Earticle

The purpose of this paper is to offer an explanatory account of the differences in terms of categorial feature parameter in Old English (OE) and Present-day English (PE). It has been known that OE is different from PE in three things; verbal inflection, the word order of subordinate clause and matrix clause. Firstly, OE has rich verbal inflections which are listed as the inflected form in the lexicon while PE has poor verbal inflections which are the combined form of a root and inflections in the syntax. Secondly, the word order of the OE subordinate clauses is either OV or VO order while that of the PE subordinate clauses is rigid VO order. Lastly, the matrix order of OE clauses shows V2 phenomena in the affirmative while that of PE exhibits no V2 in the affirmative. In this paper these three differences between OE and PE are attributed to whether the category feature of T and V is specified or not in the syntax. Thus it is concluded that the category feature of T and V in OE is specified in the syntax whereas that of T and V in PE is not specified, which shows the differences in verbal inflections and the word order in subordinate and matrix clauses between OE and PF. (Youngsan University)

This study aims to analyze the polarity orientation of ‘Noun(+Particle)+<eopta>’ sequences and to formalize the result as a Finite-State Transducer(FST) lexicon, named Local-Grammar Graph. ‘Eopta’ is a Korean negator, which usually shifts the basic polarity expressed by the collocated noun phrases. However, among the 1,123 sentences that contain ‘eopta’, extracted from the movie review corpus MUSE-MOV, about 76% occur with noun phrases without polarity. Seven sub-types of noun phrases co-occurring with ‘eopta’ have been discerned in this study. According to the semantic and lexical properties of these nouns, certain sequences of ‘Noun(+Particle)+<eopta>’ have turned out to be positive or negative ones, which hardly may be predictable by rules. To automatically annotate these polar properties into each sequence ‘Noun(+Particle)+<eopta>’ in the corpus, we constructed a FST lexicon that represents these 7 types of ‘Noun(+Particle)+<eopta>’ sequences through Unitex platform and evaluated the performance of this lexicon via DecoTex platform. Compared to the results based on the dictionary of simple words, those based on our FST lexicon appear to be 30% more accurate. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

This paper aims at modeling topics from TOEFL essay samples in the TOEFL11 corpus. The TOEFL11 corpus is a collection of 12,100 TOEFL writing samples submitted by test-takers from 11 different countries. The paper applied an unsupervised method (i.e. Latent Dirichlet Allocation or LDA) of clustering texts to written samples, with the aim of automatic modeling of topics. For each of the 11 non-native TOEFL test takers, 1,100 TOEFL essays were transformed to a document-term matrix, and then were fed into the LDA function in the R software. The number of potential topics was set to be 8, which was the same number of prompts the test takers had been given when they took the test. The overall accuracy ranged from 83% to 99% depending on the native language of the test takers. Further analysis needs to be conducted to see how reliably the unsupervised LDA method can be used in automatically classifying written samples to potential topics. Nevertheless, the paper provides an empirical foundation that automatic topic modeling can be applied in an unsupervised way even to the writing sample of English learners. (Sungshin Women’s University)

This paper investigates characteristics of English shown in the subtitles of Korean films. Languages used in subtitles show properties of both spoken and written languages. In order to examine the spoken and written properties of subtitling English, Korean Film English Subtitle Corpus (KFESC) which consists of 20 Korean films was constructed as a target corpus. Also, American Film Script Corpus (AFSC) and BNC Baby arts were used as reference corpora. Furthermore, the study examines similarities and differences between four genres of movies. KFESC and AFSC comprise five films of each genre. Keywords were extracted by utilizing WordSmith 6.0. By analyzing positive and negative keywords, it was found that the subtitle English has less written language components than BNC Baby Arts and also has less spoken language components than AFSC. (Pusan National University)

The purpose of this study is to provide a technical vocabulary list in English for academic purposes(EAP) by constructing and mining a specialized corpus of phonetics and phonology research articles. To this end, a Phonetics/Phonology Research Article Corpus(PPRAC), containing a million running words, was established from research articles on phonetics and phonology, published during the last five years, from 2013 to 2017. The word distribution analysis indicated that GSL accounted for 71.53%, and AWL covered 11.08% of the PPRAC, meaning that the coverage of the combined GSL and AWL word lists was approximately 82.61% of the tokens in the PPRAC. The type-token ratio, a well-known measure of textual lexical variation, in the PPRAC was 2.36 indicating a rather low lexical diversity. Moreover, extracted from the PPRAC, a total of 372 specialized words for the fields of phonetics-phonology were developed. The technical vocabulary list developed in this paper is expected to offer practical and tailored help in understanding and teaching English phonetics and phonology. (Jeonju University․Wonkwang University)

The purpose of this study is to discuss sentiment analysis of Shakespeare's tragedy plays and their major male and female characters using dialogue corpora, comparing two types of word-lists for sentiment analysis: AFINN (Nielsen, 2011) and VADER (Hutto and Gilbert, 2014). We investigate important tone patterns of all the tragedy plays, using line graphs as time visualization in order to uncover different types of Shakespeare's tragedy. In addition, we discuss some features of sentiment changes between major male amd female characters in the four major tragedies through the development dispersion of emotional relationship. Especially we illustrate that the line charts track how the two major male and female characters' sentiment towards one another changes over the course of the play to find out whether there are influential points and movements of their emotional changes. (Korea Maritime and Ocean University**․Silla University***․Pukyung National University*** *․Pusan National University*****)

This study aimed to investigate the differences between English native speakers and Korean English learners in terms of the accuracy of context severity judgment, the accuracy of swearword use as well as the awareness of swearword offensiveness. Fifty-five Korean English learners and 13 English native speakers participated in the study and Korean English learners were divided into two groups based on their TOEIC scores. Results from the analyses of one-way ANOVA and independent t-test revealed that there were statistically significant differences among English proficiency groups (i.e., an English native speaker group, a high-level English group, low-level English proficiency group) in terms of the accuracy of context severity judgment, the accuracy of swearword use as well as the awareness of swearword offensiveness, and that there were not any statistically significant differences about them in relation to gender difference. The directions of further studies were discussed with the limitations of this study. (Pusan National University)

A different scope behavior between double object construction (DOC) and prepositional dative construction (PDC) in English is one of the topics that has been much discussed to see how it can be syntactically accounted for. We can elucidate this puzzling data if (i) we adopt Labeling Algorithm (LA) (Chomsky 2015) and (ii) deploy Feature Splitting Internal Merge (Obata and Epstein, 2011). Given that DOC and PDC have distinct underlying structures posited by Bruening(2001,2010,2018), we can naturally capture the asymmetry of scope interaction between the two constructions. The resulting labels can be defined as a concomitant of LA via Feature Splitting Internal Merge. This paper also explores some unclear issues in the mechanism of labeling, {XP [F], YP[F]}. (Pukyong National University)

The current study sought to examine the effects of the explicitness of focus-on-form instruction on grammar learning. It also investigated whether the relative difficulty level of target forms and the learners’ prior knowledge of the target forms would mediate the effects of focus-on-form instruction. To this end, 146 college students in three classes at a local university were asked to receive one of the three techniques of focus-on-form instructions differing in the degree of explicitness: explicit rule explanation, consciousness-raising task, and input enhancement. The analyses on the posttests showed that the consciousness-raising tasks were most effective in learning the two target forms. Furthermore, the learners’ prior knowledge and the relative difficulty levels of target forms also mediated the effects of focus-on-form instructions. Pedagogical implications and further research directions are discussed. (Pukyong National University)

The purpose of the study is to analyse patterns of anaphoric resolution focusing on Asian learners’ writing. For this end, three Asian learners’ essays (Korean, Chinese, Japanese) are used to investigate the resolution of demonstrative anaphora (this/these, that/those) regarding anaphoric distance, types of anaphoric reference, anaphoric boundary. First, the anaphoric distance is measured by word numbers between antecedents and anaphora. Second, the types of anaphoric reference are classified by their grammatical structure such as nouns, phrases, sentences. Third, the investigation of an anaphoric boundary focuses sentence position of antecedents: intrasentential and intersentential anaphora. The result shows that the Asian learners’ patterns of anaphoric resolution patterns are different from those of native learners. Furthermore, Asian learners are not likely to have consistent patterns when they apply their opinions through the resolution system of demonstrative anaphora. (Busan University of Foreign Studies)

This study attempts to probe into the role of written languaging(WL) in L2 linguistic accuracy by determining the extent to which WL contributes to enhancing L2 learners’ language recognition and production of the target grammar features. 95 EFL learners were randomly assigned to the three groups: 30 participants in the +WL group were exposed to grammar explanation on the target forms and asked to engage in WL while performing an individualized dictogloss task, 32 participants in the –WL group received grammar explanation on the target forms and performed an individualized dictogloss task without WL and 33 control group participants only took a pretest and posttest without involving any instructional intervention. Statistical analyses revealed that the +WL group scored higher than the –WL group and the control group in both post-recognition and post-production tests. Pedagogical implications of the findings are discussed and the limitations of the study are also addressed. (Jungwon University)

Based on the theoretical framework of language planning, this paper unpacked aspects of language ideology in the Peace Corps/Korea program between 1966 and 1981 using a mixed method. It explored why and how the Peace Corps participated in committing to English program in general and communicative/spoken English in particular in terms of three types of language planning: status planning, acquisition planning and corpus planning. Though the Korean government and the Peace Corps agreed upon the general direction of the program in Korea, it was unveiled that they put more emphasis on status planning than acquisition planning or corpus planning depending on their own different agendas of English education. Despite their different perspectives on English, it was indeed true that English indexed modernization as one of the main goals of status planning. The overall language planning implemented by the Peace Corps (re)generated several English language ideologies, which later laid the groundwork for the societal phenomenon in Korea referred to as English Fever. (University of Seoul)

The purpose of the present study is to provide normative data for acoustic measures of normal voices in Korean women aged between 20 and 59 years, exploring relations among voice parameters and examining changes in voice qualities with aging. Four acoustic measures—fundamental frequency(F0), jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonics ratio(NHR) were obtained from a sustained vowel /a/. A total of 238 voices from 250 participants with no apparent voice disorders were acoustically analyzed by Praat. The results showed that the average values of F0, jitter, shimmer, and NHR were 218Hz, 0.275%, 3.37%, and 0.012, respectively. A significant correlation with the age factor was found only for F0(r = -0.21, p = .006) but not for jitter, shimmer, or NHR. Although aging effect was found only for F0, intraspeaker variability becomes larger in older females than younger females for all acoustic measures. Further correlation analyses indicated that F0 is negatively correlated with jitter, shimmer, and NHR, while jitter, shimmer, and NHR are positively correlated with one another. In other words, females with higher F0 values are more likely to have lower values in jitter, shimmer, and NHR; however, females with higher jitter values are more likely to have higher values in shimmer and NHR. Since previous studies on voice parameters of middle-aged Korean females using Praat have not been conducted yet, providing normative data has its own significance by itself. Also, this study may contribute to a better understanding of acoustic traits of normal voices and may encourage clinicians to conduct acoustic analyses using Praat as routine assessment for screening pathological voices. (Wonkwang Digital University)