Earticle

The purpose of this study is to analyze the frequency and the structural patterns of the lexical bundles of tourism research paper abstracts. The corpus is divided into two sub-corpora, which are Non-native Tourism Corpus(NNTC) using Journal of Tourism & Leisure Research from 2014 to 2018 and Native Tourism Corpus(NTC) using Tourism Management from 2014 to 2018. This paper explores similarities and differences between the frequency and structural patterns of the lexical bundles of NNTC and NTC. To extract the most frequent 4-word lexical bundles from the each corpus, the index and clusters program were utilized. The results of this study showed that NNTC uses lexical bundles more repeatedly than NTC in terms of frequency. They also showed the structural patterns of lexical bundles of each corpus are remarkably different; NP-based lexical bundles and PP-based lexical bundles are more widely used than VP-based lexical bundles in both corpora but NNTC uses passive verb + PP patterns more than NTC and NTC has a very small portion of VP-based lexical bundles. These results reveal that each corpus has different proportions of the lexical bundle distribution and corpus has genre-specific features of lexical bundles.

The purpose of this study is to explore the class satisfaction by the high and low academic achievement level students of collaborative group work in college general English course. The negative perceptions of two groups about collaborative group work were surveyed respectively. Data was collected from 122 first-year university students. The results were as follows: First, the highest group showed more satisfaction than the lowest in terms of the effects and perception of the group work. Second, the five major negative opinions of the group work from the highest group included the poor accuracy of the answers, lack of preparation, conflict after debate, cluttered atmosphere, and absence of team members. Those of the lowest were cluttered atmosphere, conflicting opinions, conflict after debate, difficulty in meeting time, and absence of team members.

This study aims to find out the relationship between general pragmatic competence and linguistic proficiency by comparing pragmatic failures of Korean and English emails sent by Korean university students to faculty regarding their final grade in the end of a semester. The data was collected from 120 Korean university students who produced 40 Korean emails and 80 English emails, and the English emails were again divided into two groups depending on the participants' linguistic proficiency. Each email was analyzed for pragmatic appropriateness and linguistic formality that each part of a formal email requires. Results showed that significantly similar patterns of pragmatic failure were found among three groups, including omission of salutation and sign-off, inappropriate forms of address, aggressive directness of request act and supportive move. These findings imply that pragmatic failure can be primarily caused by lack of general pragmatic competence such as universal knowledge of politeness or acknowledgement of imposition on the addressee

The aim of this paper is to compare the frequency in Korean degree adverbs between a Korean corpus and Korean Language Teaching textbooks (i.e., Seoul National University Press, Yonsei University Press, Gyeongsang National University Press, Sogang University, and Kyung Hee University). The results indicate that the frequency of Korean degree adverbs in a Korean corpus is almost the same as the frequency occurring in Korean Language Teaching textbooks. This analysis also shows what type of degree adverbs are most frequently used in a Korean corpus, both in spoken and written form, and which degree adverbs should be included in Korean Language Teaching textbooks for beginners in the future. Considering the high frequency of some degree adverbs, such as “maeu,” “deo,” and “gajang” in real-life situations, this study suggests teaching these adverbs at the beginning level. Regarding teaching degree adverbs, this study will contribute to publishing Korean language teaching textbooks with more authentic data.

The aim of this study is to clarify the semantic and pragmatic functions of indeed as a discourse marker. Although it has been highly placed among the whole discourse markers, indeed has not received much attention and its functions have not been clearly provided. Accordingly, the study examines how to classify the discourse markers in the previous studies and explores the meanings of indeed as a modal adverb and functions as a discourse marker. Presupposing that the meanings of indeed as an adverb and a discourse marker are not irrelevant, this study presents three functions of indeed in a discourse, such as intensifying, confirming, and adding extra information. This study has the following significances. The study has comprehensively analyzed the functions of indeed by using BNC web data and clarify functions of indeed.

The English transitive phrasal verb such as pick up ‘to collect’ has often been defined as a verb (V), irrespective of its continuous-discontinuous alternation between pick up the parcel and pick the parcel up. This paper argues that there are at least two types of the transitive phrasal verb regarding its syntactic alternation. One for the continuous pattern is a compound verb that is prefabricated in the lexicon, such as [V V P]. The other for the discontinuous pattern is a complex predicate, such as {V P}, whose entire category is not yet specified in the same component, as indicated by the curly braces. The compound verb is then plugged into phrasal syntax and directly forms a binary verb phrase (VP) with a direct object noun phrase (NP), such as [ VP [V V P] NP]. Likewise, the complex predicate, or the lexical verb and particle together, combines with the NP in a binary manner, though yielding a ternary VP, such as [VP V NP P]. This analysis builds on the assumptions and formalisms of a hierarchical lexicon and a lexical-constructional approach.

Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) has well been adopted and ever expanded in SLA to address increasing complexity of research questions. While the conventional covariance-based SEM is still popular and firmly established as a family of statistical techniques, it suffers from its inherent problems such as nonnormal data handling and unrealistic assumptions about the relationship of variables. Recently a few alternatives to the conventional SEM have emerged in the SEM literature. This study applied Bayesian SEM to modeling the L2 motivational self system and showed its inherent advantages over the conventional covariance-based SEM in comparison. It also discussed some methodological issues in applying the Bayesian approach to research in SLA.

This study explored the designs of speaking activities in high school English textbooks given the important role of textbook materials in developing speaking skills. The criteria for the examination of speaking activities were based on the communicative continuum proposed by Littlewood(2013), which divides speaking activities into five types: non-communicative learning, pre-communicative language practice, communicative language practice, structured communication and authentic communication because it provided a clear guide to how different speaking activities can be used to achieve communicative goals. The work of classifying speaking activities in two levels of the four high school English textbooks chosen for the analysis showed that they presented five types of speaking activities in a balanced and general way but there was a restricted range of formats for the designs of speaking activities. Some features emerged when the distribution of each type was looked at in different textbooks. Those features were discussed in terms of communicative potential along with some suggestions for designing speaking activities.

It has been widely assumed that certain island violations are ameliorated by ellipsis. However, Merchant(2001) argues that the second part of the Coordinate Structure Constraint(CSC) in English is not a PF-island and thus its violations cannot be repaired/ameliorated. This paper aims to investigate the repairability of the CSC in Korean. It is shown that as in English, the second part of the CSC (ban on extraction out of conjuncts) is not repairable by ellipsis in Korean. I first show that constructing relevant data is evasive due to some confounding factors. However, I demonstrate that when these factors are carefully controlled for, the data invariably respect the CSC, yielding no repair effects. Comparing the CSC with the relative clause island, I suggest that while the relative clause may well constitute a PF-island, the CSC does not. I also argue that the relevant data are problematic for the in-situ ellipsis approach