Earticle

This paper analyzes the draft bill of the North Korean Human Rights Act currently under the consideration in the Republic of Korea National Assembly from an international and comparative legal perspective. North Korea's human rights violations have deeply concerned the global community to such a degree that the United Nations Human Rights Council has adopted resolutions against North Korea for its human rights policy. Moreover, the United States and Japan passed laws regarding this question in 2004 and 2006, respectively. Since 2005 when the Grand National Party drafted a bill for promoting North Korea's human rights this draft has been also on the table for harsh debate in the Korean society. A critical point at issue lies in whether this draft bill would properly function for promotion of human rights in North Korea as well as maintaining peaceful relations between the two Koreas. There are different opinions. In order to understand the draft North Korean Human Rights Act, we should recognize its international character because this law, in spite of adopted as domestic law, would work as an instance of international law. For this purpose, first, this paper will discuss the international background of drafting the North Korean Human Rights Law. The UN Human Rights Council's resolutions will be explained. Second, this law will be compared with the US North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 because the latter is the model bill of the former. Due to this, they tend to share many common regulations. Third, this paper is going to tackle the Bush Administration's foreign policy. Designating North Korea and other States as 'Axis of Evil' or 'Outpost of Tyranny,' the Bush Administration adopted many anti-dictatorship laws in the early 2000s. North Korean Human Rights Law should be regarded as one of these laws. Lastly, this paper will discuss the significance of the North Korean Human Rights Law from a viewpoint of Northeast Asian security. The concern exists that this law could play a leading role in bringing down the North Korean regime, accelerating the exodus of people in North Korea. Each provision will be investigated with a political sense as well as positive perspective.

지난 90년대에 중국의 사회 경제 환경에 중대한 변화가 일어났다. 중국 정부는 인류 사회발전 사회 발전 도중에 어떠한 국가도 겪지 않고 시도해 보지 않은 사회주의시장경제를 선택하였다. 비록 많은 국내외 학자들은 현재 중국은 실질적으로 자본주의의 길을 걷고 있다고 말하지만 현재 중국의 실제 사회경제 상황과 정치제도 발전 아울러 많은 정책과 입법 등의 제도를 살펴볼때 필자는 중국의 체제 변혁과 생성, 그리고 끊임없이 기존 제도를 수정하면서 발전을 모색 중인 것을 부정할 수는 없다. 이것은 어떠한 국가의 어떠한 패턴과도 다르며 이것은 또한 변혁중인 중국은 수많은 기회와 도전을 맞이하게 될 것이다. 이에 상응하여 중국의 법률제도는 비록 단기간내에 “법적 안정성과 예견성”의 요구를 충족 시킬 수는 없지만 장기적으로 볼때 사회주의법 가치관(사회 공공이익)과 시장경제법 가치관(경제 이익) 은 최종적으로 정부와 시장의 반복적인 조화 관계를 거치게 될 것이다. 앞에서 말한 이 두 개의 결합 즉 사회주의와 시장경제의 공통 가치관 - “사회공평과 질서”, 이것은 사회주의시장경제법의 핵심 가치관이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 가치관에서, 사회주의 시장경제 하에 형성된 중국 특유의 법률 환경속에서 국가 운용에 있어 중요한 거시적 경제 조정 수단에 맞춰, 사회 관리 기능과 시장실패 문제를 해결하고 사회자원을 공동 분배하는 재정 활동에 국가가 적극 참여하여야 한다. 재정 과정 중에서 민주 자결, 민주 감독과 민주 관리의 재정 민주의식은 이미 형성되었다 이러한 재정 민주의식은 최종적으로 이 의회를 통해서 제정되는 기본법인 헌법 형식에서 확인될 필요가 있다.

In modern insurance, solvency has been received lots of high-profile attention as the core of supervision. Nevertheless, how to take more effective measures to deal with the solvency. Different countries have different policies. United States and Japan are suitable for the Risk Based Capital, but Korea and China are using the European Solvency system. Not only the insufficient of the solvency causes losses for the insurance company, but also will lead to fall through. Even it Will also carry financial risks across the financial markets. Therefore, now the fast-growing insurance, we always should be prepared to deal with risks. In 1960s, Korea economy had been rapidly developed. After the financial crisis, the growth of Economic slowed down. In order to ensure financial stability, The need for planning long-term development strategy of the competitiveness of the insurance. After China's WTO Accession, China's insurance faces the challenges of the global finance. How to improve the competitiveness of the insurance to adapt to the economic development and to ensure financial security is the practical issue facing us. Korea and China are both of Asian countries, so Korea and China have a geographical advantage. With many years of development, Bilateral trade is growing closely. In this issue of prevention of financial risks, Korea and China also have a common targets. This paper aims to compare the insurance company solvency system, deepen understanding of the legal system of Korea and China. For the legal system of the insurance of Korea and China, providing to be used as reference material.

규약, 혹은 향약은 일반적으로 전통적 향촌사회의 자치규약을 말하며, 그 시행 시기나 시행 지역에 따라 다양한 내용을 담고 있다. 규약은 일반적으로 유교적인 예속을 전파하고 농민들을 공동체적으로 결속시켜 토지로부터의 이탈을 막고 체제의 안정을 도모하려는 목적에서 시행된 것으로 이해될 수 있을 것이다. 규약은 여씨향약을 효시로 하여 약 940여년의 역사를 가지고 있으므로, 다른 한편의 시각에서는 구시대의 산물로 여겨질 수 있겠으나, 현재까지도 중국의 법학계에서 삼농(농업, 농촌, 농민)문제의 해법을 규약을 위주로 탐색하는 등 여전히 그 중요성이 강조되고 있는 상황에 있음을 간과하여서는 아니 될 것이다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 상황에 있어서 규약에 의하여 의무적인 성격을 가지게 되는 상호부조적인 측면과 이와 동시에 같은 내용이 고스란히 일상생활 속에서 도덕으로 승화되는 측면을 규약의 본질적인 이중성으로 파악하고, 그 특성을 규명하기 위하여 여씨향약, 간남향약 등 익히 알려진 규약으로부터 중화인민공화국의 성립 후 현재의 발전된 형태의 규약에 이르기까지 면밀한 검토를 시도하고 있다. 한편 통치권자의 입장에서 바라보는 규약의 존재의의는 전통사회로부터 자발적으로 생성·발전된 규약에 의하여 의무적인 상호부조가 이뤄지면서도 이와 동시에 국가에 대한 충성이라는 유교적 도덕교육의 주된 내용으로 자리하게 됨으로써 유연하면서도 시의적절하게 활용될 수 있는 유의미한 보조적 통치수단이 될 수 있다는 점에서 찾아볼 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 규약의 이중성으로 말미암아 삼농문제의 해결에 기여하는 등 향후 규약의 역할은 더욱 증대될 것으로 전망된다.

At the last Qing dynasty, China adapted the separation system of civil and commercial law, but shortly after then changed to that of combinations which have been a traditional model of Chinese legislation. Since new China has begun, commercial law were no demand and forgotten during socialistic building periods. what we call "commercial law" is one of the legal phenomenon appeared in gradually development of socialist market system after Reformation and Opening of China. But as China entered into social market economy system, it is generally acknowledged that commercial law is an independent part from other legal parts and has the own peculiarities and operates completely on social market economy. Commercial law in China has shown gradually developing features by enacting individual commercial laws, for example, Company Law, Insurance Law and Admiralty Law etc. and amending them. At any rate, from beginning of 20 centuries to nowadays, China has maintained principle of the combination of civil and commercial law which , however, has many problems. But Chinese Civll law Draft seems to select way of legislation of a civil code with a combination of civil and commercial law. Many commercial law scholars insist on the separation system of civil and commercial law and necessary to enact independent commercial law which is an international trends and adequate to Chinese market economy systems. As China has changed rapidly into developing market economy system, the way to select Chinese commercial law system will be a "complex system" which legislates "General Rule of Commercial Law" for systematizing and harmonizing with existing many individual commercial laws.

With a good reason, illegal collaboration is an important object in the law of monopoly regulation. China also arranged and enacted the related contents under the term of monopoly agreement when antimonopoly law was established in 2008. Article 13 and Article 13 of antimonopoly law in China arranged and enacted the behaviors applicable to vertical monopoly consultation and horizontal agreement in large. In addition article 15 states exceptional cases of monopoly agreement. Article 46 of antimonopoly law in China regulates that when a business person consults about monopoly in violation of antimonopoly law, antimonopoly enforcement organizations can stop illegal behaviors and impose administrative fine, and also regulates remissions for voluntary declarator. In addition, enforcement organizations of antimonopoly law in State Council of the People's Republic of China, NDRC and SAIC, make up for detailed rules on antimonopoly law, that is enacts the regulations of anti-price monopoly and the regulation of behavior agreements prohibited by SAIC. There are many, insufficient and complementary, except punishment of monopoly agreement and remissions for voluntary declarator in antimonopoly law in China, though many years didn't pass from enforcement. But, this thesis looks into monopoly agreement in China, and examines some complementary points on remissions for voluntary declarator through comparison between that of Korea and that of China, after drawing out its characteristics and problems.

Die Theorie und Fälle stimmen generell zu, dass die widerrechtliche Absicht eine notwendige Komponent für das Bestehen des Diebstahls ist. Solche widerrechtliche Zueignungsabsicht beinhaltet die Wille des Ausschlusses oder der Benutzung und Maßnahme vom Besitzer. Die Wirklichkeit sieht aber anders aus. Die Fälle sind fokusiert auf die Wille des Ausschlusses bei der Entscheidung von der widerrechtliche Zueignungsabsicht. Sie zeigen keine konkrete Referenz auf die Existenz der Absicht der Benutzung und Maßnahme für die widerrechtliche Zueignungsabsicht. Dies bedeutet, dass die Wille des Ausschusses absolut brauchbar für die widerrechtliche Zueignungsabsicht ist, aber die Inhalte über Benutzung und Maßnahme bzw. deren Anwendungsbereich scheinen gar nicht sehr klar. Die Absicht der Benutznung und Massnahme ist eine entscheidende Kriterum für die Differenzierung von Beschädigung und Diebstahl, deshalb muss die Anerkennung solcher Absicht nicht uebersehen werden. Hier wird es postuliert, dass die Anerkennung der Absicht der Benutzung und Maßnahme auf die Wille der Unterdrückung bzw. Assetzung beziehen soll. Da die ursprunglich simple Aussetzung bzw. Unterdrückung kann auch die wirtschafliche Gewinn bringen, ist solche Ursprung nicht mehr ganz fair in diesen Fällen. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit ist einfach zu hoch, dass Diebstahl auf die Absicht solcher Benutzung gebräuchlich ist, sowohl subjektiv als auch objektiv.

Growth and the development of the country company must be necessarily guaranteed I maintain our economic social healthy growth and stability, and to raise phase of the national competitiveness. However, it is the times when it is difficult to secure the survival of the company without sustained change and innovation by the fierce competition with the change of rapid management environment practically. Therefore, many limit companies occur, and the measures for this become very important. However, it is the present conditions that many limit companies still do the prolongation of human life by finance support to have done an effort of the support of various policies to regenerate a limit company. Therefore I already think that multidirectional reproduction plan is necessary for the reproduction of the limit company. Therefore, a more practical action that I consider the actual situation of the limit company more minutely, and reflected the realistic fact of the limit company is necessary. In other words the structural adjustment of the limit company improves a legal system so that it is autonomously and always propelled by a mark, and it is necessary to utilize mergers and acquisitions, PEF, LBO leading finance industry positively.