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The third person involved in debt means that the course ought to ensure the security of its legal nature, or debt transfer, or a third party to benefit, will directly affect the ultimate accountability. Third party to lease payments and payments on behalf of a third act both for the theoretical circle, or judicial practice, the law is a new application. China"fs "gContract Law,"h the 65th article of the third party to perform the contract payment the liability method, but not on behalf of third party payment contract for clearly defined, and legal theorists have not systematically on this issue and China, Chinese law, subrogation, subrogate, payment by subrogation, performance by subrogation, third-party payment, debt transfer, guarantee, accountability relatively complete study and comb. The lack of both a direct result of the differences in the administration of justice and the rule differences. The same or similar legal fact, the formation of different courts in different and even contrary ruling, this certainly should cause us to think. We need to appropriate law enforcement standard, and relatively uniform scale. This paper together with the shareholders involved in a typical case of corporate bonds to start, analyzes the meaning of the shareholders involved in corporate bonds, said the legal nature and focus of the third party to benefit the administration of justice define the issues in-depth legal research. This paper attempts to theoretical analysis of typical cases, a clear third party to the judicial definition of lease payments, third party intervention unified debt Responsibility. I hope this benefits all of the third party to resolve contract related issues, serve.

第三人介入债的意思表示，其法律性质当属保证担保，还是债务转移， 抑或是第三人代为给付将直接影响到最终的责任承担。第三人代为给付契约及第三人代为给付行为无论对于我国法学理论界还是司法实务界而言，都是一个崭新的法律适用问题。我国《合同法》第六十五条规定了第三人代为给付这一合同履行方式的法律责任，但未对第三人代为给付契约作明确的界定，而法学理论界也没有就此问题进行系统地和相对完整的研究和梳理。 这两方面的欠缺直接导致了司法裁判中的意见分歧和裁决差异。同一或相近法律事实，在不同的法院形成不同甚至相反的判决结果，这无疑要引起我们的思考。我们需要适法标准和执法尺度的相对统一。本文从一起股东介入公司债的典型案件入手，剖析了该案股东介入公司债之意思表示的法律性质，并重点对第三人代为给付的司法界定问题进行了深入的法理研究。本文试图通过对典型案件的理论分析，明确第三人代为给付契约的司法界定，统一第三人介入债的责任认定。希望本文能都对第三人代为给付契约的相关问题的 解决起到抛砖引玉的作用。

In this article, the numerus clausus principle and its application in the Property Act of the People"fs Republic of China(2007), are discussed. To begin with, we introduce the discussion with a general survey of China Property Act in its making. At some disputes and after the outcome of six drafts of property law, the article 5 of China Property Act prescribes expressly the principle, which says, the types and content of property rights(so-called Typenzwang and Typenfixierung) shall be stipulated by laws. In the article, the focus is on the numerus clausus principle of this act. The numerus clausus principle has been recognized as one of the basic principles of the civil law of property and has its roots in roman law, some states in the civil law system have express rules, in there civil Code or show equal doctrines and judicial practices. China has the same position as the former, so has a express recognition, and limits property rights in their number and content. In this meaning, it limits the principle of private autonomy in the field of property law. An obvious problem of the issue is, that, we think, the numerus clausus principle results in a closed property rights system and cannot get promptly new types of property rights arising from the need of society and economic dealings. In this view, it needs the flexibility. For it, there are some suggestions. Guided only by the customary law, which is expounded by many scholars, the courts may create new real rights as they see fit. This issue is beside the question in Korean civil Code(art. 185), because it says, no real rights can be created at will, other than what is provided by act or customary law. This study offers us some useful suggestions, as one of the recent and comparative legislation, for the amendment of Korean civil Code, which has been newly begun since 2009.

In the Chinese legal system, land is in possession of the state and the group, and cannot be owned by the private person. In order to emphasize the nation"fs ideology of socialism, the state-owned land had been used, in principle, free of charge for a long time. The land use system like this caused irrationality and low efficiency of the use of land, resulting in serious waste of land resources. Also, since the state allowed people to use land free of charge, earnings could not be obtained by utilizing land. This led to financial deficit and the state could not secure necessary fund. Facing such circumstances, the Chinese government reformed the land use system from the 1980s and abolished the land use free of charge system and adopted the land use for compensation system. And the related legal system was reformed so that the land use rights can be transacted. The core of this change is the land use right system. As the law of jus in rem became effective in 2007, the land use right system brought about new changes. As the law of jus in rem was enacted, the three types of the land use rights were established. With this being set as the research subject, this research examined the legal properties of the land use rights in the Chinese law of jus in rem and the contrast of theories related to choosing terms. Together with this, the problems related to the acquisition and the termination regarding each of the three types of the land use rights were discussed. By doing so, I attempted to clarify the current conditions of the diverse types of the Chinese land use rights. The Chinese law of jus in rem categorized the land use rights into three types. This agrees with the land nationalization system established as the basic policy of China and it can be said that is one of the characteristics of Chinese law of jus in rem. It is evaluated as the enactment of legislation in consideration of China"fs unique land ownership relations that categorizing the existing land use rights rather than adopting the concept of superficies as the land use rights in the traditional law of jus in rem. It was a good idea to regulate by classifying the types of land into the rural land and the urban land in the course of legislation of the land use rights. But not being able to define the form of usufructuary right more concretely is pointed out as a problem. Besides, there are diverse problems such as confusion with the function of registration, resulting from the fact that the law of jus in rem was enacted quite recently. In order to solve these problems, this research suggested that the detailed rules related to the enforcement of the law of jus in rem should be promptly enacted.

2009年12月在第11届全国人大常委会会议上通过的《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》汇聚了自实行民法通则以来的理论界研究成果与司法实务界实践经验, 具有重大意义。而且广泛反映了《欧盟侵权责任法原则》和《美国侵权法重述第三版》等世界前沿研究成果。尤其在共同侵权行为有关规定上明显突出了这样的特征。 《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》共有7条有关共同侵权行为的条文, 分别规定共同加害行为、共同危险行为、教唆帮助行为、并发的侵权行为等四种共同侵权行为和共同侵权行为人的连带责任。 首先, 在共同加害行为的认定方面, 如何解释‘共同性’仍然是争论的焦点, 这一情况和侵权责任法出台之前无异, 但是鉴于汇集了最新研究成果的《欧盟侵权责任法原则》和《美国侵权法重述第三版》都是按主观共同说来解释, 而侵权责任法也对并发的侵权行为另有规定。因此共同加害行为的‘共同’ 的认定应采共同故意说。 其次, 侵权责任法首次明文规定了共同危险行为。该法第10条在规定共同危险行为的同时,也为加害人提供了通过举证证明自己无过错而从连带责任中解脱出来的可能性。可以说非常合理。但是让共同危险行为人对侵权行为人做出具体举证的规定, 对共同危险行为人来说是过于苛刻的要求。 第三, 侵权责任法最大的意义在于认定了并发的侵权行为的存在。换言之, 以损害的可分性为准, 在损害可分的情况下, 侵权人可以从连带责任的约束韩国的学术界和实务界把应认定为并发的侵行为的案件作为共同加害行为来进行处理。因此, 会做出对受害人或侵权人不公平的判决。这是有驳侵权责任法的公平分担损失原则的。中国侵权责任法对并发的侵权行为的规定, 对于韩国具有很好的参考价值。 目前, 韩国政府进行民法典修改工作, 希望通过改善和完善民法典进入世界先进立法队伍。笔者认为中国侵权责任法中的共同侵权相关规定对韩国民法典修订工作具有充分的参考价值。尤其是关于并发的侵权行为的规定, 有望为解决上述问题提供极好的参考依据。

中国 新 公司法 于2006年 1月 1日 开始实施了, 新 公司法 对1993年公司法做出了较大修改, 这次修改关注公司利益及其相关利益之间的平衡, 在制度规则和立法的理念和政策上也有大转变, 更加尊重公司自主和意思自治。尤其是引进了公司法人人格否认制度, 使追究股东滥用公司地位和有限责任的连带责任了法律依据。并且从原来强调事先规则来保护当事人的权利到现在同时加强事后救济措施, 前进了一大步。该制度对公司独立人格制度和股东有限责任制度－－现代公司法律制度的核心, 在中国公司立法上取得了重大突破, 并且对保护债权人利益和社会公共利益, 预防股东滥用公司法人人格, 打击市场经济体制下逃避债务的欺诈失信行为, 将产生显著。本文初步分析了这一制度的基本理论, 追溯了其发展历史, 并解构其中的法律关系。试图在该制度法律适用的关键问题上闹述自己的一点想法, 如确定适用范围, 对一人公司的影响, 实现个案化, 约束法官自由裁量权等。文章最后探讨了公司法人格否认制度的现实作用及未来前景。

Chinese Commercial Banks can achieve good performance, largely thanks to national attention and support to Commercial Banks reform and development. Therefore, when the Commercial Banks formulate the strategy, they should put social responsibility stress on the important position. The social responsibility of commercial banks mainly include the responsibilities which commercial banks should fulfill their renposibilities for stakeholders, in the economic, legal, moral and philanthropic. Economic responsibility is the foundation of legal liability, moral responsibility and liability charity. The Commercial Bank as a particular coorporation should obey the relevant regulations including ethics provisions, and perform its economic mission. It is very important that they should give up their profits according to law sometimes. Moral responsibility and philanthropic liability are sublimated on the basis of realization of economic responsibility and legal liability. it directly reflects the social esponsibility of the enterprise. Corporate social responsibility is increasingly becoming the hot issue all around the world, while social responsibility of commercial banks which is a special corporate in China is more important. Our Commercial Banks in the social responsibilities still have many shortcomings. Our country Commercial Banks, in a certain extent, realize the importance of social responsibilities, while it still stays in the surface and do not rise to the strategic height in accordance with disclosure information. And when carrying out their social responsibilities, a several of Commercial Banks, in a certain extent, still cling to the "gdo good thing and earn money"h which is a "gadvertisement"h to improve their public relations. Their purposes lie in profit or other benefits, corporate social responsibility is just a means of profit. It need several elements for commercial banks to fulfill their social responsibility, such as, the power of government, mandatory laws and institutions, the internal self-regulatory mechanism in the commercial banks. In the initial stage of social responsibility, it is very important for Commercial Banks to realize that carrying out the economic and legal liability is legal obligations, or will be punished by the law. At the same time, we should exercise a closer supervision over the government, industry and other regulatory function. In the Commercial Banks internal level, we should adjust the governance structure of Commercial Banks.

中国的商业银行之所以能取得良好的业绩，很大程度上得益于国家对商业银行改革与发展的高度重视和大力支持。因此，商业银行在制定发展战略时，应义不容辞地把承担社会责任放在重要的位置上。商业银行的社会责任从实证的角度来看，主要指商业银行对其利益相关者所承担的经济、法律、道德和慈善方面的责任。经济责任是企业必须肩负的生产、盈利和满足消费者需求的责任，经济责任是企业社会责任的基础，是其承担法律责任、道德责任和慈善责任的前提。法律责任要求企业遵守包含基本伦理道德的法律规定，在法律要求下履行经济使命，其重要内容之一是明确企业负有依法而牺牲其利润的义务。道德责任和慈善责任是企业在实现经济责任、法律责任的基础上，在社会责任方面的升华，它直接体现了企业的社会责任意识，处于企业社会责任的较高层面。 企业社会责任日益成为全世界关注的热点，作为特殊企业的商业银行的社会责任在我国刚刚开始，而国外商业银行在履行社会责任方面就比较成熟。 我国商业银行在履行社会责任方面还有很多不足之处。我国商业银行虽然在一定程度上认识到履行社会责任的重要性，但从披露的社会责任信息来看， 这种认识应该说还多停留在表面层次，并没有普遍上升到战略高度。在履行社会责任方面，部分银行一定程度上还秉持着“行善赚钱”的思想，将慈善行为作为银行改善公共关系的一种“广告”，其目的还在于获取利润或其他收益，企业社会责任不过是一种获利手段。 商业银行履行社会责任需要多重力量，需要政府的社会的推动，法律和制度的强制，也需要商业银行内部自律机制。在推进其承担社会责任的初始阶段，法律制度的强制必不可少，使商业银行意识到履行经济和法律责任是其法定的义务，是必须履行的，否则将受到法律的制裁。同时，还要加强政府、行业及其他组织的监管职能。在商业银行内部层面，应当要调整商业 银行的治理结构。

The insurance contract law has experienced important changes in many countries worldwide. The issue concerning the duty to disclose in the insurance law holds an important position in these changes. Recently, Chinese Insurance Law has greatly been revised, and in particular, it has achieved the modernization of the duty to disclose. The changed system about the duty of disclosure is as follows: China has changed to the duty of voluntary disclosure, so that the prospective policyholder has a duty to answer the insurer"fs questions. This means Chinese Insurance Law makes a noticeable progressive in protection of policyholder. The Korean insurance industry has developed to a remarkable degree but Korean insurance contract law did not be updated since Dec. 31, 1991. So in order to cope with fundamental changes in the insurance environment, Korean insurance contract law should be revised in view of recent modernization of insurance law such as China, Germany, and Japan. The writer thinks that this work of revision has to be based on the comparative legal research. This paper aims at studying on the reform of the Chinese insurance law 2009, and the writer offers the proposals to Korean insurance contract law reform on the duty of disclosure system.

This paper aims at studying the legal aspects of the labor dispatch in China. The labor dispatch in China was ruled by the Labor Contract Law which was enacted by China"fs National People"fs Congress on June 29, 2007, and took effect on January 1, 2008, and ruled by Implementing Regulations for the Labor Contract Law which were adopted by China"fs State Council on September 3, 2008 and took effect on September 18, 2008. Under the Labor Contract Law, the dispatched workers shall enjoy the right to obtain the same pay as that received by workers of the accepting entity for the equal work. And during periods when there is no work for the workers, relevant remunerations shall be paid to such workers by the labor dispatch service provider on a monthly basis at the minimum salary as prescribed by the people"fs government of the region where the labor dispatch service provider is situated. Some obligations shall be performed by an accepting entity, for example the obligations such as carrying out labor standards of the state and providing relevant working conditions and labor protection; informing the dispatched workers of job requirements and labor remuneration; paying overtime remunerations and performance bonuses and providing benefits relevant to the post; providing the dispatched workers who assume the posts with corresponding training as required; and adopting a normal salary adjustment system in the case of continuous placement. In case any labor dispatch service provider is in violation of this Law, the labor administrative department and other relevant competent authorities shall order it to make a correction. In the case of any severe circumstances, it shall be imposed a fine and its business license shall be revoked. If any damage occurs to the dispatched workers, the labor dispatch service provider and the accepting entity shall be jointly liable for compensation. The enactment of the Labor Contract Law made a big improvement in the Chinese the labor dispatch system, but there are still some problems in the labor dispatch law and practices in China. First Though labor dispatch service providers shall be established as prescribed by the Company Law and have registered capital of no less than 500,000 yuan, there is still the lack of review and permit system for other requirement such as personal quality in labor dispatch service providers. Second Although the Labor Contract Law provide that the dispatched workers shall assume the temporary, assistant or substitute posts in general, there is no clear guideline of the scope of business field and post where the dispatched workers can work, for the labor dispatch service provider and the accepting entity. Third There is no maximum limits of labor contract period. The labor contract between the labor dispatch service provider and the dispatched workers shall be a labor contract with a fixed term of more than two years. This kind long-term labor contract will result in permanent dispatched workers, and deprive the dispatched workers of the chance for them to be a regular worker. Fourth The dispatched workers are entitled to join the labor union or to organize such unions in the labor dispatch service provider or in the accepting entity according to law, in order to safeguard their lawful rights and interests. But the scope of collective bargaining is still not clear.

为维护证券市场的安全、保护投资人利益和促进国民经济的发展, 中国已通过证券法、刑法、其他行政法规和部门规章的制定和施行, 对证券内幕交易行为进行着比较全面的规制, 但是和韩国等国家相比, 中国对内幕交易的规制还显得很落后。 在中国法律中关于内幕交易的规制的法律规定中, 第一, 内幕交易制度管制的对象内幕交易人员(即内幕信息的知情人员和非法获取内幕信息的人员) 范围比较狭窄。第二, 关于内幕信息的范围, 中国未将内幕信息与披露的信息作严格的区分, 也未将与公开收购以及大量股份的取的取得和处分等相关的一部分市场信息作为内幕交易的规制的对象信息而进行立法, 整体显得狭窄。第三, 对于证券内幕交易行为的制裁, 中国采取的是重刑事和行政手段、轻民事制裁的方式, 措施有限, 而且处罚力度很轻, 未将回避的损失金额作为行政处罚和适用罚金刑的依据, 也未规定科学的概括性的欺诈条款, 强化和改善对内幕交易行为的规制刻不容缓。 为此, 笔者认为首先在制度构建上有必要建立统一的证券交易法, 或者统一现有的证券法和刑法和其他完善法律制度中行政法规和部门规章中关于内幕交易管制的规定, 从立法上扩大内幕交易人员、内幕信息和内幕交易行为的范围, 强化内幕交易的规制范围。第二, 发挥民事制裁的功能, 完善和强化民事规制手段。第三, 完善行政规制制度。第四, 导入概括性的证券欺诈规定。

中国环境的基本法律是中国环境保护法。中国环境保护法对环境保护的重要问题制定了原则性的规定。主要内容有生活环境和生态环境的保护和改善, 污染和其他公害的防治规定和法律义务, 环境保护的基本原则, 环境管理机构对环境监督管理的权利和义务, 及规定了企业和个人对环境保护的责任和法律责任。环境关联法律一般归属于行政法。 中国的循环经济促进法是一部提高中国环境法制的法律。中国的环境政策被认为是缺乏实践性, 为了改善这一缺点应由环境政策兴经济, 资源相互循环形成有机的关系。如今环境问题在经济活动中所占的地位是世人所公认的。先进国家在投资资本的时候首先考虑的便是环境, 而且企业法或者财务报表里必须要显示有关环境的事项。中国政府也与时俱进制定了循环经济促进法, 此法于2008年8月29日第一次全国人民代表大会常务委员会第4次会议上通过审议并与2009年1月1日起实施。主要内容有环境和经济的计划制度, 资源浪费及污染物控制度, 评价及考核制度, 生产者的责任强化制度, 水资源管制度, 经济性奖励制度。许多国家引进了关于循环经济的环境保护政策和制度。德国已在1994年引进了循环经济及废弃物法, 日本在2000年制定了循环型社会形成促进法。 中国各层也感到了循环经济的必要性和紧迫性。国家颁布的循环经济促进法和清洁生产促进法和能源节约法等有关系。但是制定的循环经济法没有明确规定政府, 企业和个人的责任和义务。对循环经济发展的外部资援和内部激励体制还没有构建。社会成员在决定生产, 消费, 流通的时候循环经济性的决定是非常重要的。此法对相关法律制度的信赖是非常缺乏的。需要法律间的相互发展规定。世界在强调经济发展和环境保护要相互发展。被成为绿色成长的经济发展成为了循环型经济发展的重要因素。中国用循环经济促进法制定了具体的, 有机的环境法则。通过循环经济法的制定 中国生产企业在生产过程中发生的废弃物, 废水等的回收和处理得到了强化, 还严格规定了能源效率基准。对能源节约, 回收利用, 资源化等的财政支援, 金融支援等奖励制度的实施告诉我们引进循环经济促进法是非常有效的。

在中国律师事务所是律师从事律师业务的执业机构。1979年律师制度恢复以后, 在过去的30年里, 中国律师业共经历了5个发展阶段, 其中出现了国家出资设立的律师事务所, 合作律师事务所, 合伙律师事务所, 个人律师事务所等组织形式, 合伙律师事务所又分为普通合伙律师事务所和特殊的普通合伙律师事务所。这几种律师事务所组织形式出现于中国律师业发展的不同阶段, 各有各的特色, 其作用和发展方向也不同。国家出资设立的律师事务所出现于1979年, 是律师制度恢复以后最初设立的律师事务所组织形式, 也是截止到1987年中国唯一的律师事务所组织形式。合作律师事务所出现于1988 年, 是中国进行的第一次律师业体制改革的成果。普通合伙律师事务所出现于1993年, 是中国进行的第二次律师业体制改革的成果。个人律师事务所组织形式出现于2001年, 是中国进行的第三次律师业体制改革的成果。特殊的普通合伙律师事务所组织形式出现于2007年, 是2007年对律师法进行重大修改的结果。2007年中国通过律师法修改, 对律师事务所组织形式进行了重大的改革, 其结果现在中国律师事务所分为国家出资设立的律师事务所, 合伙律师事务所, 个人律师事务所等三种组织形式, 合作律师事务所被退出历史舞台, 合伙律师事务所又分为普通合伙律师事务所和特殊的普通合伙律师事务所。本论文首先分五个阶段仔细回顾了中国律师事务所组织形式的变迁过程; 其次通过法律条文分析, 具体探讨了几种律师事务所组织形式的实体要件和程序要件的共同点和差异点, 最后分析了中国律师事务所组织形式的变迁及特征带给我们的启示。