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A comparative study on Ethnogenetic theory of the Japanese Race by Ryuzo Torii and Masao Oka - From the Viewpoints of ‘Diffusion’ and ‘Migration’ - Hideyuki Sekine Ryuzo Torii and Masao Oka were the representative researchers who advocated the ethnogenetic theory of the Japanese race before and after World War II. Although both of them thought that the Japanese race was the mixture of various races from East Asia, comparative studies of their ideas have yet to be made. This paper aimed at comparing their theories from a viewpoint of the sociology of knowledge with a focus on their interaction with historical contexts such as scientific trend of thought and current foreign relations, etc. For a touchstone or a criterion, I focused on their choice between 'migration' and 'diffusion' as the moment of explanation of the genealogy, with the former being associated with the direct genealogical relationship, and the latter with the indirect genealogical relationship. Since Japan of the 1910s, in which Torii's theory was announced, needed the logic which justifies assimilation of new territories, it was natural for Torii's theory to be influenced by a viewpoint of migration. Torii came to realize, however, the importance of cultural studies made popular by the investigation of Miao tribes, and turned the direction of research into diffusion. Meanwhile, in the postwar Japan, which abandoned colonies, asked for a new identity as a homogeneous nation, Oka's new theory was announced and Torii's theory was increasingly seen as a dangerous ideology. Although the historical situation almost compelled genealogical studies of the Japanese race towards viewpoint of diffusion, Oka also commented on migration cautiously. Because of restrictions that the current social atmosphere imposed on each researcher, Torii had to give seemingly cursory comments on diffusion while concentrating on migration and Oka had to give seemingly cursory attention to migration while concentrating on diffusion. This study, however, argues that what two researchers aimed at was almost the same in the last instance. Although Oka denied any academic tie with Torii, it is not too much to say that Oka was a real successor of Torii.

The meaning of Japanese Temple Pilgrimages in a Cultural View and the Study of Architectural Implication Roh, Jih-Wa Hachijuhatkashomeguri(visits to 88 typical Budhists Temples), the typical Japanese Temple Pilgrimage, attempts to consider the cases related to the temple and its architectural features. Moreover, through the succession, preservation, and protection of the regional legacy, the sociocultural relationship and position, and architectural implications of temple architecture will be researched as well. Shikokuhenro provides storytelling sources due to the fact that it follows the accession of the Cobodaisi footsteps, and through each temple and its history, derivation, and the related tales. As the preservation and maintenance of the region's traditional temples are being practiced, the temple becomes linked to tourist commodification which stimulates the revitalization of the region's economy. It could be said that the way Shikokuhenro produces the value and unique architecture culture is quite significant. And therefore, the meaning and peculiar cultural phenomenon that Shikokuhenro produces are not just limited in a restricted, religious aspect, but they play a role that makes Japanese Temple Architecture naturally recognized to people and connect them to modern citizens as traditional rituals. Furthermore, they represent the modern design of Henrogoya, which reflects traditional culture. Lastly, the architectural meaning that projects made by the participations of the region's inhabitants symbolize the open and public characteristics of Buddhism as a whole. The original theory and structure of Buddhism Architecture are known as to have been following the proper principals of Buddhism itself. The architectural forms and remarks were figured as being arranged variously, based on the regional features of Henro course, which is distributed evenly across the four areas of Shikoku Region, Japan, along with particularity within individual temples.

Is civic legacy sustained in Japan? Lee, Hyun-Sun Since the Meiji era, Japanese state and the civil society have maintained interwined relationship. Japanese state has monitored and regulated Japanese civil society with a tight lash and at the same time the civil sector also cooperated with the state for its own purpose. The civil legacy of Japan represented as a blurred boundary between state and civil society maintained through 20th century in Japan was challenged in late 1990s with a growing social demands for a robust civil society, which resulted in the legislation of the 1998 NPO law. Though there have been several views pros and cons on the impact of the new law on constructing a robust Japanese civil society; not enough micro-level studies of the civil sector since the NPO law have conducted; especially little study on the ethnic minority organisations in Japan. This research note tries to fill the academic gap through an ethnographical work based on the long-term field research on North Korean welfare NPOs. This research shows though there still remained the Japanese civic legacy of strong state management; at the same time some civil sector especially marginalised group like the ethnic minority could be flourised based on the new NPO law through its own way.

일본금융제도의 연구: 메인뱅크시스템의 변화를 중심으로 윤 일 현 일본금융제도는 독일과 더불어 은행중심금융제도의 대표적인 국가로서, 영미 금융제도인 시장중심금융제도와 대별된다. 특히 일본은 메인뱅크시스템이라는 독특한 금융제도를 발전시켜왔는데 거래은행인 메인뱅크가 담당기업의 영업자금의 조달을 거의 책임지고, 재무곤경에 빠질 경우 해당기업의 구조조정까지 담당하며, 상호간에 주식을 교차 보유함으로서 기업의 지배권까지 보유하는 등 기업에 대해 장기적이고 밀접한 관계를 갖고 있다. 그러나 1980년대부터의 금융자유화 바람, 1990년대의 금융위기 및 2000년대의 빅뱅스타일의 금융개혁의 영향으로 일본금융제도는 변화하기 시작하였다. 본 논문은 1859년의 일본의 개화 이후 최근에 이르기까지 일본의 금융제도의 역사적 배경을 기술하고, 소위 ‘잃어버린 10년’이라는 장기간에 걸친 금융위기가 금융제도에 끼친 영향을 설명한다. 2차례에 걸친 전쟁을 수행하면서 특히 태평양전쟁의 와중에서 은행은 국가의 전시자금을 관리하는 기구로 전락하여 은행중심의 금융제도가 발전되었다. 2차 세계대전 후 점령군치하에서 각 부문에 걸친 개혁조치는 당시 냉전체제하에서의 정치적 고려로 금융부문에서는 예외가 되어 종전의 금융제도가 계속되었고, 정부가 전후 경제부흥에 필요한 기업의 영업자금을 은행을 통하여 할당함으로서 메인뱅크제도가 형성되었다. 이러한 제도는 일본의 경제발전에 핵심적 역할을 하였으며 성공적인 제도로서 평가를 받아왔으나 이에 대한 문제점도 제기되어 변화를 모색하고 있다. 금융자유화와 금융위기 이후의 개혁조치, 특히 자본시장의 도입과 발달로 전통적인 은행차입금으로부터 탈피하여 자본시장에서 직접 자금을 조달하는 형태로 변화하고 있다. 대체로 대기업 및 다국적기업의 경우 전통적인 은행차입에서 벗어나 외국인투자유치나 자본시장에서 직접금융의 형태로서 자본을 조달하는 시장중심금융제도의 모습을 보이고 있으며. 상대적으로 소규모 기업은 여전히 은행대출이 주요 자금조달방법이며 은행과 밀접한 관계를 유지하며 메인뱅크시스템이 유지되고 있다. 기업의 지배구조도 대기업의 경우는 외국인 및 기관투자가들의 지배권행사가 우선시되고 있으며, 소규모의 기업의 경우는 여전히 메인뱅크가 지배권을 행사하고 있어, 은행중심의 금융제도와 시장중심의 금융제도가 당분간 공존하고 있다고 하겠다.

The Language Policy and Language Situation in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) of the Russian Federation Kim, Min-Soo After disintegration of Soviet Union the language policy of Republic of Sakha(Yakutia) has been directed basically on restoration and development of the Yakut language and languages of the small tribes and their culture. The Law on languages of Republic of Sakha played an important role in this process. As a result of realization of this law within 90-years of the last century the language situation in the Republic of Sakha has much more improved. But, in these 10 years under the pressure of globalization and industry development have rather amplified russian influence. As a result of it the general language situation in the Republic of Sakha approaches to more equilibrium bilingual condition . But, all the same it is still necessary to give attention to preservation and development of languages and cultures of the Yakut and small tribes and creation of more harmonized language situation in the Republic of Sakha.

Main Trends on the Historiography of the Russian Revolution since the Dissolution of the Soviet System Park, Won-Yong This paper attempts to examine the changing historiography of the Russian Revolution after the fall of the Soviet system. The first main trend that can be singled out is the retreat of the revisionism. The revisionism on the Russian revolution have made a great contribution to disclosing the biased perspective on the Russian Revolution, but it has not fully paid attention to various reaction of people engulfed in the process of the revolution. As a result, it is vulnerable to criticisms from conservative historians who think that the revisionist interpretations on the revolution is nothing but the repetition of the orthodoxy view in the Soviet period. The second trend is the adoption of the methodology of the new cultural history, the results of which have widened the subjects of research and given chances of examining various kinds of historical agents hitherto neglected. The final trend is the consideration of the alternatives to the revolution. The renewed judgements on the last tsar of the Romanov dynasty and the political parties other than the Bolsheviks are all the attempts made in terms of this perspective. In sum, the historiography on the Russian Revolution would not be coalesced in the single viewpoint. The Russian Revolution will remain to the future generation as a lively historical objective stimulating colorful thoughts and debates.

아시아의 셰익스피어 정 해 룡 최근에 아시아권에서는 서구 문화의 아이콘인 셰익스피어의 극을 독특한 문화적 관점에서 표현하려는 움직임이 활발하다. 이 논문은 중국, 일본, 한국에서의 셰익스피어 공연과 번역의 상황을 검토하면서 이러한 독특함이 어떻게 전개되고 있는지를 검토하고 있다. 중국에서의 셰익스피어 극은 근대 중국의 연극형태로 번역되고 공연되어, 많은 공연물들은 다양한 해석과 무대기법으로 원전을 새로운 관점에서 재생산을 시도했다. 중국에서 셰익스피어연구는 텍스트의 비평적, 이론적 분석보다는 무대를 위한 번역에 초점이 맞추어졌다. 일본에서 셰익스피어 수용은 대부분이 번역을 통하여 이루어졌다. 따라서 번역의 질이 매우 중요하게 여겨졌다. 일본의 번역가들은 셰익스피어의 풍부한 언어를 독특한 스타일로 번역하여 그들의 개성을 보여 주었으며, 따라서 오늘날 일본의 셰익스피어 공연은 전통적 엘리자베스조의 스타일로 이루어지고 있는 동시에 재해석으로 ‘가부키’나 ‘노’ 스타일로 독특한 공연물을 만들어 내기도 한다. 특히, 일본에서는 셰익스피어를 상업화하여 텔레비전쇼나 만화 등으로 나타나기도 했다. 한국에서의 셰익스피어 공연은 원전에 충실하기도 하지만 한국적 특성을 살린 독특한 해석에 의존하고 있다. 하지만 한국의 셰익스피어 연구의 경우 서구의 비평에 많이 의존하고 있어 우리 나름의 비평적 목소리를 낼 필요가 있다. 결론적으로 중국, 일본, 한국 등 아시아권에서는 셰익스피어 연극을 실험과 탐구의 대상으로 상호문화적 인물로 수용하여 동양적인 관점에서 ‘새로운 셰익스피어’를 지속적으로 창조하고 있다.

This study analyzed ‘a literary representation of the migrant’. Recently, Korean writers have been working on ‘a literary representation of the migrant’. But, this work is difficult because writers might be able to appropriate migrants. So, it needs to be done carefully. The study groped this method on the base of Gayatri Spivak and Rey Chow's theories. The results are as follows. First, the study examined the danger of appropriation. Furthermore, it analyzed the points that elites must keep in mind to avoid appropriation. They are <thorough self-investigation>, <observation of subaltern's silence>, and <unlearning one’s privilege as one’s loss>. Next, the study applied its conclusion to ‘a literary representation of the migrant’. Korean writers need to pay attention to Gayatri Spivak and Rey Chow's theories, too. In addition, they should continue to work for <thorough self-investigation>, <observation of subaltern's silence>, and <unlearning one's privilege as one's loss>.

The creation myth in india changes from the subject of creation and what is the original form of subject related with the creation of the cosmos and the world to the story of creation having a descriptive form. In particular, Purāṇa is the works that collect public mythology, legend and theogony and so on. And it is different from main concerns in the creation myth of Ṛgveda and has a purpose to give a lesson and to increase the religious belief of special sects through episode. The creation myth of the churning of milk ocean in the Viṣṇu-Purāṇa has a story recovering the order and preserving the world which comes to a crisis of destruction. And it gives a point to the devotion and religious belief toward the Viṣṇu and the Śri(Lakṣmi) of his consort. Also this myth contains the values for Hindus to pursue in the circumstances of the case and the course solving it. That is to say, the main interest of the other creation myth was about creation itself and origin. Otherwise the churning of milk ocean puts more stress on reconstructing and preserving this world through the victory of good in a battle between gods and devas over the immortal drink, Amṛta. I think that the churning of milk ocean is having the thought of Hinduism in the course of a series of creation. Therefore, at first, this paper is to look into the change of subject and concern about the creation myth through the current and type of creation myth from Ṛgveda, Brahmana to Purāṇa. And then I analyze the story of the churning of milk ocean in the Viṣṇu-Purāṇa and find the thought of Hinduism like dharma, bhakti, artha and mokṣa mentioned in the churning of milk ocean.

Yhyakh: Yakut Indigenous Festival Kim, Tschung-Sun This article explores the forms and functions of Sakha's Yhyakh festival with a focus on the circle dance known as Ohuokhai. Historically, the Sakha (Yakut) people are Turkic-speaking agropastoralists inhabiting the subarctic Sakha Republic of Russia. The Yhyakh festival is believed to have been formed in the ancient era. This tradition was disrupted in the 17th century, when shamanism, the Sakha's indigenous religion, was prohibited and forcefully replaced by the Russian Orthodoxy. However, with the collapse of socialism at the end of 20th century, the consciousness of national identity of the Yakut people was reignited. This brought about the revival of the Yhyakh festival and the reappearance of their traditions and national culture. Although some ritualistic customs have degenerated into political expressions, it is still possible to detect the traditional sources of the Yakut people in the festival. In particular, the Ohuokhai, which originated as the opening communal prayer during the Yhyakh festival, maintained its original sacred function and, over time, assumed other functions. This article defines the origins of the Ohuokhai and traces its evolving functions through the pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet times. It reveals that, despite continuing post-Soviet threats, Ohuokhai continues because of the commitment and initiative of the Sakha inhabitants.