Akira Kurosawa’s movie “Rashomon”, which adapts Rashomon of Akutagawa Rinosuke and Yabunonaka.. The popular Rashomon effect has been remodeled from various countries all over the world, and Akutagawa literature, which can be regarded as a prototype of the contents, has been neglected. Therefore, I would like to consider what the prototype meaning of ‘Rashomon effect’ originates from Akutagawa literature. The character of Akutagawa literature can be seen in today’s media as a selfish behavior of a human being with a strong desire for achievement that truly believes in a fictional world while repeating false words and actions. Akutagawa has given the Rashomon pavilion and the courtroom as a symbolic space where events are held in Rashomon and Yabunonaka, and it is a starting point of modern consciousness and human perception. And the judgment in the Yabunonaka resulted in the fact that the reality of the event was blocked, not the truth. In addition, he focused on the characters of the characters who represent the times in the symbolic space of modern times. It was in the form of a Yabunonaka that the character of each person in Akutagawa literature could be maximized. All were divided into seven paragraphs, and conflicts and confrontations between the characters were originally blocked. As a result, human narrow-minded egoism has left the fact that the nature of the event itself can be interpreted differently. Here, there was the prototype meaning of ‘Rashomon effect’. Kurosawa, who did not miss such an awareness of the artist, used it as a technique for directing the film “Rashomon” and derived the philosophical theme of “Rashomon Effect” based on Akutagawa literature. The original meaning of ‘Rashomon Effect’ originating from Akutagawa literature was accepted and communicated even beyond the times and countries.

본고는 문화산업을 통한 고바야시 다키지의 『게 가공선』에 대해 살펴보았다. 작품 『게 가공선』은 문화산업의 외연과 영역을 확장하여 영상 및 공연예술 산업뿐만 아니라 출판 산업에 이르기까지 다양한 영역에서 융･복합 문화콘텐츠 산업으로 활용되고 있다. 이를 목도한 독자나 관객들은 『게 가공선』과 현대 사회와의 사이에서 공통성･유사성을 발견하고 이에 공감했다. 『게 가공선』은 시대에 흐름에 따라 다양한 문화 현상 속에서 재현되고 다양한 관점에서 접근, 이해하는데 새로운 방향을 제시하고 있다. 특히 과거 권력이 민중을 지배하던 암울한 시대에 소수의 집단인 계급에서 이제는 일반 민중들도 각각의 개인적인 문제에 대한 변화와 각성뿐만 아니라 현대사회에서 발생하는 문제까지 고바야시를 통해 해결의 실마리를 찾으려 하고 있다. 이것은 고바야시를 과거에 국한된 한시적이고 고정적인 인물로서만이 아닌 시대의 변화에 따라 현대화하여 해석되고 있음을 의미한다. 그리고 고바야시를 재구성함에 있어 화석화되어 단지 과거로만 기려지는 것이 아니라 현대에 이르러 재해석되어 민중 앞으로 불러들임으로써 민중 영웅적인 존재로 인식되어 변모해왔다고 할 수 있겠다.

This paper examined the 󰡔Crab Cannery Ship󰡕 of Kobayashi Takiji through the culture industry. The 󰡔Crab Cannery Ship󰡕 expands the extension and boundary of the culture industry and the work itself is often utilized in various territories starting from visual and performance art to publishing industry as the fusion and convergence cultural contents. Audiences or readers who witnessed such utilizations discovered the commonness and similarity between the 󰡔Crab Cannery Ship󰡕 and modern society and emphasized to them. The 󰡔Crab Cannery Ship󰡕 is reenacted in the context of various cultural phenomena, and it is proposing new directions in approaching and understanding phenomena from various standpoints. Especially, from the rank, group of few people, sought change and awakening to the personal problem in the depressed era which the power ruled over the people, but now the general public are seeking the clue for the solution not only for personal issues but also for the issue which occurs in modern society through Kobayashi’s works. Such practices indicate that people are interpreting Kobayashi not as the temporary and fixed figure but by modernizing the figure as the era changes. Additionally, as restructuring Kobayashi, people are not only fossilizing and admiring the figure as the past but also restructuring in the context of the modern times and call the figure in front of the people to change the recognition about Kobayashi as the folk hero.

본고에서는 다음과 같은 사실을 새롭게 밝혔다. 첫째, 1949년 8월에 진명인이 잡지 『민성』에 번역･게재했던 ｢38도선｣의 저본은 1948년 4월에 발표된 후지와라 데이의 『流れる星は生きている』가 아니라 같은 해 2월에 잡지 『塔』에 실렸던 ｢三十八度線｣이었다. 특히 ｢三十八度線｣이라는 텍스트는 일본에서도 그 존재가 잊혀 있었다. 그것을 본격적으로 조명했다는 점에서 본고의 의의는 적지 않다고 생각한다. 둘째, ｢38도선｣의 저본을 확정함으로써 ｢三十八度線｣이 『流れる星は生きている』의 일부를 발췌한 것이 아니었다는 점도 새롭게 밝혔다. ｢三十八度線｣과 『流れる星は生きている』는 후지와라가 귀환하면서 겼었던 귀환의 고단함과 모성애를 기록했다는 점에서는 같지만, 좀 더 자세히 보면 이 둘은 다른 텍스트였다. ｢三十八度線｣에는『流れる星は生きている』에서는 보이지 않는 가해자인 일본인 후지와라 가족에 대해 피해자인 조선인 농부의 온정이 부각되어 있었다. 또한 전자에는 후자에는 있었던 일본인 귀환자간의 비인간적인 태도가 드러나 있지 않았다.

In this article, the following facts were newly revealed. First, The transcript of the “38th parallel north” translated into the magazine “Minseong” was not the “Flowing stars are alive” of Hujiwara Tei, which was published in April 1948, in the transcript of the “38th parallel north” that was published in February 1949. Especially in February, the text of “38th parallel north” was forgotten in Japan. Second, it confirmed the record of the “38th parallel north” published in February 1949. I have also found out that the “38th parallel north” is not a translation of the part of “Flowing stars are alive”. It was the same in that it recorded the harshness of return and maternal love that Fujiwara, the “38th parallel north” and “Flowing stars are alive”, was returning to. But if we look more closely, these two were different texts. In “38th parallel north”, the warmth of the victim, the Korean farmer, was highlighted against the Japanese Fujisawa family, an invisible perpetrator, in “Flowing stars are alive”.

‘비극’이 일어난 당일의 A해변은 여름의 절정이었다. 바다 위 하늘에는 엄청난 질량의 적란운이 떠있었고 해변을 달구는 뜨거운 태양광선에는 ‘분노’가 가득 차있었다. 그리고 그 풍경 아래서 일가 여섯 중 셋이 사망하는 ‘비극’이 발생했다. 한여름의 뜨거운 공기 중에 팽팽히 부풀어 오른 ‘분노’는 이쿠타가의 ‘비극’으로 현실이 되었던 것이다. 텍스트의 결말은 도모코가 여름의 절정이던 A해변을 다시 찾아와 바다를 향해 서서 2년 전의 ‘비극’을 직시하는 장면으로 마무리되고 있다. 도모코가 ‘비극’의 원점으로 돌아오는데 2년여의 시간이 걸렸듯이 미시마 역시 전쟁을 직시하기까지는 시간이 필요했다. 종전 후 어느 정도의 시간이 흐르고 또 제1차 세계일주 여행을 통해 견문을 넓히고 돌아온 이 시점에서 다시금 자기 내부의 문제로 종전과 전후에 대해서 직시할 수 있는 여력이 생겨난 것이다. 따라서 이러한 사실들로 미루어 볼 때 󰡔한여름의 죽음󰡕은 미시마 문학에서 전후의 시작을 알리는 기념비적인 작품으로 보아야 할 것이다.

A beach on the day of ‘tragedy’ was midsummer. There were many clouds floating in the sky above the sea, and the hot sun rays were filled with ‘anger’. And there was a ‘tragedy’ in which three of six family members died under the landscape. The ‘rage’ that swelled in the hot air of the middle summer became a reality as a ‘tragedy’. The ending of the text is that Tomoko comes back to A beach in summer and stays facing the sea and faces a ‘tragedy’ two years ago. Just as it took two years for Tomoko to return to the origin of the tragedy, Mishima also needed time to face the war. At some point in time after the war ended, and at the time of the first round trip around the world, I had the opportunity to face again, before and after the war with my own problems. Therefore, the death of Mishima in the summer season should be regarded as a monumental work to announce the beginning of postwar period in Mishima literature.

In this paper, I investigate the postmodernism in Japan, considering both its status from the 1980s to the present and what may be referred to as a coming post- postmodernism rooted in an anticipated fourth industrial revolution. In Japan, a key feature of “modernity” was the inculcation of a common purpose among the citizenry, such as building a “Rich Country, Strong Army,” as the slogan put it, or economic growth, this goal was more or less achieved in the 1980s when 200 Yen surpassed the value of one US dollar. The achievement of this goal can be understood as the “maturation” of Japan into a so-called modern state. However, at the same time, it also meant the loss of a national goal. This resulted in the fracturing of the people into different groups and a related process whereby various values and methods of organization were relativized or dismantled. For example, if you look at the Japanese online bulletin board “2channel,” you can see that the truth has been decentralized like a mosaic, with various people arguing whether certain facts are true. This is related to the flood of international fake news embodied by the new word “post-truth.”　However, the relativistic values and confusion associated with a Post-modern condition may be overcome in the future by AI and IT realizing “automation.” This is because a large amount of information may be evaluated by AI or similar programs to obtain optimal solutions.

本稿は、日本の80年代以降における＜ポスト･モダン＞状況を分析しつつ、来るべき第四次産業革命後の＜ポスト･モダン以降＞の時代まで射程に入れて考察を加えたものである。日本における＜近代(モダン)＞とは、国民が｢富国強兵｣｢経済成長｣など、共通の目標をもっていた時代をいうが、それは80年頃に１ドルが200円を切った段階で達成される。こうした目標の達成は、日本の近代国家としての｢成熟｣を意味するが、それは同時に国家的な目標の｢喪失｣でもあった。国家的な目標の喪失は、国民をバラバラにし、それともに様々な秩序や価値も相対化され、解体されてしまった。たとえば、日本のネット掲示板｢２ちゃんねる｣などをみると、様々な人が嘘か本当か分からない意見を主張しあい、真実がモザイクのように脱中心化されてしまっている。このことは、近年｢ポスト真実｣などという言葉にみられるような、国際的なフェイクニュースの氾濫とも関係している。もっとも、そうした＜ポスト･モダン＞状況下における価値の相対化や混乱は、今後AIやITによる｢オートメーション｣化によって克服されていくきっかけを得るかもしれない。膨大な情報は、AIなどによって最適解が出され、解決されるかもしれないからである。

초록 close 한반도는 해방 직후 미․소 군정 하의 분할 주둔으로 신탁통치에 대한 좌우익간의 찬반 갈등에서 비롯된 조국의 혼란스러운 상황과 더불어, 원래 같은 민족이라는 정서를 공유하고 있던 재일조선인 사회도 좌파 성향과 우파 성향으로 양분되어 서로 첨예하게 대립하게 된다. 이러한 상황 속에서 조선인학교 폐쇄령과 한신교육투쟁 등 재일조선인 사회에서는 충격적으로 받아들일 수밖에 없는 여러 사건들이 발생했다. 이에 당시의 미디어에서는 이들 사건에 대해 어떻게 보도되고 어떠한 관점에서 기사화되었는지를 살펴보고 당시의 재일조선인 사회에 관한 일면을 살펴보았다. 재일조선인 마이너리티 신문 중에서 좌파 성향의 ｢조련중앙시보｣와 중도파 성향의 ｢문교신문｣ 기사는 한신교육투쟁을 둘러싼 해방된 민족으로서의 자주적인 민족교육을 옹호하는 내용이 주류를 이루고 있다. 좌파 성향의 ｢조련중앙시보｣ 기사 내용이 민족이라는 이념적 측면을 강조하고 있다면, 중도적 성향의 ｢문교신문｣ 기사는 교육의 자유라는 측면에서 좀 더 접근하고자 한 점에 차이가 있다고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 이에 반해 우파 성향의 ｢민주신문｣ 기사의 경우는 한신교육사건 발생 원인에 대해서 지나치게 배타적인 일본 정부와 대중의 희생을 통해서 무리하게 문제를 해결하고자 하는 조련이 도화선을 제공했다고 보고 있다. 이와 같이 재일조선인 마이너리티 신문 기사를 통해서 보면, 같은 민족의 재일조선인 마이너리티 사이에서도 이념적으로 서로 분열되고 극한 대립하는 혼란상을 극명히 보여주고 있음을 알 수 있다.

The Korean peninsula in the postwar period has been engulfed in turmoil as interior confrontation between the left and the right came to exacerbate over a trusteeship of it under the divided occupancy of the U.S. and Soviet military governments. Against such a tumultuous geopolitical backdrop, zainichi Korean society, which had long been closely bound up with the shared sentiment of having the same ethnic roots as Koreans, could not escape either from a fierce dissonance brought about as a consequence of the left-right ideological divide engendered within it. It was, in this sense, the occurring amid this upheaval of a series of such events as, for example, the 1948 Hanshin Educational Struggle (阪神教育事件), zainichi Koreans-mobilized nationwide demonstrations protesting the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ)’s decision on the closure of ethnic Korean schools that came as a great shock to zainichi Korean society overall. This article thus examines the ways in which ethnic Korean media at that time framed and reported those events, thereby exploring one of the facets reflective of then zainichi Korean society on the whole. Of zainichi Koreans-published ethnic minority newspapers circulated in postwar Japan, the respective news articles featured in the leftist Choryun Jungang-shibo (朝連中央時報) and the moderate Bunkyo-shimbun (文敎新聞) tended to be focused mainly on stories surrounding the Struggle which were in support of an independent ethnic education for zainichi Koreans as a liberated ethnicity. What could possibly distinguish between them lies in that, while the former’s articles were inclined to place a particular emphasis on their ideological aspects pertaining to ethnicity (minzoku), the latter’s on their overall editorial stance geared towards freedom of education. By contrast, those in the rightist Minsyu-shimbun (民主新聞) tended to blame for a root cause behind the occurrence of the Struggle Choryun’s rather excessive stance in favor of addressing it to the detriment of both ultra-exclusionary Japanese government and the public. It can therefore be found in light of this context that the news articles of these three ethnic Korean newspapers manifest a chaotic situation intricately intertwined with an ideological split and a consequent violent confrontation clearly visible even among zainichi Koreans.

일반적으로 일본 제조업의 경쟁력을 분석하는 방법론으로 제품 아키텍처(architecture) 관점에서의 접근 방법이 있다. 제품 아키텍처는 제품 특성을 통합･상호조정(integral )형과 조합(modular)으로 구분해 분석하는 방법이다. 통합･상호조정(integral)은 일본어로 ‘스리아와세(擦り合せ)’로 표현되는데 모듈(module)과 대립하는 개념으로 사용된다. 일본 제조업의 높은 국제경쟁력은 일본 제조업의 특이성에 기인하는데 제조 현장을 팀워크, 정보 공유, 미세한 조정, 까다로운 고객에 대한 대응, 장인 정신과 같이 정량화하기 어려운 요소들을 통합･상호조정(integral)하는 조직 능력에 있다고 본다. 한편, 종래 일본기업은 기술혁신에 성공해 신제품을 출시하면 시장점유율, 수익성, 국제경쟁력은 자연히 증가하는 패턴을 유지해 왔다. 그러나 이러한 전제는 장기불황이 지속한 ‘잃어버린 20년’ 동안에는 적용되지 않았다. 수많은 특허와 세계 최고 수준의 기술력을 보유하고 혁신 제품을 출시했음에도 불구하고 시장점유율과 수익창출로 이어지지 못하는 아이러니한 현상들이 나타나기 시작했는데 일본의 전기･전자산업은 그 대표적이다. 거품 붕괴 이후, ‘잃어버린 20년’ 동안에 일본 전기･전자산업의 정체 및 경쟁력 하락에 대해서 많은 연구가 축적됐다. 그 내용을 정리해 보면, 일본경제 관련(장기불황, 급격한 가격하락, 円高), 기술 변화의 측면(디지털 기술과 범용화의 확산, 이노베이션, 과잉 품질 등), 모노즈쿠리 구조변화(표준화 전략 대응의 실패, 수평분업 체계의 확산, 수직통합의 딜레마, 통합형 모노즈쿠리의 한계) 등으로 분류된다. 본 논문은 선행 연구 성과에 기초해 일본 전기･전자산업이 세계 최고의 기술력을 보유하면서도 사업에서는 좋은 성과를 내지 못하는 원인에 대해서 일본형 기업모델 혹은 일본적 경영과의 관계에서 고찰･분석하고자 한다.

In general, there is an approach named “product architecture” which is used to analyze competitiveness of Japanese manufacturing industry. The success of Japanese manufacturing industry lies in the organizational ability to integrate･mutually adjust factors that are difficult to be quantified such as teamwork, information sharing, fine tuning, dealing with demanding customers and artisan spirit. In the past, when a Japanese company launched a new product by succeeding in technological innovation, they were able to secure stable profits based on strong international competitiveness. However, this premise has not been valid during the “two lost decades” when long-term recession took place. Ironically, Japanese companies were in possession of numerous patents and world-class technology but they did not ensure expansion of market share and profit creation. The electrical･electronics industry in Japan was an representative example. During the 20 years after the collapse of bubble, several factors have been noted as the cause for recession and deteriorated competitiveness of Japanese electrical･electronics industry including economic factors (long-term recession, rapid price decline, strong yen), technological factors (expansion and generalization of digital technology, innovation, excess quality) and monozukur structural change (failure in response to standardization strategy, expansion of horizontal division of labor, vertical integration dilemma, limitation of integrated monozukuri). Based on investigating the findings from previous studies, the present research aims to examine the causes for business failures of Japanese electrical･electronics industry despite their world-class technology. In particular, I focus on examination from a business management perspective to identify the cause of competitiveness decline in Japanese electrical･electronics industry and business management agendas, by comparing between electrical･electronics industry and semiconductor industry.

우리나라의 빈집 문제는 농어촌지역의 이촌향도현상에서부터 시작되었다. 하지만, 오늘날 빈집 문제는 농어촌지역만의 문제가 아니라 우리나라 사회 전반적인 문제로 대두되고 있다. 출산율의 감소, 고령인구의 증가, 주택의 노후화, 주택의 과잉공급 등으로 인해 생겨나고 있는 빈집은 지역의 위해요인으로서 많은 문제들을 내포하고 있다. 그리고 빈집은 매매, 재개발 등의 특별한 호재가 없다면 계속 방치될 수밖에 없는 특징을 가지고 있으며, 빈집이 발생하면 그 주변지역에 추가적인 빈집이 발생하는 과정들이 되풀이 되면서 해당 지역의 거주 환경은 나빠질 수밖에 없는 상황으로 변하고 있다. 본 연구는 원도심내 방치되어 있는 빈집을 지역 자산으로 활용할 수 있는 방법을 찾고자 문헌연구와 선행연구 그리고 국내외 사례를 검토하여 방안을 모색하였다. 빈집 정책이 성공적으로 진행되기 위해서는 첫째, 정부, 광역자치단체, 기초자치단체의 주체별 역할에 대한 체계적인 분담, 둘째, 빈집을 지역 자산으로 유통을 촉진시키고 활용하기 위한 ‘빈집은행제도’의 도입, 셋째, 사회적 기업(NPO법인) 등이 참여하여 빈집 관련 업무를 수행할 수 있는 법적 근거가 마련되어야 사회적 문젯거리로 취급받는 빈집 정책이 성공을 거둘 수 있을 것이다.

The empty house matter in Korea started from the phenomenon of rural to urban migration. However, recently the empty house matter is not a problem only in rural areas, but it is also emerging as a general problem of society in Korea. The empty house matter, which is caused by the decline in fertility rate, aging population growth, deterioration and oversupply of housing, has many problems as a local risk factor. And the empty house has feature that it would have been neglected continuously unless there would be favorable factors such as trade, redevelopment and etc. The purpose of this study including literature review, precedent study and case studies of Korea domestic and overseas is finding ways to utilize empty houses neglected in old downtown as local assets. For the success of the empty house policy, First, systematic sharing of the roles of the government, local governments, and local governments, Second, the introduction of the ‘Empty House Banking System’ to promote and utilize the distribution of empty houses as local assets, Third, only when social enterprises (NPO) and others are involved in providing legal grounds for carrying out work related to empty houses will the policy of empty houses be successful.

This study focuses on the success factors of Food Trail in Ontario, Canada, which utilizes local foods and cultures as resources, and leads to significant implications by conducting a factual survey from a marketing perspective. Specifically, I interviewed each DMO’s Food Trail manager. And I also visited, observed and interviewed stores participating in Food Trail. From a marketing point of view, three Food Trail cases show that by entirely utilizing local resources centering on DMO they are developing a genuine and sustainable Food Trail with storytelling. The implications of this field survey are as follows : first of all, ① that with the participation of stores from various businesses, production･manufacturing, Gastronomy(retail and food) and Tourism are operating in one united body, ② that a community based on connections between companies participating in the Food Trail is active, and ③ that they hang onto authenticity. Recently, there has been a movement in Japan that is conscious of the Western European Food Trail. In developing Food Trail suitable for Japan in the future, it should be noted that these three cases have the implications. But despite the success of the Food Trail in Ontario, it should be careful to apply it to Japan without any strings attached.

本研究では地域の食と文化を資源として捉えているカナダオンタリオ州のフードトレイル(Food Trail)の成功要因に焦点を当て、マーケティング観点からその取り組みを明らかにし、有意義な示唆点を導き出した。具体的には各々の組織担当者へのインタビュー、トレイル参加店舗への訪問と観察、一部個店へのヒアリング調査を行った。本稿で取り上げた三つの事例は、DMOを中心に地域の自然･歴史･文化といった地域資源を全面的に活用し、独自性が引き出され、ストーリー･テーリングによるオーセンティックかつ持続可能なフードトレイルが展開されていた。今回のフィールドサーベイを通して以下のような示唆点を導き出した。まず、①多様な業種業態のショップが参加して、生産･加工(Production)、ガストロノミー(小売･飲食：Gastronomy)、観光(地域の観光リーダー：Tourism)が一体となって運営されている点、②フードトレイル参加店同士の連携によるコミュニティが活発化されて横のつながりができている点、③オーセンティックなものにこだわっている点、である。最近、日本においても欧米型フードトレイルを意識したような動きがある。これからの日本型のフードフードトレイル開発において3つの事例が示唆する点を参考にするべきであろう。しかし、オンタリオ州フードトレイが成功したからと言ってむやみに日本に当てはめることは避けるべきである。

Since the 1980s, intangibles (intangible assets) is the main management target. It can be said that strategically managing tangible assets along with these intangibles has become a major influence on corporate value creation. However, although intangibles contribute to the creation of corporate value, there is also the possibility of negative impact on corporate value due to nonconformity of management. In this research, we define the factor that damages corporate value as anergy. The purpose of this research is to organize the previous research and examine the current status and issues of Intangibles management that simultaneously achieves corporate value creation and curbing of anergy through interview research. In addition, we will consider the prospects of the strategic map.

1980年代以降、インタンジブルズ（無形の資産）が主なマネジメント対象となっている。これらのインタンジブルズと一緒に有形資産を戦略的にマネジメントすることが、企業価値創造に大きな影響を与えるようになったといえる。しかし、インタンジブルズは企業価値の創造に寄与するものであるが、マネジメントの不適合によって企業価値に負の影響を与える可能性もある。企業価値を毀損する要因のことを、本研究ではアネルギー(anergy)と定義する。本研究の目的は、先行研究のまとめとインタビュー調査を通じて企業価値創造とアネルギーを抑制することの同時達成を行うインタンジブルズ・マネジメントの現状と課題および戦略マップの展望について検討することにある。

This study analyze and compare the qualitative trade competitiveness of China with Japan relative to the auto parts industry from 2000 to 2015. The results and findings are as follows. First, China has continued to show a trade deficit with Japan in the auto parts industry, but it has been significantly reduced since peaking in 2010. Second, while it was confirmed that the engine and its parts were comparatively inferior to the Japanese, the chassis and the body were switched into comparative advantage over the comparative disadvantage. In addition, the competitiveness of parts and accessories for automobile have been improved over the study period since 2010. Finally, on the basis of trade value, the qualitative analysis of trade competitiveness shows that the qualitative trade competitiveness of the Chinese auto parts industry has not been improved significantly. VIITH’s proportion in IIT (total intra-industry trade) has greatly increased, but VIITH’s proportion is still smaller than VIITL and HIIT, VIITL is slightly increased, and HIIT’s propotion is greatly reduced. However, on the basis of the number of items, it can be considered that the qualitative trade competitiveness of China’s auto parts industry has greatly improved, since the proportion of VIITH in IIT has slightly increased, but it is still much smaller than that of VIITL and HIIT, and the proportion of VIITL has greatly decreased and the proportion of HIIT has greatly expanded, In other words, China mainly exports low quality and competitive items to Japan, but it shows that it exports more competitive items than low quality items in the automobile parts industry.

本稿は中国自動車部品産業を対象に2000-15年間日本との貿易における一般的な貿易競争力の分析と共に質的な貿易競争力の分析を行い、次のような結果が得られた。 第一に、中国自動車部品産業は日本との貿易において貿易赤字が続いてきたが、2010年をピックにその後大きく縮小した。 第二に、エンジンとその部分品は依然として比較劣位におかれていたが、シャシと車体は比較劣位から優位に転じて貿易競争力が強くなった。そして自動車用部分品及び附属品は2010年以後比較劣位から競合的になり、貿易競争力の改善が確認された。 最後に、質的な貿易競争力であるが、貿易額基準では、VIITHのシェアは大きく増加したが、依然としてVIITLとHIITのシェアより小さく、VIITLのシェアが若干増加し、HIITのシェアが大きく縮小したので、中国自動車部品産業の質的な競争力はそれほど大きく改善されてこなかった。ところが、品目数基準では、同期間にVIITHのシェアはやや増加したが、依然としてVIITLとHIITのシェアよりずっと小さく、VIITLのシェアが大幅に縮小し、HIITのシェアが大きく拡大したので、中国自動車部品産業の質的な競争力は大きく改善してきたと言える。即ち中国自動車部品産業は、日本に対して貿易額基準では、依然として劣位品質の品目および競合的なものを輸出し、優位品質のものを輸入してきたが、品目数基準では、劣位品質より競合的なものをより多く輸出し、優位品質の品目を輸入してきたことが確認された。

The purpose of this study was to identify people’s awareness on the relations between leisure, recreation and tourism through term frequency analysis. In particular, this study targeted on young people in their twenties for the investigation survey. As a result, the term with the highest number of appearance for leisure recreation was sports and also trip for tourism. In terms of sports, it not only involved terms as many terms about the sports games were extracted as well. In case of tourism, sports were extracted once, so it can be said that the relation with sports is not as strong as the two terms. Moreover, the term that appeared in common for the three terms were entertainment, daily, nondaily, freedom, time, interchange, encounter, and family and so on. However, the term ‘daily’ in tourism was actually extracted as ‘a break away from daily life’ so it was identified that tourism is recognized as a nondaily activity but recreation is considered as both a daily and nondaily activity. Furthermore, people’s values are becoming diversified nowadays so clarifying the relations between the three terms is considered as an important activity in life although it is not an easy process. Therefore, studies will have to be accumulated by establishing the concepts of the three terms and also by recognizing various approaches of the relation.

本研究は、レジャー、レクリエーション、観光の関係に関する人々の意識を単語頻度分析によって明らかにしたものである。本研究では、特に、大学生を対象に調査を行い、3つの用語がどのように認識されているのかを考察した。 その結果、レジャー、レクリエーションで最も多く出現された単語は｢スポーツ｣であり、観光は｢旅行｣であることが明らかになった。スポーツに関しては、単語だけではなく、スポーツ種目である言葉も多く抽出された。観光の場合、スポーツは1回しか出現されず、レジャー、レクリエーションよりスポーツとの関連性がそれほど強くないことがわかった。また、3つの用語で共通して見られた単語は、｢娯楽｣、｢日常｣、｢非日常｣、｢自由｣、｢時間｣、｢交流｣、｢出会い｣、｢家族｣等であった。ただし、観光の｢日常｣の場合、｢日常生活圏から離れる｣から抽出されたものであることから、観光は非日常、レジャー、レクリエーションは日常および非日常でも行われる活動であると認識していることが読み取れる。 人々の価値観が多様化している今日、今後は3つの概念の確立とその関係に関する研究の積み重ねが必要である。

본 연구는 한국에서 선호되고 있는 일본 그림책의 현황을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 최대 매출량을 기록하고 있는 한국의 온라인 서점 세 곳(교보문고, 알라딘, 예스 24)에서 2018년 1월부터 12월까지 베스트셀러와 스테디셀러로 선정된 유아용 도서 중 일본작가에 의해 집필된 작품 75권을 분석대상으로 선정하였다. 최종선정된 75권의 일본 그림책은 출판년도, 작가, 장르, 주제로 분류하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일본 그림책은 1991년을 시작으로 그 출판된 그림책의 수가 점점 증가하고 있으며, 2018년 가장 많은 그림책이 번역 출판되었다. 둘째, 총 75권을 집필한 작가는 총 24명 이었으며, 이 중 7명의 작가가 2편 이상의 작품을 집필하였다. 셋째, 한국에서 선호되고 있는 그림책 75권 중 78.6%가 픽션 이었으며 주로 ‘짧은 서사가 있는 이야기’ 형식을 띄고 있었다. 넷째, 주제별로는 ‘생활･자립’(24%), ‘친구･놀이’(18.6%), ‘가족’(16.0%,)과 관련된 내용이 전체의 58.6%를 차지하였다. 이를 통해 한국에서 선호되고 있는 일본의 그림책은 그 수가 점차 증가하고 있으며, 주로 일본 유아의 일상생활과 관련된 내용이 다수를 자치하고 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the present situation of picture books in Japan which is preferred in Korea. To that end, we collected a list of books selected by bestsellers and steadysellers from January through December 2018 at three online bookstores in Korea (Kyobo Book Center, Aladdin, and Yes 24). Of these, 75 works written by Japanese author were selected for analysis. The final selection of 75 books in Japan was classified into year of publication, author, genre, and subject. The results are as follow. First, Japanese picture books have been increasing in number since 1991, and the largest number of picture books were translated in 2018. Second, there were 24 writers who wrote 75 books, and 7 of them wrote more than two works. Third, 78.6% of the 75 books that are preferred in Korea were fiction, and they mainly had the form of ‘story with short narrative’. Fourth, 58.6% of them were related to ‘life･independence’ (24%), ‘friends and play’ (18.6%) and ‘family’ (16.0%). As a result, the number of picture books in Japan, which are preferred in Korea, is gradually increasing, and many contents related to the everyday life of Japanese young children are predominant.