Earticle

This paper’s purpose is a consideration with the multi-layered rhetorical constructive method in the center of how the melancholic poetics of the 21st century in intimate connection with the postmodernism or post-capitalism has manifested. This poetic symptom of melancholy not only has a distinctive feature which has reflected on a poet's autobiographical life but also represents the lost and loneliness which the individual has usually experienced in social life. This paper has traced to how melancholy(melancholie) has operated, and what relationship it has done with the conscious of the time, in poems which have been commonly entitled a word as ‘melancholy(melancholia)’ by Korean young poets. Thus this paper has illuminated firstly the concept of melancholy and its poetic characteristic in Jin Eun-Young's poem by distinguishing between melancholy and mourning(trauer), secondly the gaze and waiting-pose of melancholia in Jang Seok-Won's poem by comparing it with the Melancholia I that Albrecht Dürer had engraved, thirdly the structure of melancholy which has been epitomized to a psychological process as the ‘losing its object, narcissistic regression, identifying its object with itself, ambivalence of its love and hatred, and tormenting itself’ in Whang Byung-Seung's poem, fourthly the abyss of melancholia by observing mainly the allegorical fragments in Kwun Hyuk-Oong's poem, and finally the everyday pose of melancholy which has been made from the metonymic desire wandering about the time of ‘squander’ in Chae Eun's poem. Therefore, in each of these poems, the rhetorical strategies of melancholy have been noticed in terms of the (fragments of) allegory, the oxymoron and paradox, the irony, the repetition and rhythm, the metaphoric transference, the metonymic transference, the aphorism, the speech, the grotesque, the fantasy, the time and space, the feeling, etc. In recent poems of Korean young poets, melancholy has become both an everyday emotion and an essential impulse in Korean modern poetry of the 21st century, and has been recognized as a possibility of its ‘new’ poetics. And it is to be said that everyday discovery of melancholy and its variety of rhetorical strategies have implied processes of the emotional and poetical practices of poetry for reviving as the new poetry. They have been by no means inferior to discussions about the gaze, structure, abyss, and pose of the 21st poetics. In this sense it is consequently to be said that this paper has meant a work to explore a variety of the melancholic rhetorics and its possibility of being a poetics of the 21st century.

According to Umberto Eco, there is important distinction between the semiology of communication and the semiology of signification. for instance, it means that the semiology of communication without the semiology of signification can not accomplish. However, it is impossible that the semiology of signification departed from the semiology of communication. More and more difficult to communicate, more and more increase the blank of the interpretation. When the system of signification as independent construction free from the mechanism of communication, the poetry is suddenly born like a lotus flower what rise inside the pond. from this time the drama begins with symbol and metaphor to explain about silent poetry. The poetry belongs to the text oriented toward the speaker what is the closed and unfamiliar, ambiguous thing. This essay is aimed to prove the identity of the poetry on the speaker's side by looking at the four class of the poetry include the lyric, unintelligible, meaningless, and confessional poetry represented in order the poet Kim So Wall, Lee Sang, Kim Chun Soo, Kim Soo Young. The peculiarity of poetic language makes the poetry difficult things. the poetry means one thing, simultaneously means another thing. The poetry makes special communication style through the lack of communication. It is communication tactics of the poetry that discovered in the pond of anti-communication. It is possible to classify the genre of poetry by degree of the communication tactics and the open stage of the communication. The language of the poetry is flight and jumping. Internal and mysteric tendency of the poet makes the poetry abundant. The poetry is the text limitless in its enjoyment. The poetry creates more and more mysterious symbol through internal persona. This mystery of the creative poetry makes prosperous intention to prove it. The poetry is the text mixed with centrifugal force and centripetal force. The poetry as a text of a tendency oriented-toward the speaker make possible infinite creation and it is always the open text to various or spontaneous approach for it.

Author Kim-Sum's novel is exotic, unfamiliar and fearful. Her novel makes fanciful recognition of the world by means of substantial things. Although somewhat jocular imaginations made in deep despair seem not to have any definite direction, various fancies lead to a certain image having concrete meanings. Imagination by means of palpable things sets free the novel's characters who are confined in inextricable situations. The fantasies in her novel open the door to new recognition that can not be obtained rational thinking. Using craftly realistic structure and fantastic structure in her novel, Kim-Sum investigates deep core of human consciousness. Her novel has the aesthetic power that can be used in remedy for our insensibility and for common idea. This paper looks into the aesthetic potential of the Kim-Sum's novel by focusing on the images and fancies made through the physical thing, the eye. The eye is the starting point of human intelligence, perception and wisdom. Meanwhile The eye is the means through which the misinterpretation and the cognitional violence are made. The misinterpretation is to regard partial image as the whole image. The cognitional violence is the violence derived from wrong perception through the eye. Using these two roles of the eye, Kim-Sum's imaginative novel stimulates human consciousness. In her novel, holes and eye-shaped things are metaphoric words of the eye. Holes on the ceiling and the floor of a house represent the cracks in the everyday life and are the window through which we can reach true meanings of tangible things that ordinary conception or ordinary experience can not reach. Eating or having eye-shaped things like beads and eyes of fish expresses the desire to get fundamental insight freed from narrow and limited sight. As the metonymical expression of the eye, forehead and eyebrow are the new eyes contrasted with the eye that can be used as the means of the cognitional violence. The new eyes reject the cognitional violence on poor men, jobless people, alienated people and feeble people. The new eyes are the ego-raising substances Avoiding eye contact with other people or other substances is related with irrational sense of guilt of weak-minded people who put all the bad things on their conscience. The weak-minded people can not raise their heads because of the guilty feeling. Kant, the famous philosopher, said that when one feels the irrational sense of guilt, one gets mental freedom. Feeling the guilty sense means to think about the possibility that a bad event could be avoided by one's effort even though the event was irresistible. The guilty feeling that causes avoidance of eye contact boosts the egos of trivial and feeble characters in Kim-Sum's novel.

This thesis is to study the writing techniques in Jeon Sang-guk's novels. As you know, the writing techniques of the novel is freer than other genres. So the novel is defined as anti-art. I think that's why the writing techniques of the novel is important. The novel, anti-art which is between art and not art by the unfinished form, the progressive form becomes the real art by the writing techniques. The writing techniques is not a simple notion or theory. It is inseparably related to man's experiences and practices. That is, it is adhered closely to the man's daily life. The novel is history itself, I think. Therefore studying the writing techniques is very important to understand both the writer as the subject of the novel and the novel as the writer's works. Generally Jeon shows the tragic world in his novels. His tragic world is related to the historic irony. He thinks the exclusive social positions and the gap between rich and poor bring about the destruction of our communities. And he thinks that the world is more tragic by Korean war, the identification of education and the selfishness of the capitalistic victims. I studied Jeon's writing techniques to show the themes in his whole works. First, Jeon creates the typical character as a man of the tragic world understanding. His characters are not ordinary but special. He used the typical characters to tell the history irony. And he described the extreme situations in the world through the characters' actions. He emphasizes such situations are the tragic reality. Second, Jeon chooses the antagonistic relationship to keep the characters' tension. The opposition is largely rich and poor, social position, man's values, and ideology and so on. The symbolic characters as men of the tragic world understanding are rather ethic and ideologic than delicate and timid. So they are opposed to the opponents and such opposition is rather group and collective than single and individual. As a result, the opposition is stronger and stronger. Lastly, Jeon uses the typical reasoning technique for making the plot of the novel. He resorts to tricks which the readers guesses the ending of the novel and then he leads them to solve the ending themselves. At last, the readers find the harmers whom he creates in his novels but they realize that the harmers are the indistinct subjects, that is, history itself and punishing them is impossible. In other words, Jeon shows the world tragic repeats itself through the reasoning technique in his novels.

Internet is a hot topic and changing factor representing this generation and the society. The same holds true for the relation between literature and Internet. It is no wonder that there are mutual influences between literature and the time as long as literature is based on the society composed by human beings. In this paper, the result of comprehensive analysis on literary works, psychology of creative writings, methods of communication with readers, and the relation to associated cultural found two creation methodologies of internet fiction as following. 1) Voluntary participation from prosumer. The most notable part of various features of internet fiction is that the creation is thoroughly carried out by participation from readers. It is an unproductive activity, namely 'play' as well as a deviant behavior. 2) Utilization of cultural content database. Internet fiction writers produce a database with their mass culture experience. And they select elements in the content to create a story. The reason that cultural content industry have been based on internet fictions as originals lies on the characteristic. To sum up, Creation of internet fiction is a sort of 'Play' and other cultural content is 'toys' to play with since the practical use of cultural content promotes fiction writing. Thus, the two creation methodologies of internet fiction are combined in interaction. These creation methodologies are certainly effective in creation training for learners of creative writing, which facilitate the process of selecting and composing a character, setting, and event etc. However, it is vulnerable to plagiarism. To avoid plagiarism, It seems more reasonable to consider possible countermeasures such as reinforcing writer's consciousness, implementing plagiarism prevention training, etc rather to abandon creation methodologies under the fear of plagiarism. The standard of internet fiction has not been satisfied so far. Eventually, a duty of educators of creative writing is to train the learners and help them to be professional writers.

The Joseon Dynasty suffered the damage of the fall of empire due to Imjin war, Japan provoked in 1592. The government of Joseon sent the head of warrior monks, Samyeong and ordered him to search the possibility of reinvasion. The Great monk, Samyeong got confirmed from Tokugawa Ieyasu that Japan had no intention to reinvade and made ​​peace promises with him. And he also achieved repatriating more than 3,000 prisoners who were taken to Japan during the war at this time. However, more than one hundred thousand people remained in captivity in Japan as a slave and a part of them were sold to Southeast Asia or other countries. In modern history, Japan colonized the Korean peninsula by force and made China, Taiwan, and several Asian countries,etc. as ​​tributary countries and massacred and pillaged tremendous human and material resources. But Japan has not been acknowledging that fact, even without any reflection itself. It has something to do with Japanese national convention which Imjin war is understood as the historical milestone, a conquest of Korea. This thesis is written for making Japan reflect on its wrong historical consciousness by accepting the issue of the Imjin war prisoners as a cultural content material at the age of globalization and also for the purpose of presenting a cultural image of East Asian unity on the assumption of Japanese reflection and awareness. Ganghang is a scholar of the Joseon period, taken captive to Japan for three years. He wrote five essays of hands on experience of captivity and later younger students collected them and made 『Ganyangrok』with official publication. Despite over one hundred thousand prisoners, there's not much information about how they were captured, how they lived and how they tried to escape. 『Ganyangrok』is the best record literature unmatched because it is the most obvious information with accurate depictions and delicate expressions. Dedicated to the king of his own country after investigation of Japan during the detention, 'a Letter to the highness from a hostile land', 'the Report, seen and heard in an enemy's land', written for the purpose of devoting to the king after returning, to the captives who had left in Japan before returning, 'a Manifesto to the captives', being presented to the king after returning, 'a Report dedicated to the king at Seungjeongwon-the royal secretariat, and 'Life history of the war', written by staying at home after returning, all these books are his five essays. This 『Ganyangrok』was aired on television soap operas, the main theme song is widely known as a singer, Joyongpil's song. Various values in 『Ganyangrok』 make aggressors such as Japan who don't introspect the history of aggression and usurpation reflect on their emotion in future. They can be also used as contents which raise the spirit of peaceful coexistence for the global era. Many characters such as Japanese people who interacted with Ganghang, including Fujiara Seika, who learned Confucianism from Ganghang and became a progenitor of Japanese Neo-Confucianism, and the captives who died or who were killed or who couldn' t escape and remained, etc. will create a wide spectrum for making 『Ganyangrok』become a cultural content.