Earticle

The purpose of this paper is to explore a possibility to explain the (anti)-reconstruction effects in relative clauses. Relative clauses show reconstruction effects with respect to Binding Condition A, idiom chunks and quantificational binding. On the other hand, they display anti-reconstruction effects regarding Binding Conditoin C and quantifier scope. In an attempt to explain the reconstruction effects, quite a number of linguists (Kayne(1994), among many others) adopt the so-called promotion approach. Under the promotion approach the head nominal is base-generated inside the relative clause and moves out of it to be a head nominal. Under this approach the reconstruction effects can be easily explained, since the lower copy of the head noun may be interpreted at LE. In this paper, however, I point out that the promotion approach is problematic in view of the anti-reconstruction effects. Instead, I propose that the traditional standard analysis proposed in Chomsky (1986) can deal with both reconstruction effects and anti-reconstruction effects, if we assume that the semantic value of some type of variables is determined via copying, not via binding.

This paper aims to explore the linguistic function and mechanism of politeness between women and men in everyday English. Throughout the paper we tried to show that there is not only an infinite variety of ways of expressing linguistic politeness, it is also the case that the same linguistic devices can express different meanings in different context. We should note that there is nothing intrinsically polite about any linguistic form. The relative social distance between the speaker and the addressee is one of the most basic factors determining appropriate levels of politeness behaviour in most societies. Women and men use different linguistic strategies for the same linguistic purpose. Women and men have different preferred ways of expressing solidarity. The dimension of social distance or solidarity is a crucial one in accounting for differences in women's and men's linguistic politeness behaviour.

The complementizer -ko in Korean before verbs of saying and thinking indicates the domain of speech and does not, have any modality. When it occurs with verbs of perception, it has a modality function, which indicates indirect evidence. In the so-called subject-to-object raising sentence, the raised nominal is not the grammatical subject of the complement but a previously mentioned discourse topic. By raising this topic, a speaker encodes a 'doubt in truth modality of the -ko complement clause.

This study aims at investigating cognitive aspects of meaning in the referential use of indefinite noun phrases and then suggesting that a cognitive phychological explanation is plausible and desirable in the cases that indefinite noun phrases may be interpreted referentially. For that aim I argued against the semantic ambiguity of indefinite noun phrases and then for the cognitive account for the referential interpretations of indefinite noun phrases which can be preferable to a semantic-ambiguity analysis. In a cognitive account, the speaker's communicative intention, which is understood in the context, is more important than linguistic interpretations or the intended referents of referential indefinite noun phrases. In addition, I can recognize that the descriptive content of an indefinite noun phrase contributes to the speaker's intention and direction behind context. In conclusion I suggest that a cognitive interpretation on meaning contributes to our English study or learning in every parts.

This paper investigates some data of Mid-Korean on sai sori [z](=/△/) and [s](=/ㅅ/) and proposes that historical change, a fixed ranking of constraints restricts only a single output form. In this paper, as time goes by, historical change reflects directionality from Con(straint) A ＞＞ Con B to their reversed ranking. Interestingly, however, historical change does not always go along with a fixed ranking where only a single output form takes place. This paper observes that in a transitional moment between these two ranking changes, the rankings of Con A ＞＞ Con B and Con B ＞＞ Con A are co-existent and thus two optimal forms surface as free variants. To put it another way, two constraints are not rigidly ranked with respect to each other and overlapped in ranking. Therefore, Con A is followed or preceded by Con B. As such, this paper shows that OT can deal with diachronic changes as well.

Korean liquids have phonetically distinct properties from English liquids. While English has two phonemic /l/-/r/ distinctions, Korean doesn't have such a phonemic distinction. Korean liquids appear phonetically at least two ways, [l] and [r]. This study investigates that Korean geminate [ll] has longer duration than [l], supporting the geminate hypothesis. If we support the geminate hypothesis in Korean, the notion of ambisyllabicity in intervocalic position for the tap [r] is would not be necessary any more. Under the elsewhere condition, the phonological puzzle of Korean liquids can be explained more clearly.

This paper focuses on motivating affix subcategorization constraints in order to explain deviant stress patterns caused by affixes. The main idea is that affixes select their prosodic base for affixation. These subcategorization constraints, formulated in Alignment schema, consist of four different types: Align-to-σ', Align-in-σ', Align-to-Ft, and Align-in-Ft. Data from various languages are considered to motivate these constraints. It is shown that these constraints offer systematic explanation to the role of affixes in stress assignment and to apparently deviant stress patterns caused by affixes.

Knowing a language means knowing its grammar. It is postulated that native speakers, have at their disposal an internal system of rules and principles which enables them to produce well-formed sentences, and also to evaluate the sentences they are confronted with, and to replace an unacceptable sentences they are confronted with, and to replace an unacceptable sentence by an acceptable variant. Even native speakers have to study a linguistic system in some detail to describe why a sentence is unacceptable or what determines its interpretation. In order to do so anyone who wants to do it will have to deploy concepts such as subject, object and structure. Also grammatical analyses of English sentences had to be done. Various and deep analysis of the patterns of grammar structure can help understand diversity of English sentences. Especially current and practical materials such as highschool textbooks and SAT's for University Entrance have been dealt with to increase the actual effectiveness of making grammatical knowledge explicit. This kind of process originally came from the basic question that "how human beings can generate sentences?" or "what kind of sentences human being are using?" To answer these questions the study on Structural Type of English Sentence in Highschool Textbooks and S.A.T.'s for University Entrance has been made. This analysis must be helpful for teaching students English composition and reading in secondary or tertiary education.

This paper shows that the interpretation of the Korean reflexive 'caki' is not determined by a single factor, but actually, by the interaction of several different factors, such as the property of verbs, knowledge of the world, preceding context, the place where the speaker is at the time of the event, etc., and it also demonstrates how the deletion of 'caki' is determined by discourse factors.

Korean Grammar from Ju(1910) to Lee(1956) can be classified into three systems: analytic, synthetic, and eclectic systems. In all of these systems, same inflectional suffixes of predicates were described over and over again. For example, Choe(1937) who claimed an eclectic system described suffixes of predicates repeatedly three times along with verbs, adjectives, and copulas. This kind of redundancy was solved in Heo(1983) by establishing a system of morphology which describes suffixes of predicates only once. Considering the relationship between parts of speech and minimal unit of syntax, I think that an analytic system reflected the function of inflectional suffixes in syntax relatively well, but synthetic and eclectic systems couldn't. If we reflect the function of inflectional suffixes in a grammar, the grammar which has an analytic system in syntax and a synthetic system in morphology will be desirable. But if we consider that an ultimate goal of a grammar explains the structures and functions of sentences, the grammar which accounts for syntax well is rather better than one which explains morphology well. In that point, among grammars from Ju(1910) to Lee(1956), I think that an analytic system is better than a synthetic system.

This diachronic study of Korean Modal Suffixes intends to track down the evolution of some Korean modal suffixes (hereafter KMS). Chapter one gives a general overview of the whole work. Chapter two deals with the historical development of the KMS. The assumption that what might have started as a context-dependent extension acquires the status of an established prototypical sense is applied to a representative set of Middle Korean and Old Korean etymologies. The principles of change are accounted for from a grammaticalization perspective. Chapter three summarizes the original contributions of this paper.