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One of the key issues facing the management of brands today is how to deal with a brand as it stretches across multiple societies and geographies. This is not just a question of management scope (How do we control and monitor the brand?), but of reaching the full potential of a brand in diverse markets. There is often a tension between finding an optimum fit of the brand with local circumstances, and the desire to obtain brand consistency across markets. More often than not, decisions are made on the basis of organizational constructs rather than on the basis of an understanding of the brand and the various internal and external influences on it. This leads to tensions between global and local brand management that can result in power struggles about the ownership of the brand. Instead, global and local brand management need to understand each other's viewpoints on the brand and the resulting need for adaptations, the possibilities for obtaining sustainable competitive advantage, and the opportunities for standardization. In the end, a compelling brand is in the interest of all those affected by it. The first thing that global and local brand management need is a common basis for their brand strategy and planning work. This common basis needs to provide a shared language, definitions, interpretations, assessments, and most importantly a clear understanding of the relationships between the factors that shape a brand in its global and local contexts. The effect that this intensified globalization has had on brands has been spectacular. new brands are seemingly born global, or at the very least experience a quick roll-out from home or lead countries into other markets. Many traditionally local brands are sold, phased out, or face transition to a new regional or global brand nave and subsequent harmonization. Brand portfolios that have been built up through decades of acquisitions are rationalized in order to focus attention and resources on a limited number of strategic brand. Long-established brands have enhanced their dominant positions across the globe, threatening less marketing-savvy local brands, but are also encountering stern opposition from local brands that find ways to fight back. Some of the global brands manage to become local institutions by filling a local role in the societies where they operate, while others dominate their category as global monoliths. A truly new global brand is a rare thing, but accelerating technological, economic, motivational and legal changes are likely to make the development of such brands more likely in future. The advent of the Internet at the end of the last century has shown that this occurs in leaps and bounds. Yet it is also clear that creating such brands is no easy task, and success comes only to those who are able to create something so valuable to consumers that the brand can transcend the ever-present differences between societies. If such brands are to retain their unique positions, they must remain powerful or nimble enough to evade the inevitable competitive onslaught. The case of Samsung shows that sometimes it is better to surrender the brand while the going is good. The case of Starbucks shows that staying one or two steps ahead of competition can do wonders for a brand. The cases of Lock&Lock, Iriver and Romanson show that a new global brand cannot rest on its laurels, and must consistently find new ways to appeal to new segments of societies. Finally, it is up to AIBO and Segway to demonstrate that their clever technology and elegant design can provide sufficient value to consumers around the world.

Recently, we will meet with the instance which the many country put on an accident and the damage caused by various environmental pollution and an unusual change in the weather by global warming. Finally it is developed in until the situation which menace our rights to live on a large scale. The global warming and various environmental pollution is directly caused by air pollution and water pollution from exhaust gases and industrial waste of large quantity. The increase of exhaust gases and the industrial waste is to get in compliance with the advancement of the industrial society which is formed with a mass production, a mass consumption and a mass disuse. All comsumer and government, many enterprises included, are to blame for such environmental pollution. accordingly we all must accomplish the responsibility and duty which form the eco-friendly society. From this paper in the first, the world-wide weather accident is explained with concept of the eco-friendly society together as the theoretical and actual condition ground against the necessity of eco-friendly social formation. The next, it was observed, limited in the problem against the disposal of waste and the recycle of resources, the trend against 3R's(Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) policies of important three countries in Asia(Korea, Japan and China), it was analyzed synthetically about 3R's policies. Then the basic ideology and principle of 3R's policy and the policy direction necessary for the formation of eco-friendly society in asia ware presented by analysis related to the environmental policy of three countries.

This paper analyses the process and main issues of monetary integration in EU. The introduction of EMU and Euro, among others, is a good example of economic and monetary integration that East Asia could follow Competing views among the EU member states on the type of monetary union and subsequent resolution of the discord can make significant implications to East Asian countries who have just launched an early stage of monetary cooperation. This paper is an outcome of the reasoning previously mentioned. The Paper analyzes the process of EMU negotiation mainly between 1988 and 1991 in order to derive implications of the EMU negotiation process on East Asian monetary cooperation and integration, which may become a reality. There are more than a few difficulties in deriving lessons from the European experience, most of which come from the differences in the degrees of integration between Europe and East Asia as well as in the characteristics and concepts of the regional integration. In order to resolve these difficulties, this paper adopts the political economy approach, mainly focusing on the negotiation process. This paper excogitates major issues from the EMU negotiation, compares the views of each member states on each issue, and clarifies the way to reach agreements from the different negotiative positions, which help implicate the East Asian monetary cooperation and integration.

This paper aimed to review the structural change in the foreign exchange market and to explores the stabilizing policies of exchange rate. The foreign exchange market in Korea is experiencing three important changes in the post-crisis period, which deserve special attentions for their implications on the government exchange rate policy. First, with the adoption of the free floating exchange rate system, exchange rate volatility has increased in the market. Accordingly, ensuring stable exchange rates has emerged as one of the top priorities for the exchange rate policy. The foreign exchange intervention is a useful policy instrument for reducing exchange rate volatility. The vocal intervention is an useful policy if the foreign market is a high level of transparency and confidence. Second, the capital account liberalization in Korea introduced by the government in 2005: the overseas investment promotion plan and the expiration of sunset clauses for capital account transactions. These two liberalization measures are expected to mitigate the excess supply of the U.S. dollar in the domestic foreign exchange market, which would in turn lessen policy burdens of the Korea government in managing the macro-economy. In addition, the would enhance the convertibility of the Korean won and the credibility of th Korean Economy in the global financial market. Due to these measures, however, the Korean economy may become more susceptible to speculative attack and a sudden reversal of capital inflow. Furthermore, monitoring and supervision of foreign exchange transactions are likely to be weakened. Third, like ECU of EMS, the common currency basket composed of currencies of East Asian countries should be taken as key currency for the sake of stability of regional exchange rate. The exchange rate ban should be enlarged so that we can change basic exchange speculation on the currency market. In addition, the intramarginal intervention is desirable in order to keep stable exchange under the enlarged exchange rate band.

Central Asia with previously the influence transfer which is sudden geopolitics with Russia influence weakening(power transition) it brings about is different entirely and the international environment which is new . In 1991 with collapse of the Soviet Union appears consequently together in the international community compared to where is not the core field area to be rising to the surface toward the Eurasia continent. The other side, by the politics which becomes uniformation of the nine Soviet Union - a military policy and a division of labor industrial policy after crisis becoming independent a border problem the politics - the military policy which become uniform occurred, industrial division of labor became the loosens the economic growth of central Asia empires. Industrial division of labor like this nine Soviet Union became the VIP which decreases the economic growth to central Asia empires, but different one side the area where the development of the resources does not become accomplished is many to leave a huge benefit. Currently the central Asia empires are complicated and. to overcome the inside of area which is various - an outside environment, the hazard which attempts a national growth they are endeavoring constantly. It hardens binding together of inside of area first of all with the enemy, must recognize the location of the home country of world-wide inside, the hazard which the native people is trusted it holds the subject must accomplish the economic development which stands. Hereupon the central Asia empires establish the national growth strategy which hits the actual condition of the hazard home country which accomplishes an economic development they are enforcing. These nations economic growth with the Western advanced nation which uses the natural resource of the home country with opportunity of economic development and a thin national growth strategy and investment custody of Russia and the Chinese support . It soaks consequently but sincerely with the box the possibility of accomplishing the motive power security and Europe advance of hereafter our country economic development smoothly in order to be, must do the trade name cooperation relationship with central Asia 5 countries which are a bridgehead of the Europe advancement.

The aims of this paper are to review Mr. Choi Hyun Sik's business activities and analysis of his management thoughts. Mr. Choi Hyun Sik is now a general advisor of Galxo Smith Cline(GSK) Korea, one of the biggest pharmatical company in the world. And he is one of the toppest chief executive officer in Korea. He was passed as a semi-salesman, one of 3D jobs at that time, by the Choong Wae Pharamatical Corporation in 1966 and he met Mr. Lee Chong Ho who was a section chief of planning and management section anf he is now chairman of the corporation. He worked hard with chairman Lee. At last he promoted as a CEO of Choong Wae Pharmatical Corporation in 1998 and Vice Chairman of the Company in 2004. After 38 years services, he resigned from CW in 2004. At the same time, He was selected as a general advisor of GSK Korea(President Mr. Kim Jin Ho) on April 2004. As a GA of GSK Korea, As a matter of fact, Mr. Choi concertrate into his best efforts as the fellowing points; ● Focus an execution of plan. ● Develop new strategic business opportunities ● Strengthen partnership with external stakeholders. ● Optimize commercial structure and capability ● Improve working capital management & operational excellence ● Build organizational capabilities to support growth. ● Develop people pipeline, and etc. And last, his management thoughts and stratagies are 5S and 5C. That is, 5S means Speed, System, Simplicity, Strategy and Spurt. On the other hand, 5C are Creation, Credit, Competition, Customer and Communication.

The aim of this paper is to examine some common successful factors for creating new business in the beginning era, automobile business of Toyota and electronics business of Samsung. Two businessmen, Kiichiro Toyoda and Byung-Chull Lee are worldwide famous　entrepreneurs. Kiichiro Toyoda（1894~1952）, founder of Toyota Motor, devoted himself to the development of domestic technology in pursuit of mass production of automobiles and built the foundations of the automobile industry in 1930s. Byung-Chull Lee (1910~1987), founder of Samsung, the largest Chaebol in Korea, decided to start electronics business in the late 1960s after the incident of the Hanguk Fertilizer Company. As common successful factors we have to emphasize three aspects such as technological strategy, fund strategy and human resource strategy. Their companies, Toyota Motor and Samsung Electronics, were late started companies. So they had to depend on the technology transferred from advanced foreign companies. Their common aim of business was creating mass production system based on the effective parts supplying system and pursuit of innovation. They had the advantage of being family business. Toyoda family had succeeded in other business, such as developing automatic loom or other machines, and made a fortune. In case of Samsung, Byung-Chull Lee made a big fortune from Cheil Jedang (sugar industry) and Cheil Mojik (wool industry). Highly skilled human resource was the most important problem for them. They had to recruit such manpower from other companies. Finally we have to point out their common philosophy of management, “Economical Contribution to the Nation”. Their philosophy was strongly combined to their entrepreneurial spirit.

본 논문은 1959년도 제정 미국생명보험회사 법인세법(1959년도법)을 근본적으로 개 정한 1984년도 제정 세제개혁법(1984년도법)의 영향을 두 단계로 분석한다. 본 논문에 서 1984년도에 제정된 세제개혁법(Tax Reform Act of 1984)의 영향을 분석한 이유는 1984년도법이 제정된 이래 여러차례 개정 되었으나 오늘날 까지도 1984년도법은 미국 생명보험회사의 소득세에 관한 기본법이 되고있기 때문이다. 분석의 첫 단계에서는 본 논문에서 분석된 미국생명보험회사들이 1984년도에 시행된 세제개혁에 의해 평균적으 로 어떤 영향을 받았는지를 조사하기 위해 사건연구법(event study)이 사용되었다. 두 번째 단계에서는 첫 번째 단계에서 발견된 비정상적인 수익률(abnormal returns)의 근 원(source)을 파악하기 위하여 횡단적 회귀분석법이 사용되었다. 첫 번째 단계의 사건연구법에 의한 분석의 결과는 1984년도법 제정과 관련된 몇 몇 의 중요한 사건들의 발생에 즈음하여 미국생명보험회사들의 주가 수익률이 악화되었음 을 보여 주었다. 이는 1984년도 세제개혁법의 제정으로 인하여 미국생명보험회사들의 세금부담이 늘어나 주가수익율이 악화 되었다고 해석될 수 있다. 두 번째 단계의 횡단적 회귀분석(cross-sectional regression analysis)의 결과는 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있다. 정기생명보험(term life insurance)과 사고 및 건강보험을 적게 인수하는 생명보험회사 일수록 주가수익률 악화의 정도가 낮았으며, 또한 단체생명보험을 적게 인수하고 더 큰 자본이득(capital gains)을 제공하는 자산에 덜 투자하는 회사일수록 주가수익률율이 덜 악화되었다. 주가수익률이 덜 악화된 그러한 생명보험회사들은 1984년도 세제개혁으로 인한 세금부담을 소비자에게 더 많이 이전시킬 수 있었음을 의미한다고 볼 수 있다.

북한의 핵개발 프로그램의 기원은 50년 전으로 거슬러 올라간다. 북한은 1950년대소 련의 도움으로 핵개발을 시작했다. 핵 프로그램의 초기 목표는 본질적으로 민수용이었으 며 군사목적이 아니었다. 그러나, 소련의 붕괴와 함께상황이 변하기 시작했다. 변화된 세계 질서에서 고립되었음을 확인하고 북한은 외부 안보를 위해동맹국에 의존할 수 없 고 자위 수단에 의존해야 하는 것을 실감하게 되었다. 오늘날 북한은 국제사회와의 협상력 제고를 위해 자신의 핵 프로그램을 활용하고 있 다. 북한은 자신의 참혹한 경제 현실과 실패한 정치 철학에도 불구하고 자신을 유지하고 모든국제적 압력을 견디고 생존할 수 있다는 것을증명하려고 노력하고 있다. 따라서 북 한은 핵 프로그램을 사용하여 국제사회에 자신이 모든적대적인 세력과 제재에도 불구하 고 자신의 정책을 고수하고 국제적인 압력에 굴복하지 않을 것임을 알리고자 노력하고 있다. 1990년대부터 북한의 핵 프로그램은 남북관계의 발전에 가장큰 장애물 중 하나임이 입증되었다. 1994년 북한의 핵 프로그램으로 인해 한반도에는 전쟁일보 직전의 위기상 황이 전개되었다. 그러나, 2000년 6월의 남북한 정상회담의 개최로 상황개선을 위한 변 화가 시작되었다. 두 정상은 한반도 평화 정착 구축을 위한전기를 제공했고 북한핵 문제 를 당분간 유보하기로 했다. 또한 남북한 간의관계 개선으로 한반도가 직면하고 있는 여러 복잡한 문제 해결에 도 움이 될 것으로 기대되었다. 그러나 새로 출범한 미국의 부시 행정부가 북한에 대해 강 경책을 채택하기로 결정함에 따라 상황 개선의 모든 희망이 무산되었으며 클린턴 대통 령이 이룩했던 관계 개선 조치들이 모두 폐기되었다. 2006년 10월의 북한 핵 실험은 남한의 햇볕 정책의 장래에 대해 심각한 의문점을 던 졌다. 매우 복잡한 국내외의 정치 경제적 요인들이 대한민국에 영향을 미치고 있다. 햇 볕 정책의 타당성에 대해 사회 각계에서 의문이 제기되고 있다. 일부는 햇볕 정책 때문 에 북한 핵 실험이 가능했다는 주장까지 펼치고 있다. 그러나, 이와 같은 사회 각계의 논란에도 불구하고 대한민국 정부는 북한 관련 정책에 대해 급격한 변화를 시도하지 않 아야 한다. 대한민국은 남북 관계에 대해 장기적인 안목을 유지해야 한다. 장기적인 관 점이 결여된 정책 변화는 대한민국과 그 인근 국가에 득보다는 해를 초래할 것이다. 일 본과 미국과 같은 국가들은 대한민국에게 북한 관련 정책을 변경하라는 압력을 중지해 야 한다. 대한민국이 스스로 결정할 수 있도록 해야 한다.

본 연구는 제 17대 국회의원선거에서 처음으로 도입된 1인 2표제가 유권자의 투표행 태와 정당체제에 어떠한 영향을 주었는가를 살펴보고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 본 연 구는 설문조사 자료를 분석하였다. 1인 2표 도입이 유권자의 투표행태에 미친 가장 큰 영향은 분할투표이다. 1인 2표를 처음으로 실시한 17대 총선에서의 분할투표율은 20.8%로 그 규모가 그리 크지 않았다. 이는 부분적으로 이 제도의 도입이 급속히 이루어져 사표방지를 위한 전략적 투표와 같 은 이 제도가 가지고 있는 유용성이 유권자들 사이에 널리 인지되어 않았기 때문으로 판단된다. 동시에 총선과정을 주도했던 쟁점들에 대하여 유권자가 어떤 입장을 취하는가 에 따라 일괄투표가 강하게 나타나 분할투표의 폭이 줄어들었다고 판단된다. 분할투표를 한 유권자들의 특성을 보면 20, 30대의 진보적 성향의 젊은 남성들로서 탄핵과 개혁의 이슈에 민감하며, 정당에 대하여 호불호의 감정이 분명한 인사들이었다. 이들의 투표행 위는 정당의 행위나 정치현실에 대한 냉철한 판단에 근거하여 분할투표를 했다기보다는 감정적 판단에 근거하여 분할투표를 한 것으로 보인다. 1인 2표제의 도입은 정당체제를 변화시킬 가능성을 내포하고 있다. 양대 정당인 열린우 리당과 한나라당은 유권자들의 일괄투표에 힘입어 거대정당의 지위를 유지하는 혜택을 받 은 반면, 군소정당인 민노당의 경우 일괄투표율이 낮았고 분할투표율이 높았으나 민주당 지지자의 일괄투표율은 상대적으로 높았다. 분할투표의 혜택은 열린우리당과 민노당이 가 장 많이 보았다. 열린우리당은 제1당이 될 수 있었고, 민노당은 이 제도로 제 3당이 될 수 있었다. 또한 군소정당의 지지자들은 자신의 표가 사표로 처리되는 것을 피하기 위하 여 전략적 분할투표를 한 것이 두드러지게 나타났다. 동시에 자신들의 정치적 선호에 따 라 선호적 분할투표를 하는 유권자도 적지 않게 존재하고 있다는 사실도 발견되었다. 이 러한 투표행태의 변화는 정당체제가 다당체제로 변화하고 있음을 보여주는 것이다.