Earticle

This study deals with the derivative suit in Korea, Japan, and China, which is an action by the shareholder on behalf of the company in case the company doesn't take legal action against the director's abuse of power. Even though these three countries have altogether same kind of regulation, the contents are different. First of all, Japan has the very stipulated provisions considering both aspects, promoting this right and protecting abuse of this right. Korea has almost same provisions compared Japan's. But in some point, more stipulated provisions are needed. On the other hand, Chinese Corporation Act has just a single provision, which is regarded as insufficient to manage the cases. Through understanding the back ground of respective regulation,this paper tried to figure out differences and to find the cooperations among them. In Japan, 60years has passed since it was introduced, while 50years, in Korea and just 5years, in China. And so I anticipate that the experiences of two countries will furnish well with much informations for China.

The Japanese law can be characterized as a Champon oodle,which is a Chinese origin food and known as a dish you can enjoy a variety of ingredients in rich flavored soup. In Japanese history,we have introduced some ingredients(= foreign laws) in to the bowl of soup(= Japanese law based on Asian legal tradition). Some ingredients go well with the soup, and some don’t. In this article, I will examine a Japanese view on criminal trial. In Part II, I will provide the brief history of reception of foreign laws in Japan. And Part III of this article will explore the reason why the Japanese government chose the lay judge in German, not the jury in the U.S., pointing the Japanese view on criminal trial shared by the government and the Japanese people as well. In Part IV, I will summarily conclude that we need the criminal justice system more for the punishment to the wrongdoer than for the protection of the criminal defendant.

The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of the legal scheme for dispute resolution regarding some succession cases in Taiwan, under which the successions themselves did occur during Japan Occupation Period ,but legal actions by rightholders thereof being taken recently. In conclusion, this author criticizes the “inter-temporal law” approach in Taiwanese judicial practices.

행정 자치는 중국학자들이 사회주의 조화로운 사회를 구축하는 발전목표 하에 새로 제안된 행정법률 이론중의 하나이다. 이 이론은 정부의자아통제력을 강조하는 것이다. 본 이론의 핵심요소는 중국은 사회주의조화로운 사회를 구축하는 목표 하에서 정부와 국민의 관계는 서로 방어하고 서로 대립되는 관계가 아니라 상호 조화롭게 공존하고 지지하는 관계라는 것이다. 먼저 행정자치는 행정권의 통제를 기점으로 한다. 행정 자치 이론은행정권의 유효통제 하에 나타난 것이다. 이 이론은 우리의 의식과 사상을 깨우려고 시도하고 새로운 방법과 수단을 탐색하게 하며 내부 권력통제의 합리성과 실행가능성을 다시 살펴보게 한다. 그러므로 행정 자치는 권력 통제 론을 개척하고 발전시킨 것이고 풍부하게 한 것이며전통적인 권력 통제의 전이 방식이다. 행정관례가 행정자치의 실현체제로서 필요한 이유는 행정관례는 불성문법의 법률규칙으로서 그 작용의 발휘는 일종 자생하고 자발적인질서에서 비롯된 것이기 때문이다. 또한 공평한 토대에서의 신임과 합작관계의 형성에 유리하며 행정결책을 실현하고 점진적 변혁실현의 최선의 선택이기 때문이다. 행정관례를 현대행정법의 불성문법 법원에 포함시키는 것은 필연적으로 그것의 효력문제가 관련된다. 대만지구의 행정법원의 1959년 제55호 판례는 행정관례의 지위를 긍정하고 “행정선례는 원래 행정법 법원중의 하나이고 당시 유효실행 되는 성문법 조문을 어기는 것이 아니면 행정조치의 근거로 할 수 있다.” 는 판결을 내렸다. 행정관례의 생존공간은 법률공백이거나 빈틈이라고 할 수 있다. 행정공개제도, 행정참여제도와 감독제도는 행정관례기능을 발휘하는것이고 행정자치의 제도보장을 실현하는 것이다.

There is no provision in the Japanese Corporate Code on whether it is permissible for a target's board to take defensive measures against hostile takeovers. This kind of legal problem involves the rule of primary purpose, which has been created by the courts. The Tokyo High Court in the Livedoor litigation adhered to the rule of primary purpose and enunciated it as follows: Where a contest for corporate control emerges, if the primary purpose of the target corporation in issuing shares (or warrants) to a white knight is to preserve or protect management's control rights, the issuance should be enjoined as “grossly unfair,” since it violates the theory of division of authorities. The Court clarified that management should not intervene in the contest for corporate control and that the shareholders should decide the winner. The Court also declared an exception to the rule: If the hostile bidder has the abusive motive of exploiting the target corporation, the target's issuance of shares (or warrants), whose primary purpose is to preserve the management's right of control, may be permitted to the extent the defensive measures are recognized as necessary and appropriate. Even though this is only obiter dictum, the court's opinion has had an influence on business. The rule of primary purpose has the function of regulating the target's management. The courts have based their decisions on the rule and stated that the target's management should not intervene in the contest for corporate control; the decision of whether the target should take defensive measures must be made by the shareholders. However, shareholders are not good decision-makers regarding hostile takeovers, which involve skilled business judgment. Moreover, for the target corporation, it is difficult to apply the exception to the rule. It is time to consider how to enact takeover law that can deal with the problems arising from the rule of primary purpose.

할부거래라 함은 매매계약의 특수한 형태로서 대금의 전부 또는 일부를 일정기간에 분할하여 계속적으로 지급할 것을 특약으로 정한 신용매매이다. 이러한 할부거래는 거래대금의 전부 또는 일부가 장래로연기·분할되어 지급되며 매매대금의 완납전에 목적물의 인도가 이루어진다는 특징이 있다. 그러나 최근들어 관혼상제 서비스의 일종인 상조업의 확산과 더불어사업자의 부도·폐업 등으로 인한 서비스 미이행 및 사업자의 부당한 계약해지 거절이나 과다한 위약금 요구에 따른 소비자들의 피해가 증가하게 되었다. 상조업처럼 대금완납후 목적물이나 급부를 제공받는 선불식거래는 원래 할부거래법의 적용대상이 아니었고, 방문판매방식이어서방문판매법을 통하여 규제할 수 밖에 없었다. 이를 개선하기 위하여2010년 3월 할부거래법을 개정하여 상조업과 같은 선불식 할부거래를할부거래법의 적용범위에 포함시켜 상조업에서의 소비자피해 예방에기여할 수 있게 되었다. 상조업은 현재 하나의 산업으로서 자리매김하는 데에 중대한 기로에서 있다고 할 수 있으며, 일부 부실사업자들의 불건전한 운영으로 인한소비자피해가 지속될 경우 소비자의 신뢰 상실로 상조업이 퇴보하거나기반이 붕괴될 가능성도 있다. 이에 2010년 할부거래법 개정을 통한 상조업의 제도권 편입은 향후 상조업이 건전하게 성장할 수 있는 계기를마련한 것이다.

Der Pflichtteil ist der gesetzliche Mindesterbteil bestimmter naher Angehörige des Erblassers. Sind bestimmte Abkömmlinge des Erblassers durch eine Verfügung von Todes wegen (z. B. Testament) oder Schenkungen von der gesetzlichen Erbfolge ausgeschlossen, so können sie von den Erben den Pflichtteil verlangen. Das Pflichtteilsrecht setzt so der Testierfreiheit im Interesse der Beteiligung von nächsten Angehörigen eine gesetzliche Grenze. Nicht alle Rechtsordnungen kennen einen Pflichtteil. Während z. B. in den Vereinigten Staaten ein Pflichtteil unbekannt ist, besteht in Deutschland und in den meisten Ländern mit einer Rechtstradition,die auf das römische Recht zurückgeht, traditionell eine Pflichtteilsregelung, die jedoch unterschiedlich ausgeprägt ist. Der Gesetzgeber hat in den §§ 1112 - 1118 Koreanisches BGB den nahen Familienangehörigen die Garantie eingeräumt, immer zumindest einen Mindestanteil am Erbe zu erhalten, nämlich den sog. gesetzlichen Pflichtteil. · Zum Kreis der Berechtigten gehören nach §1112 KBGB dabei die Abkömmlinge des Erblassers (Kinder, Enkel- und Urenkelkinder),der Ehegatte sowie die Eltern des Erblassers und Geschwister des Erblassers pflichtteilsberechtigt. Nicht anspruchsberechtigt sind hingegen in Deutschland und in den meisten Ländern die Geschwister des Erblassers. Die Höhe des Pflichtteils ist im einzelnen nach folgenden Maßstab unterschiedlich geregelt:- eine Hälfte des Wertes des gesetzlichen Erbteils für einen Abkömmlinge des Erblassers - eine Hälfte des Wertes des gesetzlichen Erbteils für den überlebenden Ehegatten des Erblassers - eine Drittel des Wertes des gesetzlichen Erbteils für jeden der Verwabdten des Erblassers in gerader aufsteigender Linie - eine Drittel des Wertes des gesetzlichen Erbteils für jeden der Geschwister · Im §1113 KBGB geht es um die Berechnung des Pflichtteils. Laut §1113 KBGB wird der Bereichnung des Pflichtteils der Überschuß nach Abziehung sämtlicher Beträge der Nachlaßschulden vom Gesamtwert des Nachlasses mit dem Wert der Zuwendungen zugrunde gelegt. · Fehlt dem Pflichtteilberechtigten infolge der in §1114 KBGB bezeichneten Zuwendungen oder Vermächtnisse der Wert des auf ihn entfallenden Anteils am Pflichtteil, so kann er vom Beschenkten oder Vermächtnisses zum Zweck der Befriedigung wegen des fehlenden Betrages verlangen(§1115 I). Bei Vorhandensein mehrerer Beschenkter oder Vermächtnisnehmer sind diese zur Herausgabe im Verhältnis des Wertes der ihnen zugewedten Gegenstände verpflichtet.

The environment of the domestic and international economy is being changed more rapidly than has ever been. There are two strategies that corporations may take to adjust themselves to the economic environment; one is about a business strategy for adjustment to the market condition and the other about corporate organization strategy to control the internal operation; the latter is very important to increase the corporate efficiency. The inefficient organization may make the corporation lose the ability to adjust to the market, and even more the future of the corporate be threatened. In America the term ‘restructuring’, meaning a vast reformation, has been used since 1980s with the recognition of the importance of corporate organization and it was introduced to Japan and Korea. Restructuring means merger of corporations, corporate division,establishment of the holding corporation and the subsidiary, and effective reorganization of internal work. The Commercial Code of Korea reflected the international trend in the 1998 revised version. The code rules the corporate division system with the name of division and division-merger. Restructuring, on the ground of financial states of corporations and corporate efficiency, is imperative and corporate division will play a great role in restructuring. Corporate division, including the division of the corporate body and the division of positive property and passive property, will affect the positions of stockholders and creditors of the divided corporations. Corporate division is a influential change which makes stakeholder adjust themselves to the new condition when stakeholder, including stockholders and creditors, have predicted the existing conditions and have had the legal relations. It is natural that this change affects the positions of stockholders and creditors. In most cases of division the decision is made by major stockholders, but to protect stockholders' and creditors' profit the opinion of the miner stockholders and creditors should be reflected in the process of making the decision to protect their interest. This thesis aims to search for the ways to prevent the small stockholders and creditors from getting damaged by the division, and through the study to discuss the defects of the code and to suggest the alternatives.

Europeans found individualism and come out from the world of incantation in 17-8C. They made a contract with a monster(=state)called leviathan(=state) and they delivered their natural right and got his protection for their freedom and property. And it is the most important thing that he should not infringe the inner world of them. Carl Schmidt called such a country as neutral state. Korea accepted the European civilization through the very hard times in which they experienced the harrassment and Japanese colonization. But the real trouble is that the state does occasionally infringe the contract, which mainly comes from the twist of modernization. And it is the most serious thing that the state has strong desire to dominate the very inner world of people. We can easily perceive its desire everywhere and the oath to a law-abiding and national security law are typical. The state is inclined to misuse those instruments owing to the uncertainty. But the traditional research has overlooked the aspect mentioned above. this theses aims to review those issues and suggest the debating material.

This study is trying to analyze the factors of Asian democratic model stemmed from the Kwangju democratic movement in May,1980, including both distorted concept on Korean style democracy and resistance against state violence. For the empirical evidences,this study is also trying to scrutinize the several cases of democratic incidents happened in the Philippines, China, Burma,Thailand, Indonesia and Nepal. The key groups for democratic movement in Asian countries have looked the spiritual motives from the Kwangju model to resist against dictatorship and fascism and in turn to change feudal system and bureaucratic orders. The Kwangju model has disseminated to the Asian developing countries such as Paris Commune had to the Europe. However, Asian developing countries imitating Korean model tend to overlook a fact that economic development need to go side by side with political democratization at the same time, such as South Korean democracy has initiated from the Kwangju model. On the contrary, democratic struggle process of Asian developing countries shows that they have accepted the Korean democratic model as the key factors for their struggle process. Democracy cannot be achieved with single trial or short-term effort. For example, in South Korea, numerous democratic movements have continued to present since Kwangju ignited in 1980. In the process, a lot of democratic system building tasks have continued at the same time, such as democratic legislation by democratic political decision making, establishment of national human rights commission. The key factors of horizontal dissemination for Asian developing countries are those of the political democracy model which South Korean people have experienced in the process of democratic struggle.

Corporate Social Responsibility("CSR") can not be easily defined because there are too many conceivable applications of CSR. However broadly stated, CSR implies that businesses share responsibility for societal conditions. It means a firm has an economic responsibility to provide goods and services, offer employment at a living wage, and generate profits to survive. Through these obligations, firms enhance societal well-being. This responsibility can assume many forms and may extend to consumers, employees, suppliers, and other stakeholders, not only to stockholders. CSR signifies conformity to society's expectations of appropriate business behavior such as ethical standards. A more recent CSR phenomenon is the adoption of Corporate Codes of Ethical Conduct. These Codes address many concerns associated with CSR. This trend has the bright side. However, corporations are trying to appeal to the public they run their business ethically, we still see the corporate corruptions and financial crisis around world. So this paper examines the possible ways how the directors of corporate shoulder the social responsibilities in the present corporate-related legal regimes.