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This paper is a follow-up study of Huang and Kang (2021). Based on the figurative meaning of Korean and Chinese proverbs, this paper comprehensively analyzes the semantic types of ‘ssuta(bitter taste)’ in Korean and Chinese proverbs. For this, we reviewed all examples of proverbs that contain ‘ssuta’ in these proverbs, and presented 6 criteria to comprehensively classify the meaning of ‘ssuta’ in Korean and Chinese proverbs: ‘negative mood or emotion’, ‘insufficient to a criterion’, ‘useless’, ‘negative environment’, ‘beneficial (co-occurence with medicine)’. In particular, it is shown that these types were distinguished in terms of feature geometrics: e.g., [±negative context], [±emotion], [±criterion], and [±criterion exclusive (negative only)]. Through this, it is discussed how to systematically categorize the meaning of ‘ssuta’ in Korean and Chinese proverbs.

A cross-modal word identification experiment was conducted with Korean learners of English to examine the extent to which visual and phonetic cues to the talker’s nativeness contribute to activating phonological competition across English (L2) and Korean (L1) lexicons. Critical trials presented an English lexical target auditorily, along with two visually presented lexical candidates that potentially induced phonological competition with Korean words. In these trials, lexical recognition was significantly delayed when the auditory target contained non-native (i.e., Korean-accented) pronunciation, compared to native pronunciation. The results, taken together with a null effect of visual talker cues (pictures of white vs. Asian faces), are discussed in the context of the Exemplar Theory based on generalized descriptions of listener experience.

This study was designed to discuss the grammatical differences in the use of the coordinator ‘and’ shown in Korean Learner Corpus of English and Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). For the Korean Learner Corpus data, 117 university students with mid and high beginning levels of English were asked to write an English essay, from which 286 sentences with ‘and’ were collected. For the COCA data, 200 sentences with ‘and’ were randomly selected from COCA. Six types of coordinated constituents—i.e. NP, PP, AP, AdP, VP and S —by Quirk et al. (1985) were used for the syntactic analysis of the two corpora. This study argues that the Korean learners are not fully aware of the grammatical uses of the English coordinator. The Korean learners show the following grammatical characteristics: i) in NP, improper use of articles, repetitive use of omissible words, inappropriate word order, and conjoining heterogeneous constituents; ii) in VP, repetitive use of omissible words, misunderstanding of agreement between subject and its second verb, and use of a few limited adverbs only; and iii) in S, abrupt change of subjects, and repetitive use of omissible subjects and (auxiliary) verbs.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of flipped learning on high school students’ reading skills and explore their attitude toward English study under the blended learning environment. In the COVID-19 Pandemic situation, students have to study English online and offline every other week. 82 high school students did task-based activities in the classroom after watching video clips online. Data were collected through their pre and post-reading test scores, a questionnaire and interviews. The analysis of their scores reveals that flipped learning had a positive impact on students’ reading scores in indirect-writing items. Especially the comparison of their mid-term and final-term reading scores shows that the increase of students’ scores in indirect-writing items was statistically significant. This resulted from the class activities integrating reading and writing tasks. In addition to the positive influence on students’ reading skills, the findings show students were highly positive in their attitude toward their English study and instructional effectiveness of flipped learning. Despite some limitations, this study will help further research on long-term effectiveness of flipped learning in the online/offline learning environment.

The purpose of this pilot study is to develop a basic English reading ability self-diagnosis program. To this end, the components of basic literacy competencies were extracted, and a recognized literacy diagnosis program including the Academic Reading K-6(AR K-6) program was reviewed. Two diagnostic programs, the Academic Reading K-6 diagnostic program, and the Self-Diagnostic Reading Ability Program (SDRA) were applied to 21 3rd graders selected through pre-interviews, and the correlation of the detailed sub-area was analyzed. The results of the study are summarized as follows. The total SDRA score calculated by the AR K-6 diagnostic program show that the degree of arithmetic relevance between the two sub-areas is high, although statistical significance is difficult to grasp. Comparing the indices of each detailed area of the two diagnostic programs, it was analyzed that there was a relatively strong correlation in LNF NWF RCS, the post-basic phonics stage, in the six-area onset stage of literacy. In conclusion, the correlation between the two diagnostic programs was relatively strong in the post-basic phonics stage. Furthermore, it was suggested that in order to develop a more reliable and valid SDRA program, it was necessary to modify and supplement the measurement of the literacy beginning stage, including phonemic awareness.

This paper explores one way of designing and managing a Korean language course for international students who major in translation, based on a case study of a graduate course entitled ‘Proficiency in Korean’. There are five principles reflected here: a learner-centered approach, consideration of lea`rner needs, use of authentic materials, enhancement of cross-cultural knowledge, and acknowledgment of affective factors of the learner. Key materials include a weather forecast text, a TV lecture, a Youtube video advertising a Korean public institution, and a TV interview. Main activities include shadowing for speaking skills and a back translation for writing skills. More detailed examples of conducting the course that focus on using a Korean weather forecast video and manuscript are provided. Also, suggestions to help KFL teachers design and manage a similar course in the future are outlined. This study differentiates itself from other related research works, which are still very few in number, in that it proposes a concrete and comprehensive pedagogical approach for translation education for an entire semester including a variety of activities rather than focusing on a single activity such as back translation.

As COVID-19 has spread around the world, people’s fear has turned into anger and they have started to blame each other for the devastating disease. The purpose of this study is to analyze English and Korean online comments to attribute blame for the virus. This paper examines subtypes of blame, the direction of blame, and the degree of explicitness of blame based on cultural differences. A total of 338 English and Korean accusations were collected and they included subtypes of blame such as sarcasm, insults, slanders, reproaches, anger, maledictions, and threats. Korean blame was also mainly directed towards outgroups, especially China, the possible origin of COVID-19 because of the history of epidemics and anti-Chinese sentiment. Furthermore, Korean blame had higher levels of explicitness than English accusations because Korean people preferred to discuss issues in online social networks without any identification. As the COVID-19 blame game has intensified, this pragmatic approach may provide a broader understanding of placing blame.

The present study sought to investigate the relative effects of three types of written input (i.e., genuine, simplified, and elaborated) on reading comprehension and target grammar learning of Korean college learners. The mediating effects of the learners’ reading proficiency were also examined. Four genuine articles were selected for simplification and elaboration, and 94 Korean college students were asked to read one of the three versions each over four sessions. The results showed that input modification had positive effects on the learners’ reading comprehension. In particular, the learners at the lower level of reading proficiency benefited from the simplified input, while those at the higher level benefited from the elaborated input. In addition, the simplified input was found to have positive effects on target grammar learning, regardless of the learners’ reading proficiency. Pedagogical implications and directions for future studies will be provided.

This study was to analyze errors of machine translations(MTs) of the texts for middle and high school students, and to offer guidelines on how to use them. To this end, total 4760 machine-translated sentences from two test-preparing books and one novel for middle and high school students were analyzed to 5 types of errors. 5 types errors used were ‘incorrect meaning errors’, ‘context errors’, ‘omission error’, ‘grammar errors’, and ‘typing error.’ The results of the analyzation showed that Naver and Google Translations had 3.8% error and 96.2% proper sentences. The most frequent error was ‘incorrect meaning errors’, followed by ‘omission error’, ‘context errors’, ‘grammar errors’, and ‘typing error’ in high frequent order. Naver and Google machine translations used in the study offered 96.2% proper sentences, so middle and high school students can compare their own English sentences with machined translated sentences. Moreover with the knowledge of errors of MTs, students can correct errors of MTs and use them properly.

This study aims to examine the distribution trend of Internet-related neologisms in Korean and Chinese over the past decade. As well as to analyze the social and cultural aspects of Korea and China, which are reflected in Internet-related neologisms. For 10 years, Chinese Internet-related neologisms have not only maintained a higher rate than Korean, but have also shown a relatively clear rise. Korean Internet-related neologisms have maintained about 10% of the total neologisms annually. In addition, the proportion of Korean Internet-related neologisms was on the decline overall until 2016, and rose in 2018 and 2020. As can be seen from the Internet-related neologisms, there have not been many emergence of Internet-based platforms, Internet-related problems and Internet-related security policies in both Korea and China. The Internet is bringing the most new aspects to the life of Korea and China. Except for life, the Internet has led to the formation of a large group of netizens in Korea, mainly those who share certain contents on social networking services(SNS) and those who shop on the Internet. In China, the Internet has a great impact on language, culture and economy, and it has promoted the creation and spread of language expression online and brought various economic forms. In Korea, the impact of the Internet on language, culture, and economic is relatively clear. Examples include webtoon culture and coin economy.

The present study looks into a relationship between Korean middle school students’ English learning motivation and their behavior toward learning English: (1) students’ commitment to studying English and (2) the sustenance of the commitment. A total of 287 students in 4 different schools participated in the study and data were collected from the students via survey questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed through multiple regression for both the influence of students’ motivation on their commitment to English study and the influence of students’ motivation on the sustenance of their commitment. Results show that (1) students with higher motivation in learning English tend to spend more time studying English than those with lower motivation, with student’s gender, general English proficiency, the beginning age of learning English, and self-efficacy in studying English taken into account; (2) students with higher motivation sustain their commitment to English study better than those with lower motivation, accounting for the control variables.

The purpose of this study is to show the different usage of the verbs(or phrasal verb), watch, see, look at by the semantic categorization on their noun collocations. This study collects noun collocations of watch(24), see(761), look at(86) from the British National Corpus web and uses the Wmatrix programme to analyze the semantics of the verbs’ noun collocations. It is shown that, with regard to the number of the noun collocations, the verb, see, has the largest number of the noun collocations, which means the verb see has the most varying entities of ‘the act of viewing’. The semantic categories of the verb watch noun collocations are included in those of the verb look at, and the semantic categories of the verb look at noun collocations are included in those of the verb see

This paper investigates the verbal inflections in the aspectual field in the clause. Under Chomsky’s lexicalist-minimalist account, the tense and agreement verbal inflection is believed to be syntactically autonomous. In a similar vein, other verbal inflections like aspectual and passive forms are also treated as independent functional head. In the case of complex auxiliary constructions, the verbal inflection of auxiliary verbs consistently determines their distribution and position in the varied constructions including existential constructions, VP ellipsis, and clauses with floating quantifiers or a certain class of adverbs. Usually, a specific type of auxiliary verb does not condition its distribution and position. All the nonfinite forms of auxiliary verbs do not behave in a uniform manner. More division of the aspectual field may be a viable option on the basis of irrefutable differences between the -en form been and the -ing form being in their distribution in relation to adverbs and the possibility of ellipsis.

The purpose of this paper is to explore bundle-move connections in research article (RA) abstracts written by L1 and L2 writers in applied linguistics. Two move-tagged corpora were used in this study. The results indicated that research-oriented and stance-oriented bundles had a connection to Move 1, research-oriented bundles to Move 2 and Move 3, and text-oriented bundles to Move 4 and Move 5. A comparison of functional distribution of lexical bundles in the two corpora found that, for bundle tokens, L2 writers underused research-oriented bundles in Move 1, text-oriented bundles in Move 3, stance-oriented bundles in Move 5. Furthermore, they overused stance-oriented bundles in Move 2 and Move 4, stance-oriented bundles in Move 4, and research-oriented bundles in Move 5. L2 writers used heavily certain bundles in their RA abstract moves, which may indicate a lack of variety in RA moves. The findings from this study may provide a useful reference for academic writing instruction in English for academic purposes.

This study aims to compare the duration of phonologically homophonous words in Thai that are used as a content word in one context, and as a function word in another. It is premature to assume that function words in Thai will be reduced as in other languages, considering that most function words in Thai have been originated from the homophonous content word through grammaticalization. Therefore, this study investigated whether the four most frequent Thai monosyllabic function words are produced with a shortened duration as compared to the corresponding content words. Sentence utterances including target words are produced by eight native Bangkok Thai speakers. Syllable rime duration of each word is measured and compared. Overall results show that the rime of function words is significantly shorter than that of content words. It is also confirmed that words located at the end of an utterance are remarkably lengthened regardless of the word type.

The present study addresses whether and how the design of presenting the pairwise sentences to the participants affects the result of acceptability judgment testing. Because a single choice in experimental design can occasionally lead to a dramatic change at the end, empirical science requires the latent impacts of the parameters in experimental settings to be examined in advance. The present study conducts three designs of acceptability judgment testing, such as the between-group, the within-group, and the Latin Square designs with the same test items. The experiments were administrated on a large scale with two different experimental tasks, such as the Likert scale task and the binary Yes/No task. The comparison across the designs and the tasks demonstrates that the different designs do not necessarily yield different results This indicates that there is no ground for us to regard the Latin Square design as an indispensable process in language experiments.