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Tea was drunk as a fancy beverage. However, the history of Japanese tea was divided into two branches when Eisai, a Zen priest, brought a tea in Japan : One branch considered tea as a fancy beverage and a ceremony was specially held for it. The other branch, the new formation, considered tea in practical context during entertainment. For the more people began to recognize tea's medicinal benefits, which widened tea's purposes. During the Heian era, tea had became more popular for its medicinal benefits than its fancy purpose as a beverage. As ordinary people had more and more access to tea, it was used in different context, such as competition, curation or entertainment. For example, tea was called Cha yoriai within the Toucha competition context. Tea still kept its medicinal benefits during ceremonies. The tea was first called Kencha, offered to a deity and Buddha, and then Zenincharei, used during a tea ceremony held in the Buddhist temple. Some common elements exist in both Zenincharei and Toucha : the ornament and the making of tea powder called Tencha. However, they developed into two different aspects. This development reflects the dual structure of the Japanese culture. Tea had converted itself into Zenincharei and Toucha, both considered as independent dual structures. The independent dual structure between Zenincharei and Toucha was the result during the Heian era of its separation to the simple dual structure of fancy beverage and medicinal use.

Buddhist memorial service performed by the Japanese Buddhism blended into the Japanese folk customs and became an established tradition of the Japanese people. The symbolic structure of it is not derived from the ideas peculiar to Japan, but from the idea, which accompanied the re-burial of primitive societies in Southeast Asia. It might be presumed that each Buddhist memorial service is given the meanings by each sect as long as they are performed according to the Buddhism ways. This paper aims to examine the case of Jodo sect that was deeply involved with the mortuary practice from the early days. In the doctrine of Jodo sect, the prayer is supposed to be born into the paradise after receiving Amitabha when he dies and begin his training by receiving the teachings of Amitabha in a blessed environment. It is extremely difficult to drew a conclusion of the symbolic structure of the re-burial from this doctrine. According to Jodo sect, the Buddhist memorial service has its meaning in cherishing the memory of the dead or giving the opportunity to come in contact with the teachings of Amitabha. It can be stated that such a disparate phenomenan of the doctrine and practice is not the phenomenon that can be seen only in Jodo sect, but a phenominon that can be seen across the Japanese Buddhism.

To examine of the actual situation of the policy and to propose a　problems to solve several problems about a lot of Korean students is the main object of this paper. Therefore, I gave an example of Kyoto City. The significance of this study is that I made effort to grasp opinions of teachers and students who lead on interchange meeting from different angle, and I reflected these for my proposal. In addition, I offered point of view for Japanese students to change consciousness of discrimination of a race through interchange, and to think the education policy for foreigners which Korean students in Japan can live in true symbiosis with Japanese society. These are also significance of the study.

Cambodian government launched to reduce the military budget because of its decrease needs, increasing budget to maintain the soldiers and their health problems. For that purpose Cambodia Veterans Assistance Program（CVAP）was enacted to provide the former soldiers secure, standard of living by entitling them the vested interest, job training right, giving motorcycles, sewing-machines and temporary money. However CVAP does not show the expected results nor the worse situation has been reported. Not a few soldiers lost the package they were given and became poor again. In this paper first I analyze why this miserable situation has been brought by casing light on the CVAP's system. Second I examines whether or not the Supporting Self-help Policy works well as it was designed and the concept of its meaning is acceptable in a real setting world by analyzing cases in Seam reap.

The two flows of literature in the home country and literature in exile contain different philosophical and artistic culture of the 20th century. Among them, the emigrant literature in exile has its Russian speaking readers who had to leave Russia after the revolution and civil war in to Europe. The emigrant Russian literature was in danger of crisis. That's because the younger generation of literature felt it difficult to write about Russia, not breathing air of Russia and not seeing the traditional culture of the past Russia properly. In literary debates about crisis of emigrant literature, considering the situation that the connections between the emigrant reality and the Russian tradition get thinner, Gazdanov claims that the generation of young writers should break off relations with the literary traditions of the Silver Age inherited by the older generation and should pay attention to contemporary uncertainty and eternal philosophical problems. In Gazdanov the boundary between the reality and fiction is vague. And reality of human beings and the phenomena take various forms of illusion in Gazdanov, which is the key and truth of the world of his literature. He found out the semantic space of the gap and boundary in his works, and he created his own world that meets the artistic tasks of the 1.5 generation, defined and assigned by himself.

The questions, connected with the study of the cultures of the Iron age of the Russian Far East, are not new. However, until now, some of the important remain the problems of the origin of ‘Poltse’ culture, connections of Amur and Primorie(Maritime Province) in the designated time. In this plan the specific information can present the analysis of pottery materials with the application of contemporary methods, including - the petrological microscopy, the thermal Gravity Analysis(TGA), X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD). The basic special features of the mineralogical composition of pottery in both regions do not demonstrate essential differences. But, from this parameter as the composition of molding compositions (quantity of models with the organic additives or the chamotte, with the sand or the rock fragments), it is possible to note the presence of the interrelation of ‘zeltyi Yar’, ‘PoltseⅠ’, ‘Glazovka’, ‘Bulochka’, but ‘Amurskij Sanatorij’ differs from the others. Most clearly the differences between the models of ancient ceramics of four monuments of the Far East are manifested with the comparison of the results of XRD and TGA studies. Thus, the models of pottery from ‘PoltseⅠ’, ‘Glazovka’ and ‘zeltyi Yar’ are uniform in the limits of one monument and are individual for each monument. The model of pottery of one monument can be reliably distinguished of the model of another monument by the phase composition. It is a different matter with the pottery from the ‘Amurskij Sanatorij’. Two models of four contain mullite, and in principle they do not differ from models ‘PoltseⅠ’. Remaining four models contain the non-identified phase, which gives reflexes to 34.2° and 38.3°. The same phase is discovered in two models of ‘Glazovka’. The composition of the feldspar in the pottery of ‘Amurskij Sanatorij’ corresponds to the composition of the feldspar in the models ‘PoltseⅠ’ and ‘Glazovka’.