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This study builds two corpora of the English abstracts of international and Korean tourism research papers and provides the lists of frequent words and key words of each corpus. And this study aims to examine the concordance and collocates of key words and to describe similarities and differences of the lexical characteristics and research themes of each corpus. The English abstract text files of Tourism Management(TMC) and Journal of Tourism & Leisure Research(TLC) from 2011 to 2020 were compiled as the target corpora and BNC baby was used as the reference corpus. The WordSmith Tools 8 program was used to extract the frequent words and the key words of the corpus. The results of this study are as follows: First, TMC uses more diverse words than TLC and TLC uses the words more repeatedly than TMC although they are the same kind of tourism research papers. Second, the frequent words and key words of the corpus are rㅍelated to the research theme and the extracted frequent words and key words of TMC and TLC were different. This means the research themes of each journal are different. Third, the list of frequent words, key words, concordance and collocates show the lexical characteristics and the related themes of each corpus. This study is expected to be helpful for researchers of tourism to write the English abstracts and understand the research papers and research themes.

This study aimed to answer the three questions related to students' learning contexts in English connectors, students' thoughts in terms of English connector use, and their writing strategies. To do so, nineteen students from a local university in Busan during spring 2020 participated in the survey. Six students out of the entire sample population participated in the structured interviews. The findings of the study were as follows: First, mostly learners were taught connectors that have similar functions or categories. Next, four students felt the necessity of studying connectors and two students did not. Finally, most participants reported the use of outlining as the pre-writing strategy while they answered rereading their drafts a few times as the post-writing strategy. The findings will shed light on how writing instructors could better understand Korean college students' difficulties and find ways to teach the use of connectors in their English writing effectively.

This article concerns the so-called unbound reflexive pronouns in English, which refer to self-forms without any sentence-internal antecedents, running counter to the classic Binding Principle A (Chomsky, 1981). To empirically investigate the distributional properties of the English unbound reflexives, the present study makes ample use of the BYU corpora including COCA, COHA, and GloWbE to collect relevant data, and implements the collected data into BERT, a machine learning technique for natural language processing, to explore how surprisingly the unbound reflexive forms appear in various types of contexts in comparison to the pronominal counter-parts. It is remarkable that the results replicate the findings and claims of the existing theoretical and corpus studies regarding the distribution of the unbound reflexives in English. This suggests that the deep learning skills can be sufficiently used to explore the syntactic phenomena in human languages.

Aspects of ELF Communication Experienced by Participants in Study Abroad Programs in non-English Speaking Countries. This article is a case study of two university students who participated in a Study Abroad Program in Japan and Poland, respectively. The goal of the study was to examine phenomena of ELF(English as a Lingua Franca) communication the students experienced in the non-English speaking host countries. As a method of qualitative inquiry, content analysis was made of the data drawn from interviews with two the participants. The findings implied that various physical and psychological environments led the students to experience ELF communication with different speakers from different backgrounds, realize the power of ELF in intercultural communication, and change their prejudice and attitude. However, internal conflicts, such as hierarchy regarding English ability mingled with racial bias, were also detected. From the findings, this study inferred an important role ELF awareness plays for a competent English speaker in a global context.

The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between reading skills for elementary school students with fluent English and Korean reading skills. The subjects of the study are 25 elementary school 3rd∼6th graders participating in the English Village reading camp. The students read storybooks 12 times a quarter, four hours a week, on variety of topics appropriate for their level. The English reading diagnostic test was measured with the Acadience Reading K-6 assessment, and the Korean was applied with the Reading Ocean, Korean reading diagnostic test. The results of the study are as follows. First, overall, Korean reading competency was higher than English reading competency in the reading index. By level of evaluation, there was a greater gap in English reading competency regardless of grade. Second, the correlation of the two diagnostic domains at different levels of evaluation showed a relatively high correlation at the G2 level. Third, the analysis of the total score showed that the higher the level of Korean reading competency, the greater the level of English reading competency. Based on the research results, the author proposes the academic and educational implications necessary for the development of an English reading diagnostic system.

Most English learners desire to have native-like English pronunciation, but is it necessary to have it? Intelligible English pronunciation is what we have to focus on in teaching and learning English and it requires some level of accuracy, which is suprasegmental aspect, especially, stress. English stress consists of three components: duration, pitch, and intensity. Duration and pitch will be dealt in this paper. Twenty four college students and four native speakers participated in the current experiment. Speech samples included eight words and twenty four sentences with the various stressed positions. Each sample appeared twice randomly on the monitor to be read. The Praat software program was used to analyze the recorded samples. The results are: 1) there was not a specific generalization in stress realization from two groups, 2) both of the groups used pitch more than duration on stressed syllables, and 3) native participants produced twice bigger ratio of stressed and unstressed syllables than Korean participants did

In conceptual metaphor theory, it has been assumed that our bodily apparatus shapes and constrains our categorization and conceptulization. Bodily experiences with physical and social environments decide how we construe ourselves and the things around us. The embodiment hypothesis has been well proved through diverse investigations of linguistic data. However the research focus has been only on spoken languages. Research on embodiment observed in sign languages has not been conducted to a large extent. Bridging the research gap, this paper analyzes six signs, such as SPRING, SUMMER, FALL, WINTER, DAY, and NIGHT, and demonstrates that the signs utilize bodily experiences iconically and the iconic signs metonymically extend their meanings to ‘warmth’, ‘hotness’, ‘wind’, ‘coldness’, ‘darkness’, and ‘brightness’, respectively. The meanings again extend to indicate the target concepts through PROPERTY FOR CATEGORY metonymy. The analysis shows that embodiment of conceptualization is easily observed in sign languages since they utilize body parts as articulators.

Auxiliary combined with endings and particles, forms a single construction and perform various discourse functions to express the speaker's intention at the discourse level. In this study, the usage of 10 high-frequency auxiliary verbs in the corpus was analyzed to discuss the mechanism by which the compositions of auxiliary performs various functions at the discourse level. As a result, it was confirmed that the compositions of auxiliary express various discourse meanings by linguistic factors and non-verbal factors such as language register at the discourse level. The linguistic factors include the grammatical meaning of auxiliaries, sentence ending types, preceding connective endings, prefinal endings, and auxiliary particles. Situational context includes the utterance intention, situation, place, topic, conversation information of the participants(age, gender, status, etc.), and relationships between participants

The study is about the telicity interpretation of the collocation with the atelic adverbs and the telic verbs in the sentences. This study, using the data from the British National Corpus web in order to provide the empirical evidence, presents a more fine-grained analysis that examines the gradience of the influence of the tense, resultative particles, and the semantic properties of the noun phrase, such as definiteness and countability, in the interpretation of the sentence telicity. As a result, these factors meaningfully had a different impact on the interpretations of the sentences as atelic. The results are as follows: the atelic adverb has the highest impact on the telicity interpretations and then present tense and progressive, definiteness of the noun phrase, countability of the noun phrase and the presence of the resultative partcle in the order shown.

As EMI is expanding globally, studies on the satisfaction with EMI are increasing rapidly. While researchers in SLA routinely apply CB-SEM to a small sized, non-normal data in their EMI satisfaction studies or confine themselves to descriptive statistics of each item in their questionnaires, such practice could suffer from many methodological pitfalls. This study aims to introduce PLS-SEM as an alternative to CB-SEM by applying PLS-SEM to a data set on EMI satisfaction, illustrating the analysis processes and comparing the outputs from CB-SEM. The results show that PLS-SEM could be a compensatory alternative to CB-SEM. Further analyses of the survey data indicate that students would evaluate instructor’s English use primarily in relation to their assessment-related activities and that the overall satisfaction of EMI could be heavily dependent on the instructor’s lesson preparation and teaching skills in class.

In this paper, we will suggest a new analysis of the resumptive effect and the skipping effect under the MERGE-based system in Chomsky (2019a, 2019b) and Chomsky et al. (2019). First, the resumptive effect can be observed in the cancellation of the Adjunct Condition and the Complex NP island, when a resumptive pronoun appears in the Adjunct clause and the Complex NP clause. Following Goto and Ishii (2020), we will show that the Determinacy principle can account for the resumptive effect with a resumptive pronoun in the Adjunct clause and the Complex NP clause. Especially, we will propose that the resumptive effect with the Agent Focus and the adverb effect in Kaqchikel, a Mayan language of Guatemala be accounted for by the Determinacy principle. Second, the skipping effect can be observed in the cancellation of the Subject Condition and the that-trace effect, when an expletive or adverb appears in the Spec of T. We will also show that the Determinacy principle can explain the skipping effect with an expletive or adverb in the Subject Condition and the that-trace effect.