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目前韩中民间法律交流非常活跃。两国民间法律交流是主要由法学院、大学、学术团体(学会)、律师协会、律 师事务所、咨询公司及机关、产业或 企业联合会及协会、韩国能率协会及个人等单位来进行的。目前韩中民间 法律交流非常活跃。两国民间法律交 流是主要由法学院、大学、学术团体(学会)、律师协会、律师事务所、咨 询公司及机关、产业或 企业联合会及协会、韩国能率协会及个人等单位来进行的。 这些多样的交流主体以不 同的方式与中国进行法律交流，其交流的方式大体 上具有建立人力网络、人的交流、举办两国或多国间的学术会议、运作教育项目、培养法律人才、推广中国法 律知识、交换意见、咨询、邀请演讲等等 各种各样的形态。 在这些法律交流主体中，学会成为韩中民间法律交流的中心。学会活动涉及 到广泛的法律领域，有许多两国法学者和法律专家参加学会活动，因此学会 在两国民间法律交流起桥梁的作用。在学会活动中，韩中法学会的活动最为 显著，由于韩中法学会发行有关中国法的专门学术期刊，因而其在以后韩中法 律交流中能继续起积极的作用。 在法学院有几个学院设有一系列中国法讲座，逐渐加强与中国交流网络， 因而法学院将在以后的两国法律交流中占越来越重要的地位。 目前7家韩国律师事务所(包括分事务所则为9家) 活动在中国，虽然在中国 法律市场竞争非常激烈，但是其在中国活动将在两国法律交流中担任相当重要 的角色。韩国律师事务所活动在中国本身是一种法律交流的形态，各个律师事务所将继续以参加国际会议、举 办研讨会等的方式进行法律交流。此外，在 中国境内设立的韩国法研究中心，特别是中国政法大学的韩国法研究中心将 在韩中法律交流中起很重要的作用。民间法律交流为了韩中关系之发展起了很多由政府不能起到的作用。基本 上 促进了两国国民对对方国家的理解，建立了两国法律交流网络，培养了韩中 法律人才，促进了两国经济交流，促进了建设东亚共同体，将对中国的经济 发展有所贡献。这些虽然是为韩中关系的发展所必需，但是国家由于人员有限 或其他原因所不能做到的。因而从这一点来看，韩中民间法律交流的成果应受 到高度评价。目前政府也重视法律交流的重要性，因而在韩中法律交流有逐渐 增加官民合作的趋势。在此，为了提高韩中民间法律交流的作用，提出如下方案：首先，必须加强 各产业法律交流。第二，要加强、扩大经济和文化交流的领域，例如金融、知识产权、仲裁方面的交流活动。 第三，更要加强有关法律内容的交流，例如法 律思想、立法内容、判例、法律翻译等方面的交流。第四，要加强培养法律人 才、建立韩中法律交流基金和其他支援法律交流制度。

市场经济地位或非市场经济地位在贸易救济特别是在反倾销领域是一个很 重要的概念。当一个国家被认定为非市场经济国家，该国家将在反倾销调查 中处于不利的地位。计算倾销幅度时，非市场经济国家的国内价格不被认 可，被替代国的价格被取替，这经常导致过高的倾销幅度，结果被判定过高的 反倾销税。 自1979年开始发展对外贸易以来，中国被国际社会认定为非市场经济国 家，其结果中国迅速成为世界反倾销的对象国，自1995年起中国成为全世界受 反倾销调查最多的国家。1986年中国向GATT申请恢复缔约国地位，其后长达 15年的GATT／WTO加入磋商中，市场经济地位始终是争论的焦点。2001年12 月11日，中国正式成为WTO成员，但市场经济地位问题未得到解决。中国加 入WTO议定书第15条规定，自加入之日起中国将维持15年的非市场经济国家 地位。不过, 15年是最长期限，最终期限到来之前，中国可以通过外交途径从 个别国家获得市场经济地位。2004年开始，中国积极通过外交途径从个别国 家认定为市场经济国家。 截止到现在，82个国家通过外交途径承认了中国的市场经济地位。最迟 2016年12月11日，中国将成为完全的市场经济国家，这意味着为中国设置的 最后一道防线将彻底消除，届时中国的经贸环境和对外政策将发生重大的变 化。我们要对此有清醒的认识，并要做好充分的准备

According to the civil law of continental law countries.，the guarantee liability about blemish is an independent civil liability which，prescribed by the Article of sale contract，is also applied to other onerous contract except employment contract. It is acknowledged that the guarantee liability about blemish has its own characteristic，with reference to contemporary theory of civil law’s mainstream in continental law countries. However，such‘liability’is a kind of default rather than the independent one beyond any scopes. In Chinese <contract law>, there are arguments about weather the guarantee liability about blemish is an independent civil liability，from which the following three kinds of viewpoints are concluded：the independent liability、not independent liability or the compromise. Fundamentally，the author support that the guarantee liability about blemish is not independent liability. Pursuant to Chinese <contract law>, the guarantee liability about blemish is not an totally independent civil liability.Furthermore,it is a relatively independent liability which belongs to the liability for the breach of contract only. Its criterion of liability is liability without fault rather than strict liability, which is the basic criterion of liability for breach of contract.of <contract law>.

瑕疵担保责任是大陆法系国家民法在买卖合同中所确立的一项独立的民事责 任，后来引申适用于除劳动合同以外的其他有偿合同。当代大陆法系主流民法理论虽然仍承认瑕疵担保责任有 自己的一定特性，但不再将其定位为独立的民 事责任，而是将其作为债务不履行责任的一种。在中国《合同法》上，关于瑕 疵担保责任是否为一项独立的民事责任的问题，法学界主要有肯定说、否定说 和折中说三种观点。笔者基本赞同否定说，瑕疵担保责任在中国《合同法》上并非一项独立的民事责任，而是 属于违约责任范畴中的一项相对独立的民事责任，只是其归责原则是无过错责任原则而非《合同法》上违约责 任的基本归 责原则—严格责任而已。

What marine insurance seeks is interest balance between insurer and assured and fair value of law. Based on this, the assured is entitled to insurance compensation against the insurer where a favorable decision has been made by court but has not been executed. The insurer, after payment to the assured, is subrogated to the compensation right against the liable third party. This article gives suggestion to insurers and assured on how to avoid such insurance risks in practice.

从海上保险制度的目的、实现保险人与被保险人利益平衡以及法律公平价值 的实现的角度考虑，在被保险人向第三人提起诉讼并获得有利判决但其尚未实 际受偿的情形下，被保险人仍有权要求保险人予以理赔；保险人理赔以后，在 其赔付范围内依法享有被保险人在有利判决下对第三人应有的权利，即保险人 取得代位求偿权。在此结论基础上，对实务中保险人和被保险人应如何规避风险提出建议。

주주대표소송제도는 주주 특히 중소주주의 권리를 보호함에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 이 제도는 일찍 각 국에 도입되었고 이에 대한 연구도 상당히 진행된 상황이다. 중국의 경우, 2005년 회사법의 개정에 따라 주주대표소송제도에 관한 명문의 법률규정을 두게 되었는데, 그 전에도 법규․규장과 사법해석 중에 주주대표소송제도와 유사한 규정을 찾아볼 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 규정들은 법률적 위계가 낮은 원인으로 실무상에서는 법원이 주주대표소송제도를 인정하지 않는 경우가 많았다. 회사법상 주주대표소송에 관한 규정은 이 제도에 관한 법률적 근거를 마련하였다는 점에서 중요한 의미를 가지고 있기는 하지만, 그 규정이 지나치게 원칙적이고, 적용상에서 많은 문제가 발생하였다. 본고에서는 중국의 주주대표소송의 산생 및 발전의 과정을 검토하고 중국의 2005년 회사법․증권법의 해당 규정 및 최고인민법원의 2개 사법해석(“최고인민법원의 ‘중화인민공화국 회사법’ 약간의 문제에 관한 규정Ⅰ”과 “최고인민법원의 ‘중화인민공화국 회사법의 약간의 문제에 관한 규정Ⅱ’”)에서의 주주대표소송 전치절차의 규정에 관하여 자세히 검토하고 그에 대한 개선방안을 제기하고 있다. 중국은 미국․일본 등 외국의 선진법제와 비교할 때 아직도 참조해야 할 부분이 많지만, 중국의 현재 실무상 시급히 개선해야 할 문제는 아래와 같은 몇 가지로 요약할 수 있다고 본다. 첫째, 중국의 전치절차의 30일의 대기기간이 너무 짧으므로 그 실효성이 낮다. 이와 관련하여 미국 또는 일본의 전치절차제도를 참조하여 90일 또는 60일로 수정하는 것이 바람직하다. 둘째, 전치절차의 신청인 자격을 “지주비율과 지주기간의 이중원칙”에서부터 “지주비율 단일원칙”으로 수정하는 것이 바람직하다고 본다. 셋째, 전치절자의 청구상대자에 관한 규정에 관하여, 이사회가 감사회가 공동 불법행위자일 경우, 예외로 전치절차가 필요없이 직접 법원에 기소할 수 있도록 규정하여야 한다. 넷째, 전치절차의 청구인의 서면청구내용을 명확히 규정할 필요가 있다. 다섯째, 전치절차 중에서 예외로 되는 “긴급상황”의 판단기준을 명확히 하여야 한다. 이와 같은 부분에 관하여 보완한다면 중국의 주주대표소송제도의 실효성을 더 잘 발휘할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

In recent years, the market economy and the banking industry is growing fastly day by day.With the development of the market economy and the banking industry, credit card industry is vigorous and fast developing. With the features of high efficiency and convenience, the new tool of credit card has won public love increasingly. It is a common phenomenon that people use credit card, even one people have more than one card is very normal. Because of the small volume and big value, the credit card is easy to steal or lost. Especially it is easy to crack the password and imitate the signature, the risk of the credit card falsely used offen emerge. It will not only hinders the healthy development of the credit card industry, but also destroys the social environment and financial order and caused many potential threats to the healthy, sustainable operation of the market economy. With the increasing of the falsely used, the relevant legal dispites are more and more, especially the problem of the civil liability of the credit card falsely used, it is the puzzle of the judicial practice for a long time.In the circumstances of the credit card falsely used, the problem of whether the parties revevant the credit card should bear responsibility or not and how to distribute the liability should be solved. But we can only depend on the industry rules(the recipients rules and the regulation of the credit card) deal with the disputes because of the absence of our law, there is no clear and targeted rule. In order to solve the above problems, in this paper, the anthor firstly discusses the legal definition of credit card falsely used, and then analyzes the current situation and problems of the allocation of responsibility, and finally improve the liability issues in the perspective of completing legislation of the credit card and from the perspective of optimizing the allocation of responsibilities. Firstly, the legislation should be clear the responsibility of issuing banks. Most South Korea's credit card approvements formulate that card issuer should bear the loss within 60 days from the date of report the loss, we should clear the liability for breach of contract of the issuing bank and fault liability reference to the provisions of the South Korean. Secondly,the legislation should be clear the responsibility of the specially engaged. Special merchants should take full responsibility when specially engaged in fraudulent behavior on purpose; Special merchants should undertake corresponding responsibility according to the degree of faults when specially engaged using behavior occurs as a result of negligence. Finally, legislation should be clear the responsibility of the cardholder. Credit card used by the cardholder only, cardholders shall bear the responsibility when the credit card authorized by the cardholder others to use.

近些年来，市场经济日趋繁荣，银行业发展蒸蒸日上，随着市场经济和银 行业的迅猛发展，信用卡产业也在逐渐成熟。信用卡这种新型支付工具凭借其 高效、便捷的特点，日益赢得公众喜爱，使用信用卡变成了一种很普遍的现 象，一人多卡也是很正常的。 但信用卡的体积小、价值大，在日常生活中很容易被偷盗或不慎遗失，再加 上信用卡密码较短且容易破译、持卡人签名容易被模仿，进而就会产生一系列 由信用卡被冒用而导致的风险，这不但妨碍了信用卡产业的健康发展，还会破坏社会环境和金融秩序，对市场 经济的健康、持续运行造成了诸多潜在的威胁。随着信用卡冒用问题的产生及凸显，与信用卡冒用相关的法律 纠纷也越来越多，特别是信用卡冒用后的责任承担问题，长期以来是司法实践领域的难题所在。当信用卡出现 被冒用的情况，信用卡各相关当事人是否应该承担 责任，各当事人之间的责任又该如何分配，是我们处理此类纠纷时首先要解决 的问题，但是纵观中国当前法律体系，对此尚无明确且具有针对性的规定， 而仅仅是依托于行业规则（各银行的领用协议或信用卡章程）进行规制来处 理具体纠纷。针对上述问题，本文首先对信用卡进行了法律界定，并对由当前立法不足而导致的一系列问题进 行论述，进而从优化责任分配的角度出发，对信用卡冒用 的责任分担问题提供了相关立法建议。优化责任分配应是制定信用卡冒用相关 法律的出发点和立足点，具体应从三个方面入手：首先，立法应明确发卡银行应当承担的责任。韩国大部分信 用卡章程规定挂失之日起60日内发生的损失 由发卡机构来承担，应借鉴韩国的规定，明确发卡银行的违约责任和过错责 任。其次，立法应明确特约商户的责任。在特约商户故意导致冒用行为发生时，特约商户应该承担全部责任； 在特约商户过失导致冒用行为发生时，应 该按照其过错的程度承担相应的过错责任。最后，立法应明确持卡人的责 任。信用卡由“持卡人”使用，并且签名、密码均一致时和信用卡由持卡人授权他人使用时，持卡人均应当承担 责任。

개혁개방이래 중국은 사회주의 시장경제법제의 구축에 전력을 해왔다.도 산법은 기업이 시장에서의 퇴출에 관계되는 주요한 법규로서 도산법규의 정비는 시장경제의 양호한 질서의 유지에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 현행 중국도산법은 2007년 6월부터 실시되었지만 몇년간 도산사건의 受理 가 잘 안되고 줄어드는 추세를 보여주고 있다.이러한 문제점에 비추어서 중 국 최고인민법원은 2011년 9월에 도산법사법해석1을 반포하였고 그 목적은 受理가 힘든 문제점을 해결하려는데 있다. 본문에서는 도산법사법해석1을 분석하고 현행 법규중의 도산원인, 수리가 힘든 문제점을 재검토하고 사법 해석이 법원실무에서의 지도성적 작용에 대해 검토해보았다.

China has committed to the construction of legal system of the socialist market economy since the reformation and opening-up. As one of important parts in the legal system, Bankruptcy Law plays an important role. The improvement of Bankruptcy Law and enterprises’ withdraw mechanism are related to safeguarding the good order of the market economy. Since the issuance of China's current Bankruptcy Law in June 2007, the acceptance of bankruptcy cases has been difficult and decreased. Intending to solve the problems, the Supreme Court released the First Judicial Interpretation of Bankruptcy Law in September 2011. This essay analyzes the bankrupting reasons and acceptance difficulty formulated in the First Judicial Interpretation of Bankruptcy Law. Furthermore, this essay explores the directive function and feasibility of the First Judicial Interpretation for the judging practice

改革开放以来中国致力于社会主义市场经济法制的构建。破产法作为其重 要内容之一，完善破产法、健全企业在市场中的退出机制关系到维护市场经济 的良好秩序。我国现行破产法2007年6月实施以来呈现破产案件受理难，下降 的趋势。为此，2011年9月最高法院公布破产法司法解释一，拟解决受理难的问题。本文围绕着破产法司法解释 一分析现行法律规定的破产原因、受理难的问题点，探讨了司法解释一对法院实务的指导作用。

如论文所说, 在中国境内设立外商投资国际货运代理企业, 一般情况下根据外商投资国际货运代理企业管理办法的规定, 向省、自治区、直辖市等的商务主管部门提出申请书而获得批准。但,当依照法规进入国际货物运输代理行业时也要注意几个制度上的问题。外商投资国际货运代理企业的设立程序和批准过程上的问题概括如下:其一,当选择投资(合作)对方时应当如实把握法规所规定的合作对方的资格条件;其二,对货物运输代理行为可能引起不正当竞争的企业不能成为中外合作的当事人, 与申请的受理相关, 商务部可考虑国际货物代理行业的具体情况而一定期间可以停止申请的受理。但,在这种情况下,存在着以不确定概念而限制申请人权利的可能性。其三,论文提出在立法上需要明确规定外商投资国际货运代理企业的营业范围, 以明文规定保障代理人的地位或独立经营主体的地位。其四, 在审查和批准过程, 由于省、自治区、直辖市等的商务主管部门拥有批准权限, 申请人有可能受地方保护主义产生的不利处分。

Taiwan reinforces support system for small and Medium Enterprises, especially for the Establishment of it. In 2002, Small and Medium Enterprises Bureau, Department of Economy in Taiwan makes and carries out Start-Up Taiwan. It aims at helping founders apply excellent engineers to Enterprises, organizing angel investment organization, and promoting district industry. Taiwan prepares for policy regulations, centering on Taiwan small and medium Enterprise development ordinance, necessary to supporting foundation finances to promote small and medium Enterprises. Taiwanese laws and systems on support for foundation finances for promotion of small and medium Enterprises are not different from ours so much. But examination and report institution on support for foundation finances, aims and condition of youth foundation, supply institution of foundation finances for promotion, targeting at old persons, and provincial self-governmental bodies’supply of foundation finance are different from ours.

With China’s rapid economic development, the environmental liability insurance has become a choice of great importance in settling the environmental problems. However, this form of insurance is still an embryonic stage in China and needs to be transformed and improved in many ways. This paper proposes concrete legislative provision by verifying the theoretical basis for establishing the regulation of environmental liability insurance in China and by analyzing the situation of Chinese environmental liability insurance regulation on the background of globalization. It believes that the legal construction of the environmental liability insurance in China is definitely helpful for perfecting the theory of liability socialization and facilitating the final realization of equity and justice which is pursuit of environmental tort law.

随着中国经济的快速发展，环境责任保险成为中国应对环境问题的重要选 择。但是，该种保险形式在中国尚处雏形期，很多方面亟待变革和完善。本 文通过对环境责任保险制度构建的理论基础的论证，以及中国在全球化背景下环境责任保险制度现状的分析， 提出了在中国构建环境责任保险制度的具体立 法措施。中国环境责任保险制度的依法确立，有助于责任社会化理论的进一步 完善和发展，以及环境侵权法所追求的公平、正义之价值理念的最终实现。

Combining with the characteristic of wind power and wind power industry，this article comprehensively analyzed the strengths，weaknesses，opportunities， and threats of wind power industry in China．The results indicated that the strength of wind power industry in China is the rich wind resource and complete industry chain. Its weakness is the disorderly development of wind power equipment manufacturing and the backward construction of power grids in the wind power region， and the insufficient capacity of China technological innovation and deficient talents． From the perspective of industry development， this article believes that wind power industry has the opportunities of energy restructuring， environmental protection advocacy， publication of Renewable Energy Act， and big fluctuation of world oil price． Meanwhile， the wind power industry also faces the threats of weak technology of wind power synchronization， bad construction quality， and high price of wind power equipment．

China, faced with an exponential growth of domestic energy consumption today, has strived to facilitate the use of renewable energies across the country as a national project to diversify energy sources. The project has been so far successful and China is now witnessing a remarkable surge of the use of renewable energies across multiple sectors. A crucial part for this success has been played by successive legislation encouraging the use of renewable energies, but in the process some disagreement on several key issues was observed among government departments and stakeholders involved. This paper examines the legislation process of 'Renewable Energy Law' before turning to the continuing controversy over whether the Law includes hydro power, and to the issue of interest conflicts among the ministries surrounding renewable energy policy. The final decision on the matter of whether water power is subject to the Law is now referred to the State Council. Renewable energy policy is officially supposed to be controlled by the National Energy Commission, but the National Development and Reform Commission, as a higher authority supervising it, exerts a great influence on its policy making and implementation. Deprived of much autonomy under this bureaucratic hierarchy, the National Energy Commission has little ability to create and carry out sustainable energy policy. This is especially so given the fact that the National Development Reform Commission by its very nature is more concerned with economic growth than environmental protection. With the use of renewable energy expected to grow continuously into the future, this is highly likely to pose a long-term threat to the administration system, and thus active efforts should be made to ensure that the roles are clearly defined and properly distributed among government bureaucracies.