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最近中国与臺湾的所谓“兩岸关係”看似呈现非常安定的发展.尤其在臺湾国民党再掌权以后兩岸间的 关係,如2010年6月缔结的海峡两岸经济合作框架协议(ECFA)等可看出,可谓走上制度化的路. 兩岸关 係的如此发展,就意味跟着兩岸关係的扩大在法的領域增加须要解决的问题. 又中国与臺湾之间的兩岸关係与东北亚的地区问题有密切关联.且其与南北韩关係同样持有分断的特 性,是故其发展趋势对南北韩关係的发展给非常大的啓示.2008年以后,如此兩岸关係上虽没有完全解 消尖锐的政治问题及臺独问题,但除这些问题外基于几乎所有方面所形成的兩者间信赖开展制度化的 交流之故,可说贡献于兩岸关係进而贡献于东北亚的安宁. 在如此意义上,虽其接近方式有相违,但解消或安宁中国与臺湾之间的兩岸关係的努力,为南北韩关係 的发展有充分注目的价値. 本文因理念及体制的差异有着对峙关係的兩岸关係中,从分析法律体系框架和特徵的观点,排除除法 外因素的考虑,试图摸索为形成南北韩关係安定化或制度化有实效性法律体系的片断.

在中国2007年修订的<律师法>有关律师权利的内容与1996年<刑事诉讼法>的相关内容不一致引发了关于人大制定法律和人大常委会制定法律间效力关系问题。本文以该两部法律之间的冲突为线索，来探讨围绕人大所制定的所谓'基本法律'效力的一些问题。论文首先简要介绍了现行中国立法体制的形成和特点，并对'基本法律'的定义进行了疏理。此后，论文对于'基本法律'效力高于一般法律的理论以及主张两者效力同位的观点进行了分析整理，在此基础上提出了作者的看法和根据。作者认为，虽然在现行中国的立法体制下'基本法律'的存在以及将'基本法律'的制定权专属于人大具有相应的意义，但在效力方面'基本法律'并不一般性地高于其他法律，所谓'上位法高于一般法'的理论不适用于'基本法律'和其他法律间的效力关系。同时，作者并不否定将'基本法律'区别于其他法律并将'基本法律'的立法权专属于全国人大的宪政意义。最后，论文对于为改善现行立法体制提出的部分建议进行肯定。比如，通过立法更加明确'基本法律'的概念并使其与其他法律相区别，严格限制人大常委对'基本法律'的修改权限等。

An Ideogram has made a special field especially in Chinese Characters. A certain Character has a special stem. Chinese Character " 法(Fa)" is a typical character. Chinese schola Wu(武). Japanese Hira(白) has long studied on Fa. Unfortunately there is no agreeded conclusion. I also has reserched on Fa. 20 Years has passed away. I wrote extensively for journals in Korea and China. I published a book in 2007. Character Creators could'nt actually helped being influenced by Ethos. Legend, Religion, Culture, Morals, Customs etc. Ethos was reflected by these kinds of factors. Individual Characters was basically influenced by these factors, so called Ethos in the stage of creation of characters. Fa also was the character reflected by Ethos. Fa was composed of 3 elements. 去, 水, 廌. I concluded saying that 去(Pa) was name of Miao(苗族)‘ sacrifial rites, 水 was a meaning of criminal sanction, 廌 was a totem(or a man of servicing rites). In this paper I change insistence on 水. On my last paper I insisted that 水 was the symbol of religious site. Fa was composed of 3 elements. 去, 水, 廌. I concluded saying that 去(Pa) was name of Miao(苗族)‘ sacrifial rites, 水 was a meaning of criminal sanction, 廌 was a totem(or a man of servicing rites). In this paper I change insistence on 水. On my last paper I insisted that 水 was the symbol of religious site. Chinese Law Review, the initial number, gave me a opportunity to address and print my first Paper regarding to Fa in 1997. Finally my most sincere thanks go to members of Institute of Korean-Chinese Law. Funds for research were provided by the reserched program of Dongguk Uni. Finally my most sincere thanks go to members of Institute of Korean-Chinese Law. Funds for research were provided by the reserched program of Dongguk Uni.

2013年10月25日，中国第十二届全国人大常委会第五次会议通过了《关于修改<消费者权益保护法>的决定》，对《消费者权益保护法》进行了修正（以下简称修订后的消保法），新法自2014年3月15日生效。这是在消保法自1993年制定后，时隔20年的一次“大修”。修订后的消保法增加了很多新的制度，其中大量的是针对经营者民事责任作出的新规定。修订后的消保法规定的经营者民事责任，是经营者在经营活动中，违反经营者的义务，侵害消费者合法权益，造成消费者损害，应当承担的民事责任，包括违约责任和侵权责任。从修订后的消保法来看，经营者民事责任的请求权主体有消费者、农民、其他受害人。经营者民事责任的责任主体有经营者、企业分立或合并后的责任主体、表见经营者。修订后的消保法明确了中国消协和省级消协有权提起公益诉讼，还规定了经营者民事责任请求权的举证责任倒置原则。对于经营者违约责任，修订后的消保法做出了一些新的规定，也保留了原来有的一些规定。综合起来，修订后的消保法规定的经营者违约责任包括以下六项内容：一是提供商品或者服务不符合质量标准的解除合同责任；二是对经营者提供格式条款的效力作出具体规定；三是增加规定远程销售商品的消费者反悔权；四是继续坚持展销会、租赁柜台的不真正连带责任；五是增加网络交易平台的附条件的不真正连带责任；六是继续坚持预付款责任。对于修订后的消保法在规定经营者的侵权责任方面，既有新的规定，也有坚持原有制度的规定。主要有以下五个方面：一是经营者侵害消费者个人信息的侵权责任；二是经营者应当承担的召回义务；三是经营者应当承担的产品责任；四是广告经营者、发布者的虚假广告责任；五是经营者的违反安全保障义务侵权责任。对于修订后的消保法关于经营者民事责任的承担作出了一些新的规定，也重申了其他法律关于民事责任的规定。一是坚持了关于人身损害赔偿责任的规定；二是修改和完善了侵害人格尊严、人身自由或者个人信息的责任；三是新增加了经营者的精神损害赔偿；四是完善了财产损害赔偿责任；五是加重惩罚性赔偿责任；六是确认了民事赔偿责任的优先权保障。

Support is an economical, psychological and physical assistance of an individual such as family or of a country, for someone whose right to live is threatened and cannot able to sustain independent life by oneself because of natural and social causes. In the Chinese family law, support is defined as a legal duty to support and help between a certain range of relatives. support has the both aspects of right and duty, and the one who receive support becomes the person entitled to get support, and the one who has the responsibility to perform the support becomes the person under duty. There are five cases of support in the Chinese family law. First, a legal duty of parents to support their minor child. This duty cannot be exempted as it is a parental right, and is unconditional duty. Second, a legal duty of child to support his parents. This includes not only economical but also psychological and physical assistance to aged parents. This duty is conditional, but cannot be exempted. Third, support between married couple. This also includes economical, psychological and physical assistance. The legal duty to support between married couple must be performed, and unconditional and cannot be exempted. Fourth, support between brothers and sisters. This also includes economical, psychological and physical assistance. This is conditional. Fifth, support between lineal or collateral ascendant and descendant, lineal relatives by affinity. This is conditional. In Chinese family law, support is considered as something to guarantee the life of the aged and children, patients and disabled people, and the poor and to stabilize family relationship, and to promote the social stability and the demand of the civilization development as the legal effect after the certain relative relation is legally established.

中华人民共和国保险法规定保险诈骗在第二十七条:未发生保险事故， 被保险人或者受益人谎称发生了保险事故，向保险人提出赔偿或者给付 保险金请求的，保险人有权解除合同，并不退还保险费。投保人、被保险人故意制造保险事故的， 保险人有权解除合同，不承担赔偿或者给付 保险金的责任；除本法第四十三条规定外，不退还保险费。保险事故发 生后，投保人、被保险人或者受益人以伪造、变造的有关证明、资料或 者其他证据，编造虚假的事故原因或者夸大损失程度的，保险人对其虚 报的部分不承担赔偿或者给付保险金的责任。投保人、被保险人或者受 益人有前三款规定行为之一，致使保险人支付保险金或者支出费用的， 应当退回或者赔偿。中华人民共和国刑法规定保险诈骗罪在第一百九十 八条:有下列情形之一，进行保险诈骗活动，数额较大的，处五年以下有 期徒刑或者拘役，并处一万元以上十万元以下罚金；数额巨大或者有其 他严重情节的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处二万元以上二十万 元以下罚金；数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处十年以上有 期徒刑，并处二万元以上二十万元以下罚金或者没收财产： (一) 投保人故意虚构保险标的，骗取保险金的； (二) 投保人、被保险人或者受益人对发生的保险事故编造虚假的原因 或者夸大损失的程度，骗取保险金的 (三) 投保人、被保险人或者受益人编造未曾发生的保险事故，骗取保险金的； (四) 投保人、被保险人故意造成财产损失的保险事故，骗取保险金的； (五) 投保人、受益人故意造成被保险人死亡、伤残或者疾病，骗取保险金的。 并罚的规定处罚。 单位犯第一款罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和 其他直接责任人员，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；数额巨大或者有其 他严重情节的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；数额特别巨大或者有其 他特别严重情节的，处十年以上有期徒刑。 保险事故的鉴定人、证明人、财产评估人故意提供虚假的证明文件， 为他人诈骗提供条件的，以保险诈骗的共犯论处。

익명주주(또는 명의주주)란 실지 출자를 하여 지분을 인수하였으나, 회사 의 정관ㆍ주주명부와 공상등기에 타인을 주주로 기재한 투자자를 가리킨다. 익명주주를 두는 방식으로 출자를 하는 경우는 실무 중에서 많이 발생하며 또한 중국에서 외국투자자가 중국인의 명의로 내지법인을 설립하는 경우가 많은 데, 이러한 경우 실지 출자자인 외국투자자의 법률적 지위에 대하여 중국 법상 어떠한 규정을 두고 있는지 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 중국 ｢회사법｣상 익명주주에 대한 직접적인 규정은 없고, ｢회사법｣ 제33 조에서는 “주주명부에 기재된 주주는 주주명부에 근거하여 주주권을 행사할 수 있다”고 규정하여 주주명부의 기재를 주주 확인의 근거로 하며, 주주의 변경 등 사항에 관하여 제때에 등기사항을 변경하지 못할 경우 제3자를 대 항하지 못한다고 규정하고 있다. 그 외 최고인민법원 및 일부 지방법원은 이 문제에 관한 입장을 표하였으나 이러한 규정들은 일반적 효력을 갖고 있다고 보기 힘들며, 또한 그러한 규정들의 법률적 위계가 낮고, 일부 문제 에서 서로 다르게 규정하고 있기 때문에 실지 분쟁해결에서 상이한 결과를 가져오기도 한다. 2011년부터 실행된 ｢최고인민법원의 ‘중화인민공화국회사법’의 적용에 관 한 일부 문제에 관한 규정(3)｣(아래에서는 ‘사법해석3’이라고 한다.) 은 그동 안 익명주주의 관련 문제들을 정리한 기초 상에서 이에 관하여 아래와 같 이 규정하고 있다. 첫째, 유한회사에서 실지 출자자와 명의출자자 사이의 계약의 효력에 관해서는 계약법상 무효로 되는 사항이 존재하지 않는 한 유효한 계약으로 보며, 출자에 의한 투자수익의 귀속에 관하여 분쟁이 발생 할 경우, 명의출자자는 주주명부 또는 회사등기기관의 등기사항으로 실지출 자자에 대항하지 못한다(사법해석3 제25조). 둘째, 명의주주가 자기명의로 된 주식을 양도하거나 질권을 설정하거나 또는 기타 방식으로 처분할 경우, ｢물권법｣ 제106조의 선의취득에 관한 조항을 적용한다. 명의주주의 처분행 위로 실지 출자자가 손해를 입은 경우, 명의주주에게 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다(제26조). 셋째, 회사채권자는 회사등기기관에 등기된 주주가 출자의무 를 이행하지 않았음을 이유로, 명의주주에게 채권이 변제받지 못한 범위 내 에서 보충적인 배상책임을 추궁할 수 있다(제27조). 이러한 규정들은 대부분 예전의 지방법원의 일부 입장을 그대로 유지하 였지만, 일부 다른 달라진 부분도 있는데 본고에서는 현재 ‘사법해석3’의 규 정이 예전의 관련 규정과 비교할 때 어떠한 면에서 차이가 있는지 또는 현 재의 규정이 실지 출자자의 이익에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고, 현 재의 규정 하에서 실지출자자의 법적 지위에 관하여 분석하고자 한다.

한국의 ｢상속세법｣은 1950년에 제정된 이후 십 수회에 걸친 크고 작은 부분 개정을 통해 사회·경제적 여건의 변화를 반영해서 정책목표의 달성 에 노력해 왔지만, 부의 재분배 내지는 집중 억제에 대한 기여도가 낮다고 할 수 있다. 그 동안 한국 정부는 변칙적인 증여를 통한 부의 세대 간 무상이전을 방 지하기 위해서 증여의제 및 증여추정 규정을 확대하는 등 많은 노력을 기 울였지만 다양한 탈루 사례가 끊이지 않았다. 그 주요한 원인은 사회·경제 적 여건의 변화를 반영해서 상속세법을 개정했지만 대부분 부분적인 개정 이었고, 특히 경제정책의 추진을 지원하거나 혹은 그로부터 파생되는 문제 를 완화하기 위한 부분 개정을 하는 가운데 높은 세율 구조를 유지하였다 는 점이라고 할 수 있다. 상속·증여세는 미래 우리 사회의 기본구조를 결정하는데 중요한 역할을 담당할 수 있는 잠재력을 가진 세목이라고 할 수 있으므로, 이제 과세체계 를 비롯한 본질적 문제를 포함하여 보다 장기적인 안목 내지는 새로운 각 도에서 전면적으로 재검토되어야 할 시점에 와 있다고 판단된다. 따라서 첫째, 경제의 저량화 및 인구의 노령화가 진전됨에 따라 향후에는 상속에 의한 자산이전의 증가가 예상되므로 다음 세대로의 부의 이전이 원 활해지도록 중장기적으로 세율구조를 적절히 인하하는 등 법체계 전체를 재구성해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 그 동안 각 종 증여의제 및 증여추정 조항을 신설하거나 개정하고 심지어 완전포괄주의를 도입했음에도 불구하고 탈루 사례가 계속 발생했던 것은 높은 세부담 등이 주요 원인이었으므로, 단기적 으로는 높은 수준의 세율구조를 적절히 인하할 필요가 있다고 판단된다. 셋 째, 우리나라의 사회보장제도가 점차 정비되어 감에 따라 노령계층에 대한 공적부담이 종전에 비 해 커지고 있으므로, 상속시에 남겨진 개인자산의 일부를 사회로 환원하는 구조가 되어야 할 것이 다.

In accordance with economic development in 1990s, the number of medical disputes in China has been increased. In order to resolve this problem, China stipulated Administrative Measures for Handling Medical Malpractice(herein after the Measures) in 1989, which has been developed into specific regulation, named Article 7 ‘Liability for Medical Malpractice’ under Tort Law in 2009. In the past, there was a problem relating to the application of law stemmed from dual application between General Principle of Civil Law and the Measures that is to say law and administrative regulation. However, with the legislation of Tort Law, China could establish the opportunity not only to resolve the dual application problem, but also to secure the protection of Chinese nations’ health. Thus, the following paper investigates the liability for medical malpractice under Chinese Tort Law. In order for this, first of all, this paper examines the current state of Chinese medical disputes and prospects how it changes in the future. Based on the practical problems of medical disputes, it reviews the liability for medical malpractice regulated under Article 7 of Tort Law as dividing into ‘liability for medical technology damage’, ‘liability for medical ethics damage’, and ‘liability for medical product damage’. Next, it figures out the problems through grasping each concept of the liabilities for medical malpractice and composition requisites as well as analyzing specific cases. Besides, the paper compares the institutional differences and problems in solving medical disputes between Korea and China. Through the study, it is expected to play an important role to the Korean scholars who study Korea-China FTA relevant to medical field and Chinese medical dispute.

目前在韩国，卢武铉政府时期南北首脑会谈记录抄本的行踪问题，成为执政党和在野党之间对立的 一个焦点。这可以说是政府保存重要记录 的问题，但是这又与国民的知情权密切相关。国民的知情权和国家妥善 保存记录的义务之间的冲突，在中国也已经出现过。即，2007年 4月 5日 中国国务院颁布，自2008年5月1日起施行的政府信息公开条例，与中华 人民共和国档案法相冲突成为了问题。档案法规定的档案的废弃期限和条例规定的信息公开期限的 不一致。还有，政府信息公开条例原则上公开，例外的情况下不公开，但是档案法和秘密保护法根 据其立法宗旨上 原则上不公开，例外的情况下才会公开，两者之间存在这样的根本的区 别。学术上存在对立的观点，但是目前中国宪法及法律层面上没有明确 规定公民的知情权。所以，仅仅根据属于行政法规的条例规定，不能确 定知情权普遍被认可。档案既是历史记录，同时也是保护具有相关利害关系的公民切身利益的手段 。如何使用档案的问题，最终还是取决于如 何合理的协调档案的两个属性。本论文首先从档案法的角度分析档案的 意义，档案保存机构的责任，档案的利用及公开等内容。其次从档案与 政府信息公开条例的关系层面，讨论在中国的知情权。然后，从知情权 引申政府信息公开条例、档案法存在的问题。最后，提示档案法的改善 方向。提高政府的透明度，建设阳光政府是中国的重要政策之一，为了 保障公民的知情权，政府应当制定政府信息公开法作为政府信息公开相关领域的基础法律，明确法 律依据，逐步放宽对公民使用政府信息的理 由及目的的限制，完善保密相关法律，防止以抽象的保密为由拒绝公开 信息。根据政府信息保护条例国家档案馆是负责信息公开的机构，公民 提出使用档案的要求时，有必要利用国家档案馆职能积极的进行应对。

The Expansion of National Sovereignty and China's Legal System on Genetic Resources The tenth Conference of Parties of Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Nagoya Protocol on the Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan. In accordance with its Article 32, The Nagoya Protocol was opened for signature by Parties to the Convention from 2 February 2011 until 1 February 2012. In total, 92 countries have signed the Nagoya Protocol and 26 have already ratified it. The Nagoya Protocol will enter into force after ratification by fifty states. Recently EU has shown a move of ratifications for the Nagoya Protocol and Bolivia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, Kenai, Madagascar, Malaysia, Peru, the Philippines, Venezuela, and the LMMC(Like-Minded Mega-diverse Countries) that have not ratified the Nagoya Protocol are increasing probability to ratify. Also, Many countries interested in ABS(access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing) has shown a move of ratifications. After the CBD in 1993, the objective of fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources has been a big issue. To negotiate the international regime for ABS of genetic resources is a main mandate for in the past years and ABS becomes an inevitable international norm by the adoption of the Nagoya Protocol. The objective of the Nagoya Protocol is the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and thereby contributing to the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components. According to the Protocol, the main principles of ABS include that 1) it should approve the sovereign right of the nation-states on genetic resources, 2) it is required to obtain PIC(prior informed consent) from provider countries, and 3) users and providers of genetic resources should share benefits equally from the utilization of genetic resources, with the contract on the basis of MAT(mutually agreed terms). Parties to the Nagoya Protocol are required to enact related domestic laws and necessary administrative and politic actions, in order to enforce the principles of ABS. In these circumstances, each country is increasing the level of public awareness about Nagoya Protocol and protection of genetic resources through taking domestic measures. In particular, China that our largest trading partner is trying for protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resource and be watched intently foreign legislation and measures. If Nagoya Protocol will enter into force, With China that share the traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources of the same type, genetic resources dispute is foretold. And seen the entry into force of the Nagoya Protocol is a matter of time, can be seen to have reached the desired point in time to respond to this.

本论文主要对中国着著作权法字体保护的证据是什幺，介绍了最近国 内方正和汉仪的案例，以及对我国的字体保护是否妥当进行的研究。 在开发字体上投入了相当多的时间．精神和费用。但是由于科技的发 达字体被频繁非法复制和使用，导致字体开发者和创作者的经济利益受 到损失。同时字体开发的欲望也被浇灭了。因此为保护中国字体产业的发展和创作者独创性的字体 ，通过著作权法的字体保护是非常有必要提 到日程上来的。 目前，中国还没有关于字体保护的明确规定．为了判断字体的作品 性，中国著作权法中规定的字体是否符合作品条件进行调查研究。 最近中国对单个字的作品保护也有多方面的争议。就方正和汉仪的判决中可以看出法院对单个字的 保护的相反的结果。在韩国对字体也没有 著作权法上的保护规定，但是在外观设计保护法中又对字体的保护。 字体是作为人与人之间的沟通手段，具有艺术独创性，但是除了信息传达功能之外其审美感并不大 ，所以笔者认为着著作权法的保护是不妥当的。不仅如此，若实现字体的单个字保护赋予创作者非 常大的排他性 的话，公共领域的公共财产可以私有化，文化发展也有可能受到阻碍。 因此对字体的著作权法上保护需要十分的慎重。 各国目前都没有关于字体保护的统一的法规定．中国对字体的作品性 持有的肯定态度也不能完全说是对还是错。但是任何关于知识产权法的 相关法律中也找不到跟字体相关的明确规定，这在法律上是一个漏洞， 可以看到这在关于字体法律制度上是需要更加完善的。