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In collectivistic cultures representing most countries in Notheast Asia, the pursuit of public interest is an important research topic for collectivists who tend to take more care about the interests of the group they belong to than their own. This is because the interests of the whole world may have to sacrifice every small group's interests and the concepts of public interests can be confusing in terms of whether it targets to every individual small group or to the whole one-world. From this perspective, this article largely analyzes the fundamental theories of norm and process focusing on the different concepts of public interest. The literature begins by reviewing the conceptual progress and differences of those theories. It also evaluates their limitations with respect to the different concepts of public interest. Implications and usefulness of each theory in the context of the Northeast Asian countries is highlighted.
The Colonial Empire War of France in East Asia Seas (1858-1887)
동북아시아문화학회 동북아 문화연구 제37집 2013.12 pp.585-612
※ 원문제공기관과의 협약기간이 종료되어 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다.
France owned a powerful army and navy in the 19th century. The decline of China’s Qing dynasty made it difficult for them. The powerful French Navy played an important role in East Asia. During this period, Japan imitated the colonialism of the Western Empire and expanded its Empire in the world. European countries went to Asia in order to obtain oriental resources and mines. The “Sino-French War” was when France invaded China and war broke out from 1883 to 1885. On October 25, 1883, the squadron of French Tokin Bay Sea’s Commander Courbet was ordered by the French government to attack China initiatively. The crucial decision-makers between China and France were Chinese Premier Viceroy Li Hong-Zhang and French Prime Minister Jules Ferry. China’s policy was Li Hong-Zhang’s “To give up Vietnam, to defend Taiwan”; France’s policy was Jules Ferry’s “To give up Taiwan, to defend Vietnam.”In brief, in the Second Empire, Napoléon III had looked for the glory of France, and established a colonial Empire to go across the Four Continents of Europe, Africa, America, and Asia; subsequently, the Third Republic of France still possessed its own potentiality, superiority, and advantage to engage in the expansion of overseas colonies. Afterwards, France finally established the “French Indochina” in Southeast Asia.
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