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Liu Zongyuan is a writer who led a new literary movement in the middle Tang Dynasty. The outcome of the literary movement leading to the Song Dynasty has led Liu Zongyuan to be called the eight great Tang and Song Dynasty prose writers’. His writings, which are prized by posterity, were written after being relegated to the provinces of Yongzhou. He dissolved his anger and pain in the natural surroundings of his lord. His attitude toward this life was notable and highly respected by scholars. The scientist also noticed this point. So far, research on Liu Zongyuan especially, that on his prose writings, has been studied focusing on the characteristics of content and expression through stylistic classification. However, we can say that it is difficult to observe the background of literary proses across the Yongzhou era with an approach of concentrating on the individual style of writing. Thus, this article refers to the literary aesthetic achievement of individual proses discussed in the research of traditional style of writing, and seeks to observe the Youngzhou experiences and consciousness of Liu Zongyuan in the framework of the prose creation in Yongzhou. This writing investigates the aspect of consciousness of Liu Zongyuan in proses of his Yongzhou period. Therefore, the main points of this analysis is his perception of Yongzhou and Changan and the changes formed by his personalizing and assimilating Yongzhou area. Also, by pursuing the characteristics and changes of Liu Zongyuan's consciousness during Yongzhou period, we endeavored to grasp how his proses' features of this period are arranged. The primarily considered outputs are as follows. Firstly, we identified that Liu Zongyuan during Yongzhou period seemed to consider Yongzhou and Changan as the place whrere he can isolate himself and his soul. Secondly, it is notified that he can experience various emotional changes through the process of making diverse places in Yongzhou his own place during his stay in this area. Thirdly, we analyzed that by means of experiencing his assimilation with Yongzhou's nature during this Yongzhou period, he can relieve himself of disparaging pain. We assume that although Liu Zongyuan's belittling agony in Yongzhou is not completely relieved, his attitude toward life as a nobleman and various awareness formed in this place are thought to be projected onto his creation of proses and thus making the originality, literary nature, and artistic value established in them during this period.

As China’s economy and trade scope continues to expand and increase its influence in Asia, the internationalization of the RMB became a hot issue in the world. In 2008, after the outbreak of the global financial crisis, confidence in the dollar fell; the Chinese government adopted many policy measures and actively promoted the internationalization of the RMB, in order to reduce RMB dependence on the dollar. Since then many scholars have studied RMB settlements of cross-border trade, but the great majority made an analysis from a Chinese perspective, as well as focusing on qualitative analysis. This paper is from both a Chinese and a South Korean perspective on the current condition and influence factors of RMB settlements. First of all, this paper integrates correlated documents from scholars from each country, governmental and organizational published reports and other material to set forth the development process and conditions of RMB settlements of cross-border trade. Next, this paper analyze the trade relations between China and South Korea and the current condition of RMB settlements of cross-border trade from a Korean perspective. Then, using measure data from February 2011 to December 2016. After obtaining stable data, this paper built a time series model and then conducted a regression analysis. The results show that the higher the China’s market share in World Goods Trade, China’s market share in Korea and RMB exchange volatility, the higher RMB settlement. The higher RMB exchange volatility, the higher the preference RMB to avoid the exchange risks. On the other hand the lower RMB inflation volatility, the higher RMB settlement. The establishment of RMB clearing bank has not significant impact yet. Finally, in accordance with the integration of theoretical and empirical analysis results, also this paper’s analysis of actual problems in the development of RMB settlements of cross-border trade from China and South Korea’s perspective, put forward policy suggestions. Definitely, there exists huge potential for RMB trade settlement between China and Korea. However, there remain some obstacles limiting the transactions. In order to improve the situation, continued efforts for RMB settlement and related payment and settlement service infrastructure would be crucial. At the same time, China needs to improve China’s financial policies to increase the usage of RMB with China’s trade partners. As the regulatory environment in both countries is harmonized, the usage of RMB in both countries is expected to increase gradually.

This paper analyzes the status and characteristics of financial sector in Busan in order to justify the introduction of Chinese Yuan’s offshore market as a development strategy and policy implications towards Busan’s financial hub. For this purpose, we investigate the properties of Busan’s financial industry in terms of GRDP, number of firms, specialized ratio and labor productivity. The outcome shows that there are significant gaps in all categories between Busan and Seoul; Busan’s GRDP in financial sector is just 6 %, while that of Seoul is 47.2% out of the national GDP in that sector and the specialization ratio of financial sector in Busan is 1.21 in 2015 is far below that of Seoul, 2.13. In addition, the concept of offshore market is briefly described together with the benefits and drawbacks of Yuan’s offshore hubs in a global economy. We further specify the recent developments of Yuan’s offshore markets in London and Taiwan as well as in Hong Kong and Singapore together with China’s internationalization measures. Unlike the other three, London utilizes the firmly established global financial center for Yuan’s offshore market through the close cooperation between Bank of England and People’s Bank of China. Under the global circumstances regarding the Yuan’s offshore markets, the importance of Yuan’s offshore market in Busan is emphasized from the perspective of region’s economic development strategy. In spite of the significant gaps between Busan and Seoul in various sections of financial industry, the introduction of Yuan’s offshore market in Busan should be pursued with the help of central government. For practical future-oriented implementation, we provide four policy strategies as follows: Development of linked specialized financial zone, deregulation and effective incentives for attracting foreign financial institutions, strong and long-term cooperative system between local and central government, and establishment of IT-based financial infrastructure. For linked specialized financial zone, the current financial center is so limited in size that it is not appropriate to attract foreign institutions and to expand to different sectors of financial industry such as IT-based fin-tech or offshore market due to poor atmosphere. With linked specialized zone connecting several areas, aggressive and consistent economic incentives should be given to attract both domestic and foreign institutions. Like Dubai and Shanghai, the close and continuous commitment of central government should be proposed in the forms of laws and regulations. For the successful establishment of Yuan’s offshore market, advanced and reliable infrastructure based on information technology also should be provided to cope with the upcoming 4th industrial revolution.

With the recognition of the importance of maritime power, every country in the world has competitively advanced into relevant fields. China has established national strategies to strengthen maritime power and designated five key areas as a marine economic special zone. Korea is also preparing for the designation of the special pilot area after a long effort for promoting the maritime economic special zone. The purpose of this study is to propose strategic plans based on the case study of China so as to contribute to creating a maritime cluster in the North Port. The analysis of China's Marine Economic Special Zone and its maritime cluster in this paper proposes implications for discovering and determining leading industries, enhancing cooperation between companies and between regions. In addition, providing differentiated inducements for investment, promoting links to local development strategies, establishing government-led growth and support programs, as well as utilizing its surroundings. China's Marine Economic Special Zone encompasses various industries as a department store does, which is posing issues such as overlapping construction and overproduction. In this regard, it is important to explore and determine leading industries and then concentrate their capacities before the beginning of development. The maritime cluster in China features cooperative environments between companies and between regions, consequently creating win-win solutions and new value. It has also successfully attracted global capital by offering and operating extraordinary incentive systems beyond general benefits in the world. Synergy effects have been created by the Chinese government that promotes the Marine Economic Special Zone project by combining it with the existing local development strategies: the ‘Blue Economy Development Plan in the Shandong Peninsula’, the ‘Eastern China Region Development Plan’, the ‘Zhejiang Marine Economic Development Demonstration Area Plan’, the ‘Yangtze River Delta Strategy’, ‘Guangdong Marine Economic Development Pilot Zone’, and the ‘Pearl River Delta Development Strategy’. The successful business investment is attributed not only to enormous financial support at the national level but to autonomy and empowerment given to local governments.

Korea has made China as a second domestic market, meanwhile ensured Korea’s economy new vitality and growth impetus by signing FTA with China. Some research predicts Korea’s GDP growth will add extra 0.92~1.25% by the effects of Korea-China FTA. This FTA is influencing all the enterprises in Korea. Korean small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in Korea’s economic development, Technology innovation, balance of social and economic development, etc. Among these SMEs, small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises (SMMEs) which take up 10.7% of all enterprises and 22.6% of all employees, SMMEs are Korea economy’s solid chassis. Korea-China FTA is influencing Korea’s SMEs international environment which thus changes their global competitiveness. Analyzing hydraulic cylinder enterprises case can help find advice for future competitiveness of Korean SMMEs’ future competitiveness which represents Korean’s economic competitiveness. This paper analyzed the International Environmental changes of Korea-China FTA’s Effects on Korean Small and Medium Sized Components Manufacturing Enterprises and tried to find suggestions to enhance international competitiveness for them. This paper promoted a case study of Korean hydraulic cylinder industry which is considered to be the representative of Korean component SMMEs. Then this paper made a survey to detect Korean hydraulic cylinder manufacturing enterprises’ basic conditions, import & export status, international environmental changes, major errors and current international competitiveness compared to national and international competitors. After the case study, the component SMMEs’ international competitiveness enhancement suggestions were deduced as follows: Firstly, Korean components SMMEs can enhance ‘China out-sourcing’ and ‘Korean out-sourcing’ to decrease their production cost. Secondly, Korean components SMMEs can enhance their differentiation advantages such as diverse small-quantity production to maintain national market and block international competitors meanwhile looking for potential foreign buyers. Thirdly, Korean components SMMEs can enhance their production management technologies, Know-how technologies, and R&D technologies, and then chalk out new ideas and programs to improve the competitiveness. Fourthly, Korean components SMMEs should avoid excessive competition, enhance cooperation, and get used to the new vertical + horizontal relationship between significant company and SMEs to obtain synergy advantage

While China follows new sanctions against North Korea, they cooperate each other to strengthen the economic market by expanding non-commodity trading services near their border region. Moreover, this trend is expected to grow regardless of sanctions. It is very likely that the Chinese government will reinvigorate the border areas of Dandong, where is known as the major trade hub with North Korea, and Yanbian Province which is near Russia. The current Chinese policies that are related to the northeast region – North Korean and Russia – direct to revitalize the economy by improving and strengthening the trade infrastructures through the interconnection between the border regions. Moreover, China’s Northeast region’s small and medium cities are actively engaging in economic cooperative projects with North Korea involving opening up of North Korea’s economy as a part of its own economic development policies. Among modes of trade, border trade is reflective of characteristics of border areas. Chinese companies in the border areas favor conducting transactions with North Korea through such “border trade.” It is because there is more room to utilize unofficial methods in foreign exchange control, price settlement, and tax rebate through border trade than through general trade. Taking various unofficial trade practices into account, the scale of trade between North Korea and China is very likely to far exceed the figures recorded officially by Chinese customs. North Korea is receiving payments in cash for processing imported materials commissioned by Chinese companies. Such cash brought into the North is easy to hide and there is high possibility that North Korean authorities divert such cash for their own operations The purpose of this study divided into three sections as following: examining the development status of North Korea and its border region with China, developing and offering the executable strategies of Korean companies’ entry into the border regions, and examining the positive and negative impacts with proposing countermeasures. Also, this research aims to analyze the effect that recently facilitated North Korea and China’s economic relations have on North Korean economy and find the implications this has on inter—Korean economic integration and the development of Northeast Asian economic community.

Since the late 2016, THAAD has been very big issue between Korea and China. China government has restricted Korea wave in all regions of China. The stream of Korea wave will be also different from now. So we need a study considering on the time period of Korea wave. This paper shows several implications from some changes by each time period including THAAD issue of Korea wave for Chinese Cultural regions. These implications are applied to develop a tourism app and to design a tourism web site for each Chinese cultural region. The main method of the paper is quality function deployment. It shows how to enhance e-service quality utilizing types of requirements by Chinese cultural regions and by the time period of Korea wave after THAAD issue. The result of the paper implicates that the app and web services has to be designed differently considering lessons from THAAD issue. In order to achieve objectives of the paper, we collected and classified several thousands of requirements from bulletin board systems and e-mails from Chinese cultural region. We surveyed the weight of national e-brand strategies from tourism experts and employee of KTO(Korea tourism organization). The main method of the paper is Quality Function Development (QFD) and this is used twice for 1st HOQ and 2nd HOQ. The first HOQ is for analysis of relations between national e-brand strategies and the types of requirements. It shows how to enhance national e-brand strategies using types of requirements by Chinese cultural region and by the time period of Korea wave. The second HOQ is for analysis of relations between the types of requirements and elements of tourism e-service quality. It shows how to enhance e-service quality utilizing types of requirements by Chinese cultural region and by the time period of Korea wave. The result of the paper implicates that the app and web service has to be designed differently according to the time period of Korea wave. This study analyzed the web site of www.vistikorea.com of Korea Tourism Organization for innovation of differentiated e - service quality based on inquiries from Chinese visitors and national e - brand strategy. Based on the results of the analysis, this study suggests the direction of web site design and app development by reflecting the implications for improvement of e-service quality by each period of Korea waves in Chinese cultural region.

As a significant manifestation of oral literature, folk tales evolve and develop by continuous recreation of several generations. With the features of strong continuation and rare handed-down texts, they are prone to be easily changed in content among different social groups or in different historical periods. Therefore, the first-hand story materials can only be got through repeated field investigations, even so it still needs luck and serendipity to get in-revised local original stories. The significance of folk tales in regional culture research is self-evident for they can keep and retain the local cultural characteristics. Zhuanghe folk tales exists as a form of popular folk art in southern China, which has formed a distinctive folk story system after hundreds years of inheritance and development and occupies vital status in oral literature history in Liaoning and even in northeastern region. Deeply rooted in the mountains and marine culture, Zhuanghe folk tales have the features of strong continuation, salient regional characteristics, colorful story types, vivid character images and so on. They have been included in succession in the “Dalian municipal intangible cultural heritage list” and “Liaoning principal intangible cultural heritage list”. The research on intangible cultural heritages is an important step to strengthen the national soft power and truly reach the goal of cultural rejuvenation in China. What’s more, the foreign translation of intangible cultural heritages is a momentous way to promote Chinese culture to go out and contribute the “One Belt One Road” construction. As as a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Dalian City, Zhuanhe is also a cultural ancient city with a long history. It is located in the eastern part of Liaodong Peninsula and in the northeast of Dalian. Close to Dandong City, Zhuanghe is adjacent to Donggang City in the north and Biliu River to its west. With mountains to its north side and the South Yellow River to its south, it faces Changhai Country islands across the sea. Geographically, Zhuanghe belongs to the southern part of Qianshan Mountains since there are all low mountains and hilly areas throughout its whole region . In its northern part, there are winding mountains and overlapping hills. However the southern coastal areas are quite flat and open. Zhuanghe can be regarded as a blessing place with mountains and sea owing to its geographical features of “50% of mountains, 10% of rivers and sea, 40% of flatland”. This kind of geographical pattern and long history provides rich and colorful materials to the inheritance of Zhuanghe folk tales. Large amount of pottery fragments with exquisite patterns and beautiful images have been excavated in many Neolithic cultural sites such as Banla Mountain Site in Yin hemlet and West Ditch Site in Zhuanghe, which proves its long history. Zhuanghe belongs to Yingzhou in Shang Dynasty and is under the jurisdiction of Youzhou in Zhou Dynasty. In Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it is the original location of Yan. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, it still keeps Yan’s traditions and conventions and stays under the political management of Liaodong Country. Until the year of Guang-hsu 33(1907), Qing government set up the governors of the three Northeastern provinces, Zhuanghe state is under the charge of Fengtian province and belongs to Xingfeng County governed by the three Northeastern provinces, and since then Zhuanghe has become an independent political geographical name. The long history of Zhuanghe City and the development of its culture provides rich cultural soil for the formation, inheritance and development of Zhuanghe folk tales. The research on Zhuanghe folk tales is vital for the research on Dalian local culture and even on the northeastern folk culture. It’s necessary to have detailed research on Zhuanghe folk tales since they are the living specimen of Dalian local literature. This paper intends to show the current situation and inheritance dilemma of Zhuanghe folkt ales by analyzing the outstanding heroism, folk features and Manchu cultural characteristics, further more it stresses on the necessity of creative foreign translation of Zhuanghe folk tales.

Recently, as the online stock trading system service environment has become popular, individual investors can access various investment information at low cost. However, they are relatively limited in acquiring information on investment items compare to foreign investors or institutional investors, and fail to achieve the investment goal of achieving profitability due to the difference in level of utilization of information. Due to restrictions on the acquisition of information on investment stocks, individual investors focus on transactions based on private information, which leads to potential losses and distrust of the market. In addition, investment losses resulting from unexpected events in the company accelerate distrust in the market. As a result, the asymmetry of information can lead to market failure by impeding the resource allocation function in the capital market. This study aims to analyze the relationship between investors' perceptions and market soundness by examining the process of investors' interest change and how they react in a situation where the uncertainty of investment due to market measures is heightened. In addition, we will try to find the solution to improve the capital market by assessing the market's soundness through changes in the emotions of individual investors. The research methods of this study are summarized as follows. First, to analyze individual investor's emotional change, articles were collected written by individual investors in the online community bulletin board who are participate in the stock market and a topic analysis was conducted to derive their interests. Second, the effect of individual investors' decision making, and the evaluation of market soundness were examined by analyzing the trend of individual investors' emotional changes. The results reveal that people’s emotional responses to a corporate crisis such as a delisting from current stock market were induced by their specific interests (topics) in time event estimation (before-during-after). Specifically, the distinct emotion was found contingent on how they put concerns the discrepancy in their awareness of stock market’s status with their individual expectation and trust.

This work is an exploratory study that investigates the quality and outcomes of short-term overseas study tours taken by secondary school students in China. A short-term overseas study tour is defined in this study as an educational tour that takes place in foreign destinations for less than a month. Although short-term overseas study tours attracted a great number of secondary school students for the last decade in China, whether expected educational outcomes can be achieved through this short trip is questionable, because a prolonged length of stay is crucial to achieve educational purposes in educational tourism (Du, 2003; Dwyer, 2004). Previous studies on educational tourism have focused on the outcomes and benefits of long-term overseas study tours (i.e., one to two semesters) by university students and adults (Stone & Petrick, 2013). The findings from the previous studies may not be applied to short-term overseas study tours taken by secondary students, due to the distinct context (i.e., timing) and participants (i.e., younger, secondary school students). Also, short-term study tours for Chinese students have been criticized as a tour without study or even depicted as shopping tours (Tam, 2013). Furthermore, such short study tours for Chinese secondary students cost around a half of annual household income of Chinese “middle class” family. Therefore, it is critical to understand the quality and outcome of such short-term overseas study tours to leverage the high costs. To shed light on this contemporary issue in China’s education and tourism industry, this study surveyed Chinese secondary students in six major cities in China and analyzed data about their perceived quality of and satisfaction with short-term overseas study tours they have participated in, and outcome achieved through such tours. Findings of this study indicate the importance of tour guides in enhancing secondary students’ short-term overseas study tour experiences. Tour guides’ interpersonal skills were found to be the most important factor for the students’ satisfaction with the tours. It was also found that short-term overseas study tours were most effective in enhancing attitude towards various culture. Strikingly, core-study related components such as language learning programs and university visits were not as important as other culture-related activities/outcomes for students’ satisfaction with the tours, even though the tours are named a ‘study tour’ and the educational aspect of the tours are highlighted in the promotions by tour organizers. The results imply problems in the lack of efficiency in learning course design. As one of only a few studies on short-term overseas study tours by secondary school students in China, this study assists tour educators and practitioners to further understand the effects of such activities and design better tour packages.