Earticle

The purpose of this study is to examine the elements of helicopter parenting perceived by undergraduate students by a QUAN/QUAL sequential mixed method approach. This study involved quantitative analysis of 412 single undergraduate student survey data and qualitative analysis of data collected from 40 undergraduates’ responses on online open-ended survey questions. According to quantitative analysis, elements of helicopter parenting consist of problem solving on behalf of their children, enmeshment, and the use of excessive supervision and advice. Corroborating the results of the quantitative analysis, the qualitative analysis shows similar results including management, deep involvement, and protection for their children and reveals what constitutes the students’ perceptions of helicopter parenting. The findings of the study indicate that helicopter parenting is complicatedly interwoven with social structures in which children are expected to excel in every way.

This study explored the factors that affect youths in group homes by analyzing the causes that affect their preparation for independent living to present the basic resources needed to prepare for independent living and contribute to the youths’ actual preparation for independence. To this end, we examined how the organic factors of demographic characteristics and placing conditions affect preparations for independent living. More specifically, we analyzed how demographic characteristics and such as gender and class, and placing conditions such as period of incarceration, family environment, and influence of their leader affected the career and vocational ability, economic management, social skills, daily lives, self-caring ability, and study management of youths in group homes. Through these findings, we analyzed the most influential factors for preparing for independent living for the youths in group homes. 111 surveys from 24 group homes were collected from the subjects of this study, which consisted of current group home residents in Gyeonggi Province, which houses the largest number of group homes in Korea, and youths in between 15 and 24 years who had resided in a group home within the past 6 months. The collected results were statistically processed using frequency analysis, independent sample T-test, and one-way ANOVA(analysis of variance). According to the findings, both demographic characteristics had an impact on the economic management among the various preparation factors for independent living of youths in group homes. Gender affected their self-reliance and self-care, and class affected their management of housing and daily life. Meanwhile, the placing conditions such as period of incarceration, family environment, and influence of a leader did not affect the preparation for independent living of youths in group homes.

In modern society, due to changes in lifestyle, it has improved the living standards of citizens. The desire for a better life in the culture, a new needs for welfare have emerged. Accordingly, the aspects corresponding to the new needs of the modern society is subdivided according to the target which requires a complex concentration began to appear variously. For these reasons, cultural and political well-being with a variety of directions were try to find a solution to the practical, decentralized "regional" rather than centralized management of state-run entities. This study is to explore the local community according to the operating system of public facilities, focused on the analysis of new urban development practices of city of Irvine, in California. In particular, the analysis is focused on the direction and framework of the youth programs of the regional operational by the City of Irvine and welfare policies, and to explore new possibilities for the youth program of the operating system in South Korea.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of relationship authenticity on the relationship between covert narcissism and romantic relationship satisfaction among university students. For this, a questionnaire survey was conducted on 586 university students in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Incheon and Chungcheong-do 502 of them(males 185, females 317)were used for the analysis. To explore the relationship between each variable, the analysis of mediating effect was conducted through verification and correlational analysis to average difference by sex and Baron and Kenny (1986), and the analysis of mediating effect through Baron and Kenny(1986) method was conducted. The results of analyzing the gathered data showed that, first, covert narcissism was higher in male students than female students. Second, between covert narcissism, relationship authenticity and romantic relationship satisfaction, there is a negative correlation. Also, relationship authenticity and romantic relationship satisfaction, there is a positive correlation. Third, all sub-factors of relationship authenticity were partially mediated the relationship between covert narcissism and romantic relationship satisfaction. Fourth, the result of verifying the mediating effect of sub-factors for relationship authenticity showed that there is a full mediating effect in fear of revealing the true self in male students. Sub-factors of relationship authenticity were partially mediated the fear of revealing the true self and unacceptability of deception in females. Finally, based on these results, implications and limits were discussed.

This study examined mediating effect of self-efficacy between children's depression and parents' parenting attitude and set a research model accordingly. Structural equation model analysis (SEM) was carried out to examine the structural relationship among the variables. Towards this end, data was collected targeting 526 5th and 6th graders at the elementary schools located in Seoul, Incheon and Bucheon. The results were as follows. First, receptive parenting attitude exerted direct effect on the self-efficacy, and the direct route to the depression was not significant. Meanwhile, autonomous parenting attitude exerted direct effect on both the self-efficacy and depression. Second, mediator effect was analyzed, which demonstrated that the self-efficacy plays the role of full mediation when it comes to the receptive relationship between parenting attitude and depression and partial mediation in case of the autonomous relationship between parenting attitude and depression. Results of this study is meaningful in the sense that the self-efficacy mediated relationship. This study provides educational implication on the need to carry out parenting programs to prevent children’s depression in the education field. Another implication is that it is possible to search for the therapy method that mitigates children’s depression when it comes to the psychotherapy scene.

This study explored the distinctive characteristics of man and female college students in term of their perceived overcoming academic probation using the concept-mapping method. A total of 7 man students and 8 female students were interviewed and key sentences from those interviews were extracted, scored and rated by themselves. The analysis of interview transcripts resulted in 78 core statements for man students and 88 ones for female students. Using multidimensional modeling and hierarchical cluster analyses, five cluster themes emerged for the man students: achievement-oriented value, realistic restriction and self-criticism, behavior-centric self management, social support, and target consciousness and responsibility. As for female students, five cluster themes appeared: relation-oriented value, social support, emotion-centric self management, and anxiety about the future, and shame. Implications of the current study were discussed in terms of its significance in exploring the concept structure of academic recovery in college students.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the changes in emotional intelligence for the youth who participated in ‘Fun Do-Dream’, an elective program in free- semester system. ‘Fun –Do-Dream’ elective program was conducted for eight (8) times over the eight weeks with one session of 135 minutes in a week, on sixteen (16) students, eight (8) boys and eight (8) girls, who are first year students from the middle school A located in Seoul. The matched pair t test was conducted with SPSS 22.0 to analyze collected data to review the differences in the test scores between the pre & post ‘Fun Do-Dream’ program tests. Overall increase in the emotional intelligence score between the pre & post program tests was identified in the statistically meaningful way. Statistically meaningful increase in the test score between the pre & post program tests was identified in the ability for self-awareness and expression, one of the elements of emotional intelligence. Such meaningful improvement was also identified in other elements of emotional intelligence such as the ability for self-control, the ability for recognizing others’ feeling and the ability for controlling others and interpersonal skills. Therefore, such meaningful differences in the emotional intelligence who participated in elective program ‘Fun Do-Dream’ indicate that there is a meaningful impact on the improvement of emotional intelligence.

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of shame in the relationship between parental psychological control and social anxiety perceived by middle school students. The data was collected from 820 middle school students in Seoul and Kyonggi province area. The participants were asked to answer psychological control scale-youth self-report(PCS-YSR), social anxiety scale for adolescents(K-SAS-A), and personal feeling questionnaire(PFQ-2). The findings of the study were, firstly, father’s and mother’s psychological control were perceived higher by boys than girls, whereas girls perceive higher level of shame and social anxiety than boys. Secondly, father’s psychological control, mother’s psychological control, shame and social anxiety were all proved to be positively associated. Thirdly, shame partially mediated the relation of father’s and mother’s psychological control and social anxiety. Fourthly, verification of shame as a mediating effect between father’s and mother’s psychological control and social anxiety by sex proved that shame partially mediated father’s psychological control for both boys and girls, however, the shame fully mediated mother’s psychological control for both sex. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future study were discussed.

In this study, we conducted a survey of adolescents in Uijeongbu area and verified the differences according to the risk level of runaway in positive personal characteristics, negative personal characteristics, crisis experiences like suicide or school violence, delinquent peers, and school adjustment flexibility. Analysis results shows the definite differences in the specified above according to the high, middle, and low risk level of runaway. The feeling of satisfaction and self-esteem of positive personal characteristics are consecutively high in the groups of low, middle and high risk level of runaway. The depression, impulsivity, antisocial cognitive tendencies and aggressiveness of negative personal characteristics are consecutively high in the groups of high, middle and low risk level of runaway. The delinquent peers level of high risk level of runaway group is higher than those of middle and low risk level of runaway groups. The interests in school life and academic grades, following school rules which are the subcategories of school adjustment flexibility are consecutively high in the groups of low, middle and high risk level of runaway. Based on these results, we suggest different intervention plans and policies according to the different risk level of runaway.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderator effect of appearance dissatisfaction the relationships between narcissism and depression of early adolescents. The subjects of the study were 520 early adolescent who were selected from fifth and sixth grade of elementary school and first and second grade of middle school in Busan. For data analysis, t-test, partial correlation, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression were used. The results were as follows: first, there were significant gender difference in adaptive narcissism, maladaptive narcissism, appearance dissatisfaction, and depression. Second, moderator effect of appearance dissatisfaction between adaptive narcissism and depression was significant for the girls. Third, moderator effect of appearance dissatisfaction between maladaptive narcissism and depression was significant for the boys and girls. The results suggest the importance of decreasing the appearance dissatisfaction in prevention of depression during early adolescence.

Architecture is a tool for human life conveniences, but the same time, it is a environment as the other change their life behaviors. Michel Foucault pointed out the disciplined body through surveillance and punishment and the architecture as an efficient apparatus. The functionalism architecture is another slogan for the disciplined body. Architecture is a discipline apparatus of surveillance and punishment on body in it. Architect Sou Fujimoto see the modern as the age of information and circumstance. Information is a new simplicity, and circumstance is the other uncontrolled. Circumstances involve on architecture that all was controled in previous age. His 'Primitive Future' concept on architecture is an answer on the question of the way of simplification of the complex and plural placeness. It is the architecture as 'Future Forest' fulfilled with discomfort and the beginning, and present the relationships with the circumstance as the other, and some kinds of complexity and simplicity. Architecture of opportunity from the incompleteness is a protests of an architect against the architecture of an apparatus of power that can be controlled.

The main purpose of the study was to compare the effects of work environment on job satisfaction and job burnout between youth companions in metropolitan cities and youth companions in provinces. 246(206 female, 40 male) youth companions from 6 metropolitan counseling and welfare center for youth and 32 province counseling and welfare center for youth participated in this study. They completed Youth Companion Work Environment Questionnaire, Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Maslach Burnout Inventory. Statistical analyses of data were frequency, mean, standard deviation, t- test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis. SPSSWIN 21.0 was used for data analysis. The Results were as followed. First, there were no significant differences in all subscales of work environment (challenge, role conflict, role ambiguity, overwork) between youth companions in metropolitan cities and youth companions in provinces. Second, there were significant differences in subscales of job satisfaction(salary and intention of leaving job) between youth companions in metropolitan cities and youth companions in provinces. Third, there were no significant differences in all subscales of job burnout(emotional exhaustion, cynicism, personal efficacy) between youth companions in metropolitan cities and youth companions in provinces. Fourth, for youth companions in metropolitan cities, career and work hours had significant impact on job satisfaction and challenge, role ambiguity, role conflict had significant impact on job satisfaction but not overwork. However, for youth companions in provinces, gender had significant impact on job satisfaction and role ambiguity, challenge, role conflict had significant impact on job satisfaction but not overwork. Fifth, for youth companions in metropolitan cities, age and work hours had significant impact on job burnout and only challenge had significant impact on job burnout. On the other hand, or youth companions in provinces, all control variables had no significant impact on job burnout and only challenge had significant impact on job burnout.

The main purpose of the study was to examine the relations between parent attachment, peer attachment and adolescents’ self-resilience and depression and comparing the relations among early, middle and late adolescence. In addition, this study examined the relative importance of parent attachment and peer attachment on adolescents’ self-resilience and depression. The subjects were 626 (328 male, 296 female) students. The results were as follows: First, both parent attachment and peer attachment was positively correlated to early, middle and late adolescent's self-resilience. Second, both parent attachment and peer attachment was negatively correlated to early, middle and late adolescent's depression. Third, the correlation between parent attachment and adolescents’ self-resilience in early adolescence did not differ from the correlation in middle adolescence. Fourth, the correlation between peer attachment and adolescents’ self-resilience was stronger for early adolescents than middle adolescents while peer attachment and adolescents’ self-resilience was stronger for late adolescents than middle adolescents. Fifth, the correlation between parent attachment and adolescents’ depression in early adolescence did not differ from the correlation in middle adolescence and the correlation between parent attachment and adolescents’ depression in middle adolescence did not differ from the correlation in late adolescence. Sixth, the correlation between peer attachment and adolescents’ depression in early adolescence did not differ from the correlation in middle adolescence and the correlation between peer attachment and adolescents’ depression in middle adolescence did not differ from the correlation in late adolescence. Seventh, related to relative effects of parent and peer attachment on adolescents’ self-resilience, peer attachment had the greater effects on self-resilience than parent attachment in early and middle adolescence. Eighth, related to relative effects of parent and peer attachment on adolescents’ depression, peer attachment had the greater effects on depression than parent attachment in early, middle and late adolescence.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role as moderator of attachment to peer in middle school between attachment trauma from parents in middle school and depression in highschool freshmen. The results of the present study didn't supported the hypothesis that attachment to peer moderates the strength of association between attachment trauma from parents and depression. Instead, the results showed that both attachment trauma from parents and attachment to peer in middle school are significantly related to depression in highschool freshmen. Based on the results, the meanings and limits of this study were discussed and potential following researches are suggested.

The present study investigated the moderating effects of adolescents' volunteering between parental abuse and adolescents school adjustment. We analyzed 149 adolescents. This study has used the data shown in ‘Additional survey of Korean Welfare Panel Survey in 2012(5types)’of ‘Korean Welfare Panel’which has been implemented in Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs and Social Welfare Institute of Seoul National University since 2006. As a point of the result, domestic violence itself impacts negatively on adolescent school adjustment, but the their volunteering plays a role to control causal relationship between parental abuse and school adjustment. The result of negative impact of parental abuse on adolescent school adjustment has been already insisted in several previous studies. The implications for research and intervention are discussed.