Earticle

Legal supervision is regarded as not only one of the fundamental sectors in legal procedure but also one of the fundamental constituents in modern legal system in China. The thesis herein consists of the subsequent parts: in the first place, the concept, structure, model as well as idiosyncrasy concerning legal supervision; and then an analytical approach to the basic conditions on which the legal supervisory system is established in China. The last part offers elaborately hermeneutic study of the supervisory structure through state law and social law, with a special brief to the gist and characteristics of the Supervisory Law of the PRC issued recently to be effective on January 1, 2007.

法律监督属于法律运行的重要环节，也是现代法治系统的重要组成要素。 本文首先研究了法律监督的概念、构成、模式和特征，其次分析了当代中国法律监督制度建立的依据；最后，着重系统地阐述了中国当 代法律监督体系：国家法律监督与社会法律监督，特别介绍了即将于2007年1月1日实施的中国《监督法》的主要内容与特点。

법률감독은 법률운행에 있어서 중요한 부분이고 현대법치시스템의 중요한 구성요소이다. 본 논문에서는 우선 법률감독의 개념․구성․형식과 특징을 연구하였고, 이어서 당대 중국법률감독제도의 설립근거를 분석하였으며 마지막으로 체계적으로 중국 당대 법률감독시스템․국가법률감독과 사회법률감독을 설명하였다. 그리고 2007년 1월 1일부터 시행하게 될 중국 <감독법>의 주요내용과 특징에 대해 특별히 소개를 진행하였다.

This paper attempts a law research on narrowing the gap between the city and the countryside, through observing the systematic arrangement under discriminating policy and establishing basic goals of equilibrium in provision with law systems to update the agriculture structure, adjust the land property, assist fair employment, and regulate the income.

我国城乡二元分治的历史格局有其形成的客观原因，但伴随着经济改革的深入推行，城乡之间的差距亦日渐拉大。 究其根源，乃是围绕城乡二元分治所形成的不公平的制度安排。 因而，缩小我国城乡差别、实 现城乡协调发展的有效途径应当是在确保城乡制度资源均衡供给的基础上进行农业现代化制度、农村土地产权制度、农村促进就业制度、农村居民收入分配制度等相关法律制度的重新建构。

우리 나라 성향 이원분치의 역사 구조의 형성은 객관적 원인이 있다. 하지만 경제개혁의 심화와 더불어 성향지간의 차이는 날로 늘어나고 있다. 그 원인을 살펴보면, 성향 이원분치로 형성된 불공평한 제도 적 배치이다. 따라서 우리 나라의 성향차별을 줄이고 성향간의 조화로운 발전을 위한 효율적인 방법은 성향제도자원의 균형적 공급의 기초상에서 농업현대화제도, 농촌토지소유권제도, 농촌취업촉진제도, 농촌거민수입분배제도 등 관련 법률제도의 새로운 건립에 있다.

The traditional design of corporate governance take shareholders’ interests as its standard, trying to place shareholders at the peak of the pyramidal corporate authority structure. By the establishment of a bottom-up responsible mechanism, it can insure the shareholders’ top-down control to the corporation. The stakeholder theory that originated in the last century treats corporation as a media of conflict and cooperation of various interests, emphasizing the balance of interests between shareholders and stakeholders. According to this theory, the corporate governance has face and deal with stakeholders’ interests claim, in addition to carrying out the shareholders’ control.

传统的公司治理结构设计以股东为本位，力求将股东置于金字塔式的公司权限结构之顶尖，通过建立自下而上负责的机制，以确保股东对公司自上而下的控制。 形成于上个世纪的利益相关者理论则将公司视为 多种利益冲突与合作的载体，强调公司股东与非股东利益相关者之间利益的平衡。 按照这一理论，公司治理结构除需落实股东控制权外，还应面对和处理非股东利益相关者的利益诉求。

전통적인 회사지배구조의 설계는 주주를 중심으로 하여 주주를 금자탑형의 회사지배구조의 탑에 놓으려 한다. 또한 아래로부터 위로 책임지는 구조를 통하여 주주가 회사에 대하여 위로부터 아래로 통제를 하도록 하는 것이다. 지난 세기에 형성된 이익 관련자 이론은 회사를 여러 종류의 이익충돌과 협력의 매개물로 간주하고 회사 주주와 비주주 이익관련자간의 이익평형을 강조한다. 이 이론에 의하면 회사지배 구조는 주주의 지배권을 확보하는 동시에 비주주 이익 관련자와의 이익추구를 해결하는 문제에 봉착하게 된다.

After acting the Bankruptcy Law of Enterprise in the PRC, it is urgently needed for legislative body to acting the Rule(Tiaoli) of Bankruptcy of Financial Institution in order to remove the financial institution from market according to law and order by acting other law which is related to bankruptcy of financial institution, and which is independent and more strong. The rule must be for a purpose of ensuring safety of finance and of promoting development of finance. The rule also must rule the scope of financial institution, the subject of application of bankruptcy, precedent procedures of bankruptcy, an administrator in bankruptcy, bankrupt adjustment, speciality in the method of distribution of assets in bankruptcy, investor protection fund etc.

《中华人民共和国企业破产法》通过之后，为建立起科学且具有较强独立性的金融机构破产法律制度，以促进金融机构规范有序地退出市场，立法机关应尽快制定《金融机构破产条例》。该条例的制定应以保证金融安全和增进金融发展为目标，同时在具体制度设计上应重点解决金融机构的范围、破产申请主体、破产的前置程序、破产管理人、破产重整、破产财产分配方案的特殊性、投资者保护基金等问题。

<중화인민공화국기업파산법>이 통과된 후 별도로 매우 강력하고도 독립적인 금융기관파산법률을 제정하여 금융기관이 규범적으로 질서있게 시장에서 탈퇴하도록 하기 위하여 입법기관은 <금융기관파산조례>를 시급히 제정할 필요성이 있다. 동 조례는 금융안전을 보증하며 금융발전을 촉진하는 것을 목적으로 하고, 구체적인 규정을 제정함에 있어서 주로 금융기관의 범위 · 파산신청 주체 · 파산의 선행절차 · 파산관리인 · 파산정리 · 파산재산분배방법의 특수성 · 투자자보호기금(基金) 등의 규율을 중심으로 하여야 한다.

Establishing China-South Korea FTA is the important act between China and South Korea. It will provoke the restructure of various relations among the region as well as push the regional integration forward. In the article, the author will discuss the situation of both country in trade and the refection after establish FTA, analyze the feasibility to establish FTA, reveal the restricted element, so as to provide profitable explorations.

构建自由贸易区是中韩两国的重大举措，必将激起区域内各种关系的相应调整，进而促进地区经济一体化发展。本文通过梳理中韩贸易现状及自由贸易区建成对两国的影响，解析其构建的可行性、制约因素及 其思路。

자유무역지역을 건립하는 것은 중한 양국에 있어서 중대한 사항이며 지역 내의 각종 관계의 상응한 조정을 촉진하여 지역경제일체화에 이바지할 것이다. 본 논문은 중한 무역 현 상태 및 자유무역지역의 건 립이 양국에 미치는 영향을 정리해봄으로써 자유무역지역 건립의 타당성․제약 요인 및 구상을 검토해본다.

如今韩中日三国政府在签定FTA或对FTA的共同研究的问题上尚无具体的进展，只是在民间进行了一些共同研究并提出了报告书。在正式或非正式场合为探究东亚经济合作可能性的ASEAN+3国(ASEAN plus Korea, Japan, and China) 的讨论一直在进行。日本于2002年11月在Cambodia召开的峰会上曾表示过上述愿望，并进一步希望推进包括香港和台湾的“ASEAN plus five”方案。如果是这样，日本认为可以形成世界人口3分之1的统一市场，可以对抗欧盟和北美自由贸易区，并希望在2010年之前实现其方案。中国也赞成ASEAN+3国FTA方案。与此相反，韩国正推进事先与日本、中国和ASEAN分别签定FTA，是否会签定多边即韩中日三国间或ASEAN+3 FTA尚不确定。 韩中日三国间的FTA进展非常缓慢。这种背景，对韩中日三国同时签定FTA提供了良好的机会。如果哪一国从三国间FTA除外的话，将面临严峻的贸易逆差和市场上的孤立局面。一方面，为推进东亚FTA和建立牢固的亚洲市场，东北亚开发银行的建立正成为论点。 东北亚与NAFTA, EU等不同，并未设立追求共同利益的多边合作机构，因此，设立东北亚开发银行将代替该功能是设立东北亚银行的根据。

Needs of increasing Chinese workers in Korea and a legal study on the problems caused by the increase of Chinese workers in Korea are examined in this paper. An increase of employment of Chinese workers in Korea can contribute to increase of employment of Korea workers in Korea as well as can play an important role in the attracting Chinese Investment to Korea, the coming back of Korean enterprises which invested in China to Korea, and the preventing Korean enterprises from going abroad to invest. Therefore, it is needed to increase employment of Chinese workers in Korea. Even if it is needed to increase employment of Chinese workers in Korea, there can be some problems which must be resolved. These problems are like corruption in the course of flowing Chinese workers into Korea, discrimination between Chinese workers and Korean workers in an enterprise, delayed payment of wages, restriction on moving workplace, social security, marriage, a stay of members of family, an infringement on human rights like corporal punishment, and social problems like crimes. But these problems are not as severe as problems in the case of flowing other general foreign workers to Korea. These problems even can be reduced because Chinese workers are flowed into Korea through the type of dispatch from Chinese enterprises or Chinese enterprises invested from Korea. The expanded employment of Chinese workers to Korean enterprise is a foreign worker employment, employment kind of incentives to attract foreign investment. This paper suggests that it is proper that incentive of employment of Chinese workers is expanded to 50% of workers in an enterprise. This paper also suggests that the equal treatment between Chinese workers and Korean workers in labor conditions in an enterprise must be protected.

The ever‐increasing commerce among Korea, China, and Japan (hereinafter referred to as “Three Countries”) incurs a large number of international disputes, which necessitates international judicial assistance in civil and commercial matters. This writing focuses on the judicial service of proceedings among Three Countries. Three Countries joined in the ‘Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extra‐judicial Documents in Civil and Commercial Matters of 1965’ (hereinafter referred to as “Hague Convention”) which created the Central Authority to get rid of some time consuming diplomatic channels from judicial service. Korea designated the Ministry of Court Administration as the Central Authority; China designated the Ministry of Justice; and Japan designated the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Especially Korea and China signed in 2003 the ‘Treaty between the Republic of Korea and the People’s Republic of China on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters’ (hereinafter referred to as “Treaty b/w Korea and China”) which simplifies the form of Hague Convention in judicial service. Now the service between Korea and Japan is governed by the Hague Convention. And the service between Korea and China is governed by the Treaty b/w Korea and China. As a result, the period of service has been shortened from about 6‐8 months to 2‐4 months among Three Countries. One thing we have to be noted is that the qualification of judicial assistance and the legality of service may be differently judged. The legality of service should be reviewed in viewpoint of due process. Therefore the judicial service may be legitimate even if the service fails to get judicial assistance.

Most of the listed companies in Chinese stock market have common and State-owned shares, which were limited in floating. The Stated-owned shares defines government possessed assets consisted in a certain evaluated process when stated-owned companies reformed into the qualified company. It characterizes that a total liabilities and net worth is included, but limited proportions. Currently, the floating shares are only 1/3 of total issued stocks from listed companies and 2/3 are of the non-floating shares. The reformation of stated-owned stocks means the non-floating shares convert to the floating shares. Regally, it called Split Share Structure (股權分置) correspondingly. Chinese and their authorities is currently processing this reformation drastically and they rapidly renovate security legislation since April 2005. If this reformation completes, the stated-owned asset management would be transferred to the floating shares and, finally, Chinese monetary circulation system would become a capital market economy system. It plans that non-floating shares of 20 enterprises stocks converts to the floating shares weekly until the end of 2006. The conversion method of stated-owned stocks to the floating shares is to approve 2/3 of stockholders who owned the non-floating shares in ‘A’ security market. The non-floating shares and floating shares stockholders have to deliberate the method of stock effacement simultaneously. The floating shares will shortly be released and directly influenced with the security market after completed this reformation. Chinese government enforces next three method; firstly, the reformation of split share structures, secondly, the non-floating shares prohibition of selling within an year, thirdly, stockholders who owned over 5% of the total value would forbid a selling as well. At the same time, the institutional investor has been recommended the acquiescent intervention as well as the foreign strategical investors induced the investments for solving secondary problems caused by the conversion. Meanwhile, the non-floating shares converted enterprises have given a certain advantages, such as issuing new bonds, bank credits and shares collateralized loan etc,. If those reformation completed successfully, the management system and co-operated governance of the listed companies would become transparented. Also the efficiency of the capital market would be improved by the merged effectiveness from ‘B’ and ‘A’ security markets.

自古以来，中国采取“诸法合体，民刑不分”的体制，因此在商事法律方面一直得不到发展。直至清末，中国才开始进行法律改革，于1903年，参照德国和日本的商法制定了《大清商律》，此为中国的第一部商法。新中国成立后，在1993年制定了《中华人民共和国公司法》，经过10多年的施行于2005年对该法律进行了全面的修改，其修改幅度达到90%以上。 对于外商投资企业，中国有几部单行法，以《中外合资经营企业法》、《中外合作经营企业法》、《外资企业法》为其中心。这些单行法律的颁布时间都早于公司法，且公司法又于2005年进行了全面的修改，故在适用问题上不可避免地会存在一些冲突，本文就上述法律规定的适用顺序做了分析。 在理请法律规定的适用顺序后，本文进一步就修订公司法对外商投资企业所产生的影响做了分析，即从公司的设立、公司的治理结构、公司的运营、公司的清算及破产等方面做了全面的分析。 总之，外国投资者要在中国进行投资，不但要熟知《中外合资经营企业法》、《中外合作经营企业法》、《外资企业法》等直接规定外商投资的法律，还要充分了解其基本法---《中华人民共和国公司法》，只有这样，才能更好的保护及行使其作为投资者的权利。

鉴定是为解决具体案件中的具有专门性的问题，由专门的鉴定机构或具有专门知识的人，运用科学技术知识和技术手段，对有关问题进行检验、鉴别和判断，从而为解决争议问题提供科学依而进行的专门活动。如果说司法制度是社会公正的最后一道防线，那么司法鉴定则是其中最具有威力的武器之一。 法官在确认案件事实的前提下，才能运用所知的法律知识作出判断，但法官不可能全知全能对所有的事情都能充分地理解。特别是科学技术日益发达的现代社会，对亲子鉴定、医疗鉴定、建筑物瑕疵鉴定等领域 不得不借助于专门机关或专业人士的判断。纵然规定的内容有所不同，但鉴定的价值都已经在各个国家以法律的形式确定下来。 本文先说明鉴定的特点和类型后，从鉴定的主体、程序、鉴定结果的采用等方面进行了说明。特别是在鉴定主体和鉴定的程序方面就中韩两国的鉴定制度进行了比较研究。发现韩国对鉴定主体的资格没有特别的 规定，只要是法官认为有专门知识的人就可以。而中国对鉴定机关和鉴定人都作了详细的规定，且对鉴定机关的设立要件、运营、解散等都作了详尽的设置。对鉴定人实施鉴定人资格考试，只有通过该考试才可称为‘鉴定人’。同时，还实施鉴定机构和鉴定人的公开制度以便当事人在具体案件中可以选择鉴定机关和鉴定人。对于鉴定结果则规定了补充鉴定和重新鉴定，且对此以列举的方式规定了要件。对于鉴定结论的采用与否是法官根据自由裁量权判断的事情，法官可以适用或无视鉴定结论都不会构成违法裁判。因为鉴定结论毕竟也是一个证据，对证据的证明能力是由法官来判断的。鉴定结论虽然是专家作出的，但专家的结论也只是比平常人更具可靠性，而不能认为是完全正确的。总之，不管鉴定制度的设计如何，鉴定应有效保证法官能够根据鉴定结论作出公正的判决。作者认为在鉴定越来越重要的现代社会，至少应建立鉴定人的资料库，以资当事人和法院在需要时能够寻求帮助。

随着计算机在社会生产和生活中的广泛应用, 计算机软件的法律保护问题成为急需研究和解决的问题. 针对计算机软件的特点, 各国采用了专利保护, 版权保护等保护模式. 计算机软件能否成为专利法的保护对 象, 是长期以来争论的法律课题之一. 从总的情况来看, 多数国家对计算机软件的专利保护持否定态度. 采取版权法来保护计算机软件是世界上的主要趋势. 这是因为计算机软件具备适合于版权保护客体所必须具 备的特征. 首先, 计算机软件是一种创造,　同时也是借助于文字符号表达特定内容的特殊作品, 所以, 只要计算机软件本身不是抄袭或复制的,　并且有独创性就可以受到版权法的保护. 其次是计算机软件是软件设计人员使用高级语言编写, 并利用电磁效应记录在磁带, 磁盘和其他一些介质上的. 它有一定的物质载体, 并可像其他作品一样能够直接或通过计算机间接地供人利用, 它可以成为版权法的保护客体. 采取版权法保护软件具有的优点是不可否认的, 但也应看到采取这种方法的不足之处和由此而引起的新问题. 版权保护的主要缺陷在于只考虑阻止复制, 而不像专利那样, 同时考虑被保护作品的应用. 版权法的 本意是鼓励创作, 保护作品的完整性, 促进文化的进步, 而软件处于不断修改, 完善和适应变化的动态过程中, 这又与版权保护精神权利的特征相矛盾. 中国的计算机软件保护在承认软件是知识产权, 受版权法保护的前提下, 采取了制定《计算机软件保护条例》的专门法律保护形式. 该条例是在结合中国实际, 学习和借鉴世界各国的经验, 系统研究和探讨有关 软件法律保护的理论与实践问题的基础上制定的. 它既独立于著作权法,　又与著作权法及其它知识产权法相协调, 同时遵循了有关的国际惯例,　正确反映了软件发展规律, 它同其他国家的软件法律保护制度有一个共同的立法基础, 因此不致被排除于国际保护之外. 实现计算机软件的专门法律保护确是一项艰巨的法治系统工程, 完成这一技术性强, 内容复杂, 中国国内既无前例可循, 国际上也尚在摸索的工程是有很多困难的.　 对中国来说, 这是一个崭新的法学课题. 中国的法制尚不健全, 要一下制定出一部完善的软件保护法是不切实际的. 但是, 可以肯定, 用专门法律来保护计算机软件是大势所趋, 完成这一艰巨而重要的任务具有不 可估量的意义.