Earticle

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate ambiguities of German relative clause constructions, and the function of restrictive and nonrestrictive uses within the framework of Transformational-Generative grammar. Relative clause constructions describe a relationship brought by a process of embedding which is the generation of one clause within another higher-order or subordinate clause. To make relative clause constructions, there must be co-indexical noun phrases between embedding and main clauses. Relative clause constructions modifying antecedent nouns could change or transform them into participle․adjectival․prepositional adjuncts by reduction of relative clause constructions. This study also presents the syntactic and semantic differences of restrictive and nonrestrictive uses of relative clause constructions with respect to ambiguity. Restrictive relative constructions limit or characterizes the meaning of the noun phrases they modify, whereas nonrestrictive relative constructions function to supply additional information about certain facts.

The purpose of this study is to discuss Korean translations of English passives and to provide functional explanations for each type of them. We analyze 160 passives from Rowling's (1998) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone and Meyer's (2007) Twilight and their Korean versions. The English passives are shown to be translated into Korean passives (19.4%), actives (68.7%) and paraphrastical expressions (11.9%). Korean actives are classified into 5 subtypes: intransitives (49.1%), transitives (40.0%), adjectives (5.5%), nouns (4.5%), and adverbs (0.9%). This study accounts for the subtypes in terms of functional concepts such as topicality, agentitivity, animacy, stativity, and lexicalization.

Daehanmunjeon(1908) consists of three grammatical unit system such as 'word-phrase-sentence'. The 'phrase' in this Daehanmunjeon(1908) refers to both a 'phrase' and a 'clause' in modern Korean grammar system. In this regard, the linguistic forms which are in the medium phase between a word and a sentence correspond to a 'phrase' in Daehanmunjeon(1908). There are three kinds of sentences--Danmun(단문), Bokmun(복문), and Yeon-gumun(연구문) in Daehanmunjeon(1908). Danmun is comprised of a 'subject' and a 'predicate' and Bokmun consists of two or more subjects and predicates. Yeongumun is comprised of a precedent clause and a following clause which are connected by a 'conjunctor'. It is hard to discriminate Yeongumun from Bokmun. The reason Deahnmunjeon(1908) only distinguishes between the simple sentence and the conjunction sentence in modern Korean grammar is mainly due to insufficient differentiation of grammatical units. However, the grammatical units of Daehanmunjeon(1909) are four unit system such as 'word-phrase-clause-sentence'. Daehanmunjeon(1909) systemically describes the types of sentences by establishing the different grammatical units, a 'phrase' and a 'clause'. There are three kinds of sentences-a simple sentence(Danmun), a complex sentence(Bokmun), and a duplex sentence(Jungmun) in Daehanmunjeon(1909). The simple sentence doesn't include the sentence having a 'clause' and the complex sentence includes the sentence involving additional clauses such as 'a nominal clause, an adjective clause or an adverbial clause'. The complex sentence corresponds to the matrix sentence which has a embedded sentence in modern Korean grammar. The duplex sentence which is applicant to the conjuncting complex sentence in modern Korean grammar involves an independent clause. The reason Daehanmunjeon(1909) could systemically describe the types of sentences is that it perceives the construction of a 'clause' and establishes a 'clause' as a distinct grammatical unit.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the phenomena of fuzzy grammar in the genitive noun phrases and compound nouns in English and Korean. The phenomena are discussed in terms of the three aspects of the two types of nominal expressions. First, the two expressions in English and Korean are argued to have the aspect of fuzzy grammar in terms of their polysemous ambiguities in that the expressions have the inherent and context-dependent semantic ambiguities. Second, the expressions are argued to have the aspect of fuzzy grammar in determining the choice between genitive expressions and compound noun expressions in both languages. Third, the expressions are argued to have the aspect of fuzzy grammar in determining the choice between the two genitive types in English. In conclusion, it is claimed that the two expressions show the gradience and fuzziness in terms of the three aspects, and that they are considered as one of the linguistic realizations of fuzzy grammar

The purpose of this study is to compare the usage of demonstratives in English and Korean. For this, 16,678 words of English texts and 9,870 ejeol of translated Korean texts are analyzed. English demonstratives can be divided into two groups according to the location in a given sentence: proximal and distal. Although Korean has proximal and distal demonstratives, when English demonstratives are translated into Korean, it does not always match in parallel. Many of demonstratives in English are omitted when translated into Korean. And Korean tends to use antecedents with more frequency as opposed to demonstratives. It is interesting to note that there are many examples where the distal demonstrative ‘that/those’ in English are translated into the proximal demonstrative ‘i’ in Korean. This difference can be explained the by speaker’s emotional distance. The usefulness of this study is that the frequency can be clearly seen of each language’s use of demonstratives.

This paper aims to explore the difference in the conceptual distance between a minimal pair complements of to-infinitives and gerunds in English and how it is iconically reflected in syntax. When a group of English verbs takes two types of complements, the resulting minimal pair sentences are grammatical, but they show a conceptual difference.To elucidate the difference between the two complements from the perspective of iconicity, the degree of their finiteness is considered to be the linguistic distance between them and the matrix verb: to-infinitives are more finite than gerunds and thus signal more linguistic distance. Given this, a claim is made that iconicity is at work in the complement selection and that to-infinitives represent more remote conceptual distance than gerunds. To put it differently, the former connote the event which is more temporally distant in that it is what is to be realized at the reference time; they express what's more distant in mental space because they denote something specific; they also imply more emotional distance because of their marked or subjective situation

This paper presents a Stratal OT approach to the noun-verb asymmetry with respect to the interaction of Consonant Cluster Simplification (CCS) and Aspiration Merger. It is proposed that the constraint hierarchy at the lexical level differs from that of the postlexical level particularly in the ranking between Align-R(PrWd, σ) and *h. Ranking Align-R(PrWd, σ) higher than *h blocks the effect of Aspiration Merger in nouns at the lexical level since noun stems form a prosodic word on their own. Hence, only CCS applies at the lexical level and then, Aspiration Merger occurs at the postlexical level. By contrast, the ranking of Align-R(PrWd, σ) does not have any influence on verbs even at the lexical level since verb stems cannot form a prosodic word by themselves. Consequently, Aspiration Merger can take effect at the lexical level in verbal inflection

This study aims to explore how a bilingual program in the US set up a system to prepare bilingual para-professionals to become academically and professionally confident teachers to meet the bilingual teaching needs of a community for the growing population of English as second language (ESL) and bilingual students. Data were collected by interviews, informal observations and documents related to the students for two academic years. The study found that first, the program was successful in helping the students become well-trained bilingual teachers, and support in academic areas through a carefully designed curriculum and service played an important role in helping the students grow confident academically. Second, the study also identified that the program's support for the students' professional developments was a key factor in the students' success in career advancement. Third, the intensive collaboration among a university, schools, and a school district was found to be an essential component for the program to achieve its goal in helping the students. These findings suggest that stake-holders involved in bilingual education should work together to create more effective bilingual teacher preparation programs to produce well-prepared and confident bilingual teachers

The purpose of this paper is to show that verb to noun conversion in Papiamentu can be accounted for straightforwardly within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993; McCarthy & Prince, 1995). To this end, I assume after Pater (2000) that a single constraint can be multiply instantiated in a constraint hierarchy, and each constraint may be indexed to apply to a particular set of lexical items. This approach is shown to capture distinctions between generality and exceptionality of tone and stress patterns in Papiamentu conversion in terms of the interaction between markedness and faithfulness constraints. I specifically claim that the lexically indexed faithfulness constraint BASE-IDENTITYP outranks the markedness constraints NOUN STRESS and NOUN TONE, which in turn rank above the general faithfulness constraint BASE-IDENTITY. It is shown that with the constraint ranking, all the tone and stress patterns that occur in deverbal nouns can be given a unified, satisfactory account. The analysis argued for in this paper makes better predictions than a traditional approach

The purpose of this paper is to show that verb to noun conversion in Papiamentu can be accounted for straightforwardly within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993; McCarthy & Prince, 1995). To this end, I assume after Pater (2000) that a single constraint can be multiply instantiated in a constraint hierarchy, and each constraint may be indexed to apply to a particular set of lexical items. This approach is shown to capture distinctions between generality and exceptionality of tone and stress patterns in Papiamentu conversion in terms of the interaction between markedness and faithfulness constraints. I specifically claim that the lexically indexed faithfulness constraint BASE-IDENTITYP outranks the markedness constraints NOUN STRESS and NOUN TONE, which in turn rank above the general faithfulness constraint BASE-IDENTITY. It is shown that with the constraint ranking, all the tone and stress patterns that occur in deverbal nouns can be given a unified, satisfactory account. The analysis argued for in this paper makes better predictions than a traditional approach

This paper argues that typical generic sentences are topic constructions crosslinguistically, supporting Lee's 1996 initial claim, but argues against Cohen et al's 2002 claim that focused bare plurals are interpreted existentially. Contrastive Topic and Contrastive Focus can apply to either generic or anti-generic/existential phrases. Therefore, contrastively focused bare plurals can be generic, not necessarily existential. PL-marking and NumCl-marking in Korean and Japanese are anti-generic (existential) and distributive in nature, interacting with information structure. Generic sentences are about generic DPs, which function as Topics as semantic definites such as a bare singular common noun with a Topic marker in Korean (a 'definitional' generic, Krifka 2009), bare plurals (or indefinite singular) in English, and definites in French, typically combined with individual-level predicates of characterizing or kind-referring nature, as in (1) Say-nun nal-n-ta 'Birds fly.' An existential sentence in Korean, on the other hand, has a NOM marker in the subject DP and is PL(ural)-marked, followed by a stage-level predicate, as in (2) Say-ka/-tul-i nal-a ka-ko iss-ta 'Birds are flying,' as opposed to the atemporal PRES predicate in (1). Focus-sensitive cases such as Even mammals lay eggs and cec-mek-i-tongmul-to al-ul nah-a (???cec-mek- i-tongmul-un al-ul nah-a) will be discussed and dynamic genericity is proposed to meet from context to context changes and existential-like generic situations

Turkish 3rd person possessive suffixes have been quoted as counter examples to surface-oriented analyses including Optimality theory, as they apparently refer to input forms and the separate selection stages. This paper, however, shows that the Turkish examples do not pose problems for the parallel OT model. It is shown that the apparent opacity effect can be accounted for with the McCarthy's proposal of precedence constraints. With well-motivated revision of the precedence constraint with markedness satisfaction, the OT model with its candidate chain proposal can explain the apparently problematic Turkish data. As such, this paper shows the possibility of applying the candidate chain theory to the suppletive allomorph alternation and the need to further refine the theory by recording the history of markedness satisfaction, not faithfulness violation in candidate chains

This paper provides an account of the selection of allomorphic case markers for Korean nouns with the notion of violable constraints and inviolable constraints. The current study first deals with the selection of optimal forms in the allomorphs of conjunctive, instrumental, objective, nominative, and vocative case markers which represent most Korean nominal case marker allomorphy. This study further argues that there are two groups of constraints--violable and inviolable, and that there are no rankings within the group of constraints. The candidate that violates an inviolable constraint will never become an optimal form or a variant (standard or non-standard), but a candidate that violates violable constraints can be a winner depending on the cumulative sum of violations. By adopting this proposal, one can explain for more diverse styles in speech