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At present, there is still no unified consensus on whether the legal professional ethics is the norm to regulate the legal person’s professional behavior or the education of the legal person’s professional ethics. If the nature of legal professional ethics is not clearly defined, there will be confusion in the application of law, and it is difficult to effectively curb the phenomenon of violating professional ethics. To solve the nature differences and practical problems of legal professional ethics, especially the application dilemma of the inconsistency between the industry regulations and administrative norms of legal professional ethics, it is necessary to prove the normative nature of legal professional ethics and make clear the application mode of legal professional ethics in the sense of jurisprudence. Hart's rule theory provides a normative source for the effectiveness of legal professional ethics and strengthens the normative nature of legal professional ethics through the theory of legal origin. In legal practice, legal professional ethics is closer to law than morality, and its specific application should follow the application level and principles of general laws and regulations.

法律职业伦理是规制法律人职业行为的规范，还是法律人职业道德的 教化，目前仍没有一个统一的共识. 如果法律职业伦理的性质界定不清， 便会产生法律适用上的困惑，违背职业伦理的现象也难以得到有效遏制. 解决法律职业伦理的性质分歧和实践难题，特别是法律职业伦理行业规 定与行政规范不一致的适用困境，需要在法理学意义上对法律职业伦理 的规范性质加以证成、对法律职业伦理的适用方式予以明确. 通过哈特规 则理论为法律职业伦理的效力提供规范性来源，并通过法律渊源理论对 法律职业伦理的规范性进行补强. 在法律实践中，法律职业伦理更加接近 法律而不是道德，其具体适用方式也应当遵循一般法律法规的适用位阶 和适用原则.

Traditional Chinese death penalty research is an academic field that focuses on the ancient death penalty in China. Since the “Western jurisprudence moving towards the East” in the late Qing Dynasty, it has become the focus of scholars and has produced a large number of research achievements since the 1980s. These results can be roughly divided into four types: “Types of Death Penalty”, “Death Penalty Reform”, “Death Penalty Culture”, and “Cautious Penalty and Death Penalty Review System”. These four types of research can be further subdivided into more research topics. Generally speaking, although the traditional Chinese death penalty research has formed a certain degree of academic accumulation, its research can continue to be deepened in terms of materials, vision and methods.

中国传统死刑研究是以近代之前中国的死刑为研究对象的学术领域， 自清末“西法东渐”开始成为学者关注的内容并在20世纪80年代以来产出大 量的研究成果. 这些成果大体可以分为“死刑种类”、“死刑改革”、“死刑文 化”、“慎刑与死刑的复核制度”四类，四类研究之下又可细分为更多的研 究命题. 总体而言中国传统死刑研究虽然形成了一定的学术积淀，但其研 究在材料、视野与方法层面仍有可以继续深入之处.

Forther evision of the Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China in 2012, it incorporated technical investigation measures into legal regulation, which thus opened a major historical process of the legalization of technical investigation. With the integration development of technical investigation and the new generation of information technology in the digital age, it has promoted the constant up dating of the technical means and methods. However, the relevant legal provisions are scattered and unsystematic since some provisions on technical investigation in the criminal procedure law and supporting provisions lag behind the investigation practice, which exists some problems, such as unclear definition of substantive conditions, excessive loose specific implementation procedures and so on. As the result, the centralized and unified legislation on technical investigation measures under the guidance of the principle of proportionality should be carried out. In terms of the judicial control of China’s technical investigation in the digital age, it should start from two perspectives of entity and procedure, which should clarify the concept of technical investigation, and clarify the implementation subject and case scope of technical investigation in the aspect of entity. Then, it should establish the judicial control mode of technical investigation combining internal supervision and external supervision mechanism in the aspect of procedure, which should also strictly review the types and duration of technical investigation, as well as refine the use principles and rules of technical investigation evidence.

2012年《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》修订，将技术侦查措施纳入法 律规制，开启技术侦查法治化的重大历史进程. 数字时代，技术侦查与新 一代信息技术融合发展，技术手段与方法不断更新. 然而，刑事诉讼法及 配套规定中关于技术侦查的部分规定滞后于侦查实践，相关法律规定零 散而不成体系，存在实体条件上定义不明确、具体执行程序过于宽松等 问题. 为此，有必要以比例原则为指引，对技术侦查措施进行集中、统一 立法. 数字时代中国技术侦查的司法控制应从实体与程序两个角度切入， 在实体方面，厘清技术侦查的概念，明确技术侦查的实施主体及案件范 围；在程序方面，确立内部监督与外部监督机制相结合的技术侦查司法 控制模式，严格审查技术侦查适用的种类与期限，细化技术侦查证据的 使用原则与规则.

As the capital of China, Beijing should provide legal guarantee to serve the Belt and Road initiative, and proof of foreign law is one of the important issues. The subject and method of foreign law identification should be based on international civil judicial cooperation. Apart from signing treaties to exchange legal information, establishing specialized investigation agency, compiling a roster of foreign law experts, the improvement of procedures for experts to identify foreign laws is also in need. Beijing Municipal Bureau of Justice should play an important role in above areas.

北京作为中国首都，应为服务“一带一路”战略提供法治保障，外国法查 明就是其中一项重要内容. 外国法查明的主体和途径应立足国际民事司法 合作，除通过条约途径约定“交换法律资料”外，还应建立专门查明机构， 编制外国法专家名册，完善专家查明外国法的程序等，北京市司法局应 在其中发挥重要影响.

현재 세계는 코로나19 외에도 또 하나의 팬데믹으로 불리는 ‘인포데믹 (Infodemic·정보감염증)’ 때문에 고통 받고 있다. 정보(Information)와 전염병 (Pandemic)의 합성어인 인포데믹(Infodemic)은 미디어나 인터넷 등을 통해 과 다 정보가 전염병과 같이 급속도로 퍼져 나가는 정보과잉 현상을 뜻한다. 인포 데믹은 단순한 정보의 확산을 넘어 유튜브, 사회연결망서비스(SNS) 등 비공식 매체를 통해 빠른 속도로 생성 및 확산돼 개인의 합리적 의사 결정을 방해할 뿐 아니라 국민들의 불안감을 증폭시키고 정부의 질병관리정책에 대한 오해와 혼선을 야기하면서 사회적 혼란을 가중시키기도 한다. 특히 정보과잉 환경에 서 언론을 통해 보도되는 가짜뉴스 형식을 지닌 허위정보의 확산은 대중의 이 목을 끄는 자극적이고 선동적인 소재를 다루며 부정적 영향을 초래하고 있다. 세계보건기구(WHO)는 인포데믹을 막기 위해서 ‘정보 방역’이 필요하다고 주 장했다. WHO는 인포데믹을 막기 위한 방법으로 법적·행정적 규제, 올바른 정보의 공급과 출처에 대한 공신력 확보, 플랫폼 자체적인 정화 작용, 이성 적·합리적 사고에 기반한 정보 판별능력 등 모두의 책임과 노력이 필요하다 고 전했다. 이러한 시대적 배경 하에서 한중 양국은 코로나19 허위정보에 엄정 하게 대처하기 위해서 여러 가지 대응책을 모색하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 중국 사례를 중심으로 코로나19 허위정보의 실태와 특징을 분석하고 법적 대응방안 을 논의하였다. 특히 한중 비교법적 시각에서 코로나19 가짜뉴스 대응방안의 문제점과 향후 개선방향을 제기하였다.

The world is suffering from an Infodemic crisis. Infodemic is a combination of the words information and pandemic. It describes the overabundance of information quickly spread via a digital and physical information system similar to the spread of the actual virus. The rapid spread of excessive information through the Internet and various social network services has intensified people’s anxiety and uncertainty, hindered people’s access to trustworthy information and proper decision making, made epidemic prevention and control more complicated, and created a chaotic social atmosphere. In the Infodemic chaotic environment, fake news, which has the news format to produce and disseminate false and misleading information, resulted in a more significant negative impact. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended guidelines to manage the COVID-19 Infodemic, including strengthening relevant laws and regulations, forming partnerships with social media and technology platforms to strengthen fact-checking. Also, private and public sectors are responsible for scanning, reviewing, and verifying evidence and information, and individuals are requested to distinguish disinformation. In the context of the COVID-19 Infodemic, China and South Korea have taken various measures to deal with false information in the Infodemic. By analyzing the types and characteristics of COVID-19 related fake news in China, this study proposes legal countermeasures to deal with false information, existing problems and improvements from the perspective of comparative law between China and Korea.

Homestead, as a major land resource in rural society, is of great significance to the development of rural society. With China’s economic development, industrialization and urbanization, a large number of farmers go to cities to work and settle down, which leads to insufficient land supply for urban construction land resources. However, rural homesteads are abandoned and idle, resulting in a large number of idle homesteads in rural areas, resulting in waste of important rural land resources. With the accelerating process of new urbanization in rural areas, the rapid development of rural economy and the rapid changes of society in recent years have led to many new phenomena or new problems, such as the transfer of homestead, which is the closest to farmers' own interests, which has become an urgent problem to be solved. At present, the country gradually relaxes the policy of transferring the right to use rural homesteads and idle farmhouses, aiming at liberating rural land resources and providing an important driving force for rural economic development. At the time of rural comprehensive revitalization, To deeply understand the current situation of idle homesteads in rural areas, Definition of idle homestead, It is difficult to implement the policy of one household and one house, Rural population flows into cities to settle down, This paper analyzes the causes of idle homestead in rural areas from the aspects of lack of scientific planning in village construction and unclear relevant laws and regulations, and combines the actual role of the Property Law and Land Management Law promulgated by the state in the circulation of idle homestead and the practical problems existing in the circulation of idle homestead in practice, lacking strong laws and regulations; The scope of circulation is not limited by the village; Idle homestead exit compensation standard is different, so as to put forward some suggestions to solve the dilemma of idle homestead in rural areas: improve the laws and regulations of rural homestead circulation; Standardize the rural homestead circulation market; Improve the compensation mechanism of rural idle homestead, etc., hoping to provide reference for scientific management of rural idle homestead, improve the utilization rate of idle homestead, and promote the circulation of idle homestead.

宅基地作为农村社会的一项主要土地资源，对于农村社会的发展有着 非常重要的意义. 随着中国经济发展，工业化和城市化的进程加快，大量 农户进城务工、定居，导致城市建设用地资源供地不足，然而农村宅基 地被废弃闲置，造成农村大量闲置的宅基地出现，导致农村重要的土地 资源浪费. 农村新型城镇化建设进程的不断加快，近年来农村经济快速发 展、社会急剧变迁，随之出现了许多新型现象或新型问题，如和农民自 身利益最为密切的宅基地流转问题已成为急需解决的难题. 当前国家对于 农村宅基地及空闲农房使用权流转逐步放宽政策，旨在解放农村土地资 源，为农村经济发展提供重要动力. 在乡村全面振兴之际，对深入了解农 村闲置宅基地的现状，闲置宅基地的界定，从一户一宅政策难落实，农 村人口流入城市定居，村庄建设缺乏科学规划，相关法规不明确等方面 分析农村闲置宅基地产生的原因，并结合国家颁布的《物权法》、《土 地管理法》在闲置宅基地流转的实际作用和在实践中闲置宅基地流转存 在的现实问题，缺乏强有力的法律法规；流转范围不出村的局限；闲置 宅基地退出补偿标准不一等问题，进行研究，从而提出解决农村闲置宅 基地困境的建议：完善农村宅基地流转法律法规；规范农村宅基地流转 市场；完善农村闲置宅基地补偿机制等，希望对科学管理农村闲置宅基 地，提高闲置宅基地利用率，推动闲置宅基地流转等方面提供参考.

중국의 환경공익소송 제도를 정비하기 위해서는 적시적이고 효율적이며 완 벽한 유효판결 집행제도를 구축하는 것이 관건이다. 이는 환경공익소송의 유 효판결은 환경보호 예방의 중요성과 환경의 공익성, 그리고 손해평가의 복잡 성과 모호성으로 인해 그 집행이 일반 민사소송의 판결보다 복잡성, 개별성, 특수성이 두드러지기 때문이다. 현재, 중국 환경공익소송의 유효판결 집행 과 정에는 여러 가지 문제점이 남아있다. 이를테면, 집행 과정에 대한 대중의 감 독 참여가 불충분하거나 집행을 통해 확보한 배상금에 대한 통합관리제도의 부재, 그리고 파산된 피집행자에 대한 환경 책임 추궁 문제 등이다. 그러므로, 환경공익소송의 유효판결 집행은 중국 환경공익소송 제도의 가치를 수호하고, 환경에 대한 사법적극주의 공권력을 활용하며, 사회와 대중이 공유하는 환경 관련 공공이익을 보장하는데 집중해야 한다. 아울러 환경공익소송의 판결을 집행할 때에는 참여자의 범위와 책임을 명확히 하고, 집행 재산에 대한 통합 관리제도를 구축하고 정비해야 한다. 이를 통해 환경단체와 대중들에게 집행 과정에 대한 감독권을 부여하고 파산된 피집행자에 대해서는 환경 민사책임 추궁제도를 구축하여 환경 공익손해에 대한 확실한 보상으로 생태의 회복을 추진해야 한다.

To establish a timely, efficient and perfect effective judgment execution system is the key to improve the environmental civil public interest litigation system. Due to the preventive nature of environmental protection, the publicity of environmental public interest, and the complexity and ambiguity of the assessment of interest damage, the execution of the effective judgment of environmental civil public interest litigation is more complicated and independent than that of ordinary civil litigation. At present, there are many problems in the execution process of the effective judgment of environmental civil public interest litigation in China, such as the public not playing a supervisory role in the execution procedure, the lack of unified management system for the compensation in place, and the people subjected to execution being unable to undertake environmental responsibility after bankruptcy. Therefore, the execution of the above litigation should focus on protecting the value of environmental civil public interest litigation system, initiating the power of environmental judicial activism, and protecting the public interests of the society and the public. When executing the litigation, we should clarify the scope and responsibility of the participants, explore the establishment and improvement of the unified management system of the execution property, endue environmental protection organizations and the public with the right to supervise the execution procedure, and establish and improve the system of undertaking civil environmental liability when the subject goes bankrupt, so that the damage to the environmental public interest can be compensated and the ecology can be restored.

建立及时、高效、完善的生效裁判执行制度是中国环境民事公益诉讼 制度得以完善的关键之所在. 由于环境保护的预防性、环境公益的公共 性、利益损害评估的复杂性与模糊性，导致中国环境民事公益诉讼生效 裁判的执行比普通民事诉讼生效裁判的执行更具有复杂性、独立性、特 殊性. 目前，中国环境民事公益诉讼生效裁判在执行过程中，存在着公众 在执行程序中没有充分发挥监督作用，执行到位的赔偿金缺乏统一管理 制度，被执行人破产后难以承担环保责任等诸多问题. 鉴于此，环境民事 公益诉讼生效裁判的执行应侧重于保障中国环境民事公益诉讼制度价 值，发动环境司法能动主义职权，保障社会和公众所享有的环境公共利 益. 在执行环境民事公益诉讼生效裁判时，应当明确执行参与人的范围和 责任、探索建立和完善执行财产统一管理制度，赋予环保组织和公众对 执行程序的监督权，设立和完善被执行人破产环境民事责任承担制度， 使得环境公益损害得到补偿，生态得以修复.