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This study aims at analyzing the quotative inversion constructions(QIC) in Old/Medieval/Modern French, and verifying their parametric variations from the syntactic, semantic and pragmatical point of view. Although the QICs in Old French are somewhat rare in their frequency, we will compare them with the Medieval French counterparts. Following the analytical results derived from the rules and constraints in Modern French QICs, we will apply them to those in Old/Medieval French. Consequently, we will observe and deal with the following parametric variations: First, why does the finite verb raise to C, and what is its trigger? Second, what are the syntactic factors that move the quotes(direct speech complements) to SPEC-CP? Third, how can the syntactic properties of subject DP(of main clause) and quotes be explained in Old/Medieval QICs? and what is different from those in ModF? Fourth, are the quotes controlled by V2 as an element of main clause, or do they constitute an independent clause? Finally, are the QICs in Old/Medieval excluded from the parallel movement applied in ModF? The texts adopted in this study are La Chanson de Roland(11-12c, OF), Le Chevalier de la Charette(12-13c, OF), and La Vie de Saint Louis(14c, MF), Les Quinze Joies du Mariage(15c, MF)

Why do we dream things that are illogical? This article tries to give an answer to this question. Based on the un-Cartesian hypothesis (Hinzen, 2017), one might say that we speak, therefore we think like this. However, once this linguistic ability has been affected by some sorts of mental disability, one cannot think normally. Seeing that the illogical dreams and abnormal thoughts have similar contents, this article suggests that these two might be the results of one cause: the lack of regulation made by one’s world view. This world view regulates the highly productive linguistic construction building ability. When dreaming and during certain mental illnesses, this regulation does not seem to work properly, causing to freely produce structures which are illogical and abnormal, and this is the main reason why we dream illogical things and think abnormally. This article also suggests that phases (DP, CP, vP) are the crucial points which regulate the production. Children’s cognitive development process and the characteristics of lucid dreaming are in line with this view.

The objectives of this paper are to categorize the three words “그래(geurae)”, “뭐(mwo)”, and “왜(wae)” as a minor sentence, discourse marker, or ending auxiliary particle; examine corpora where those words are actually uttered; and explain the change to the three categories with grammaticalization. The previous studies of the minor sentences “그래(geurae)”, “뭐(mwo)”, and “왜(wae)” have focussed on the treatments of them as the single category of discourse marker or as the distinguished categories of interjections or discourse markers. However, this study focuses on the different statuses of grammatical categories and the processes of change of grammaticalization. As a result, the study shows that from the perspective of grammaticalization, the three minor sentences all undergo through changes into discourse markers and ultimately change into ending auxiliary particles depending on their discourse contexts.

This paper discusses the semantic divergence of sentence-final particle ‘le’ and ‘de’ on synchronic plane, and explains the semantic and syntactic features of each variation. The main ideas are as follows: Sentence-final particle ‘le’ has four different variations, such as (1) Completion(realization) of the situation; (2) Change of the situation; (3) Contrast of two states or the departure from the standard; (4) Speaker's decision on a proposition. The ‘de’ on synchronic plane can be subdivided into three types of variation, such as : (1) Property of a noun as a nominalizer; (2) Property of a action, which is developed by analogy from the nominalizer marker; (3) Speaker's confirmation of a proposition. These evolutions have led to the different degree of grammaticalization among variations, and this is the very reason each variation showed differences in semantics and syntax.

This study investigated the validation of the computer based oral test using discourse analysis. 48 Korean university students participated in the study took a face-to-face interview and a computer-based oral test. Their performances were video- and computer-recorded and transcribed for analysis. The performances were scored and their discourse was analyzed in terms of discourse factors including errors of lexis and syntax, communication strategies, and discourse markers. The findings were as follows: First, the performances in a computer-based oral test had strong connection with those in a face-to-face interview. Secondly, students’ errors of lexis and syntax, communication strategies, and discourse markers in a computer-based oral test correlated with those in the other test except the morphological error. Thirdly, differences were found between the discourse factors not only in two-way tasks but also in one-way tasks of the two tests. Lastly, weak relationship between scores and discourse factors was shown in one-way tasks of the computer-based oral test.

As a conceptual tool, metaphor is prevalently observed not only in mundane language, but also in various human activities, such as gestures, movies, buildings, dream interpretation, rituals and so on. Researchers, such as Forceville (1996), Forceville and Urios-Aparisi (2009), Alousque (2015), and Sobrino (2017), have paid attention to the analysis of visual images based on conceptual metaphors. A picture book is a great genre to be analyzed with the conceptual metaphors because its meaning is created through the interaction of visual and verbal signs. However, it is not easy to find any case studies of metaphorical analysis of picture books. Bridging the gap, this paper examines the picture book John Patrick Norman McHennessy-The Boy Who Was Always late based on the conceptual metaphor LEARNING IS A JOURNEY. The result shows that various metaphorical entailments of the LEARNING IS A JOURNEY are utilized in visual images as well as verbal texts in creating the message the author tries to deliver throughout the picture book.

This article investigates the time-related morphological units, such as tense, mood, and aspect, in Korean embedded clauses, and their morpho-syntactic relations. We claim that modality is dependent on tense within TP by sharing temporal features (e.g., [+anterior] and [+posterior]) with the tense marker (e.g. -ess), and modality also shares the same position in a predicate with the tense marker, whe18reas mood is projected to MP (Mood Phrase) headed by clause-final morphemes (e.g., ta, ca, or la). Adopting Vendler’s (1967) predicate types, Chomsky’s (1999, 2001) Probe-Goal approach, and Ura’s (2006) analysis of the aspect-related feature, we suggest that lexical aspect manifests the projection of the two types of Aspectual Phrases (e.g., AspP with [u Stative] or [Dynamic]) between vP and TP. This study demonstrates specified temporal properties in the Korean language by exhibiting semantically, morphologically, and syntactically motivated multi-layered Functional Categories such as [CP[MP[TP[AspP]]]] in overt syntax.

This study investigated the production of /o/ and /u/ in South Kyungsang Korean. Specifically, this study examined whether the two vowels have similar acoustic characteristics, and how social and linguistic factors affect the degree and the direction of this vowel approximation. Twenty-four speakers repeated words with the vowels. The formant values of each production were measured and analyzed. The results revealed /o/s and /u/s were located quite close to each other in vowel spaces. As for the gender effect, the distances between the two vowels were shorter for females than males, and the females’ shorter distances were particularly due to similar F1 values. The analyses also reported that the distances were shorter when the vowels were in word-final positions than in word-medial and word-initial positions. In sum, this study suggests the approximation of /o/ and /u/ in South Kyungsang Korean, whose patterns were consistent with those in Seoul Korean.

In this paper, we aim to elucidate the meanings of Korean sentences describing directed motion involving the deictic verb ka ‘go’ and postpositions -ey ‘at’ and -lo ‘to.’ Couched in Talmy's theory of motion events, we claim that, aside from its deictic information, ka encodes Traverse, one of the three subcomponents of Vector, which is itself a component of Path. This leads us to treat ka as an atelic process verb. We also distinguish -lo from -ey by claiming that the former encodes Arrival, another component of Vector, while the latter simply marks a location, lacking any dynamic meaning. This stands in contrast with other studies which regard -lo as merely marking direction. In our approach, when ka is combined with -ey or -lo, the entire predicate denotes an accomplishment event, yielding a telic interpretation. This allows us to explain (a)telicity indicated by a number of sentences debated in the literature in a consistent and clear manner.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the linguistic conditions for local and long-distance binding phenomena of three different kinds of Chinese reflexives. Chinese reflexives have attracted much attention from Chinese linguists since the introduction of Chomsky’s Binding Theory. Chinese has three basic reflexives: ziji, taziji, and ziji-benshen. Up to now the classical Binding Theory has been modified to account for a variety of Chinese binding phenomena. This paper aims to show the various aspects of local and long-distance binding phenomena. It is also concerned with whether three kinds of Chinese reflexives in embedded clauses can be long-distance bound, and under which environments are long-distance binding allowed for these three reflexives. The results of this paper show that three kinds of Chinese reflexives allow long-distance binding under different environments, respectively.

The present study focused on how morphemes are coded for positions in the word recognition system. The experiment was conducted to investigate whether stem morphemes are sensitive to morpheme positional distribution. Masked priming strategies were used to observe facilitation effects. Compound words were selected as targets, while the conditions comprised three different stimuli. The results showed that transposed morpheme conditions facilitate the identification of target words, showing that the stem representations are flexible in position coding. The syllable transposition effect is comparable to the absence of syllable transposition effect in the previous studies. Further studies are needed using longer multisyllabic words.

Research has shown that non-native speaker(NNS) students tend to overuse certain linking adverbials(LAs) as cohesion devices in their English writing. This study examined the uses of on the other hand, one of the most frequently used LAs in academic prose, and some other related connectives by Korean university students in their English argumentative essays and compared them with those by native speaker(NS) student writers and published writers. Results showed that while the Korean student writers used the LA far more frequently than the two other groups of writers but used it overwhelmingly for a single rhetorical function and only in the sentence-initial position, striking a unique contrast with the NS students and journal article authors respectively. In addition, they were shown to use a very small range of connectives to mark what can be collectively grouped as contrastive/cancellative relations while severely underusing simple but multi-functional connectives. This paper concludes with pedagogical suggestions based on the findings.