Earticle

Hedging is a technical term in finance used to describe a risk-aversion behavior with the objective of reducing investment risks and ensuring a certain degree of profit by simultaneously making two trades in opposite directions. As the rise of China and the relative decline of the United States led to changes in the international system in recent years, hedging is introduced into international relations (IR) and becomes a widely discussed strategy. Scholars on IR utilize hedging to describe risk avoidance observed in many secondary states in a highly uncertain and volatile international context. Academia makes contributions to this point. However, the existing research fails to reach a broad consensus on hedging studies. At present, the debate continues on the definition and measurement of hedging. Moreover, academia is divergent on which analytic approaches should be applied to hedging. System- and unit-level approaches exhibit apparent shortcomings. For this reason, a neoclassical realist approach, which well balances parsimony and explanatory power, is more constructive. Nevertheless, academic outcomes in this regard remain insufficient. In addition, paucity in research that evaluates hedging exists, which leads to the misleading assumption that hedging always works. Academia also overlooks the counteracting force of hedging on regional and international politics. If many secondary states employ hedging as a diplomatic strategy, then conducting an in-depth investigation on the impacts of collective hedging on regional and international politics as an independent variable is imperative. Unfortunately, the majority of scholars on IR neglect this aspect. Through a systematic review of hedging, the current study contends that a broad consensus on hedging studies is an urgent need and highlights that the future research scope lies in taking hedging as an independent variable that influences regional and international relations from an interactive perspective. Moreover, the implications of hedging exceed the theoretical dimension. From the perspective of China, it is of great policy and diplomatic significance. First, Beijing is supposed to adapt to the widely existing hedging employed by its neighbors in Asia. The situation requires China to carefully examine the hedging of secondary states to avoid confusing hedging with balancing, which is likely to upset the regional stability and the balance of power. China is also encouraged to follow a more pragmatic diplomatic paradigm, that is, encourage hedging states to remain neutral and refrain from taking a stance on the Sino-US competition instead of exerting effort to pull these states into its side. Second, China should take the initiative to fine-tune its foreign policies to match the momentum of hedging and aim to understand the domestic logic of hedging. To this end, China should clearly define its core interests, strengthen institutional mechanisms of communication and economic ties with its neighbors, and consolidate bilateral social connections. Foreseeable and stable economic benefits and increased interdependence will help China provide continuous incentives for its neighbors to conduct hedging.

In an increasingly complex, knowledge-based, and turbulent economy, the competitive advantages of more and more organizations depend on effective knowledge management. One of the main knowledge management tasks involve taking measures to stop individuals from hiding knowledge and getting them to share their core information or knowledge within their organizations. Employees’ knowledge sharing is crucial to the success of intellectual organizations, but knowledge hiding behavior is also universal in intellectual groups. Why do employees hide knowledge when faced with knowledge requests from the colleagues? What factors can affect knowledge hiding behavior, and what is the mechanism behind it? Much of the existing research has focused on knowledge sharing behavior with little attention being paid to knowledge hiding behavior and the motivations behind it. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between knowledge-based psychological ownership and knowledge hiding behavior using conservation of resources theory. We identify the mediating role of territoriality in the relationship between knowledge-based psychological ownership and knowledge hiding behavior and verify that the social status mechanism moderates territoriality and knowledge hiding behavior. The data were collected using a questionnaire-based survey distributed at eight high-tech enterprises in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei from October to November, 2020. We obtained 267 valid responses and analyzed them using SPSS, AMOS, and bootstrapping procedures. The results reveal the following: first, knowledge-based psychological ownership has a positive and significant effect on territoriality and knowledge hiding behavior; second, territoriality mediates the relationship between knowledge-based psychological ownership and knowledge hiding behavior; third, social status has a moderating effect between territoriality and knowledge hiding behavior: it moderates the positive indirect effect of knowledge-based psychological ownership on knowledge hiding behavior via territoriality. This study has significant theoretical and practical implications. The results statistically support the effect of knowledge-based psychological ownership on knowledge hiding behavior, which is consistent with knowledge management theory and regulatory focus theory. Additionally, our results suggest that organizations can reduce knowledge hiding behavior by decreasing individuals’ self-perception of possession of knowledge or decreasing individuals’ territoriality.

With the development of mobile network technology and the popularity of portable mobile devices, China's terminal network platform has completed the transformation from PC to mobile. The shift has also made a huge difference in consumers’ lives. Consumers' fragmented time has been utilized, and it’s no longer limited to time and place. Moreover, people can fully enjoy the convenience brought by technology. The rise of short video platforms has taken advantage of people's fragmented time, and consequently, various businesses based on short video platforms have emerged. TikTok is the representative platform among various short video platforms. Created in China, TikTok is now a world-famous mobile application, and has attracted many people, especially young people to join the consumer group. The success of TikTok has enabled more and more scholars to study the success factors of short videos, such as user characteristics, service characteristics, satisfaction, and continuous use intention and so on. After the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020, TikTok ushered in a substantial increase in user numbers and video output. However, the existing literature didn’t reflect the pandemic elements, which cannot accurately serve as the theoretical basis for current TikTok researchers. It is necessary to conduct scientific research on TikTok users during the pandemic period. Research on the influencing factors of TikTok users' satisfaction and Continuous Use Intention helps analyze the causes of user churn and provide suggestions on how to retain users. What’s more, it helps speculate the future developing trends of the short video industry. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze user satisfaction and Continuous Use Intention of TikTok after the outbreak of COVID-19 by extracting relevant variables such as user characteristics and service characteristics. The results show that during the pandemic period, information provision, time distortion and self-efficacy still have a positive impact on user satisfaction, and then positively affect users' Continuous Use Intention. Entertainment pursuit and avoidance change have a weaker positive impact on user satisfaction, while entertainment no longer has any effect on user satisfaction.

As the COVID-19 epidemic spreads across the globe, home-based online class has become the mainstream learning form of university students. With the development of the Internet era, online learning has become increasingly popular among university students. However, it seems that the effect and the quality of online learning caused by the change of teaching mode (i.e., the original offline traditional teaching is changed into online teaching) is not satisfactory and students’ learning engagement is also not ideal. Indeed, students’ learning engagement situation determines the quality of learning. The difference caused by the change of teaching contents and teaching forms of online learning significantly influences the learning engagement of students. Therefore, for the current online education, it is urgent to improve students’ learning engagement under the network learning environment (i.e. improving students’ time and energy invested in learning activities), which will be of great significance to the normalization and sustainable development of online learning. Based on the brand-new educational transformation environment, this paper constructs a research model of students’ learning engagement in order to explore the factors that affect students’ learning engagement. To be specific, this paper conducts a questionnaire survey on the Chinese university students who take online course (including Chinese Overseas students), uses SPSS22.0 and AMOS24.0 statistical analysis tools to analyze the survey data, and explores the impact of teachers, students and environmental factors on students’ learning engagement respectively. The factors of teacher include four aspects: teachers’ support, the relationship between teachers and students, interactive communication and knowledge teaching. The factors of students also include four aspects: the students’ independent learning ability, learning motivation, learning style, and engagement perception of teachers. The factors of learning environment refer to the external environment that promotes students’ knowledge construction and improves students’ learning engagement. As shown by the results, teacher factors, student factors and the environment factors are positively correlated with the learning engagement to a different degree. There are two different online teaching methods, recorded lectures and live lectures. In particular, teacher factors have different degrees of influence on students' learning engagement. The research results of this paper will have an important reference value to the research of effectiveness of online teaching for university students in the current and Post-Corona Era

The Entrepreneurial spirit is the goal of entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities, and the strategy of innovative talents and the development of new economic development in China provide the basis for security. At present, entrepreneurship education at home and abroad is more focused on theory, case and business plan professors, but entrepreneurship education is a very practical science, the best way to train is in the real environment to operate and exercise. There are some defects in the traditional practical methods adopted in the practical training of entrepreneurship, simulation entrepreneurship is faced with difficulties such as venue and capital, while enterprise internships are faced with difficulties such as enterprise reception, post and work arrangement. The above practical means are difficult to achieve the goal of entrepreneurship training. The form of entrepreneurship contest is feasible, but college students lack business practice, often unrealistic, on paper, the effect on students' entrepreneurial ability is limited. Simulated start-up and business-run software is more like a game, cannot let students experience the business environment, far from the effect of practical training. This paper analyzes the development status of entrepreneurship cultivation training system by using literature research method, constructs the operation mechanism of entrepreneurship cultivation training system through empirical research and experience summary method, and analyzes the effect of students' comprehensive ability improvement before and after the training by using quantitative analysis and empirical research, around the exploration and design of the training system and long-term operation mechanism of entrepreneurship cultivation, we can solve the key problems of "people, funds, projects" and provide reference construction ideas. Through three consecutive years of data tracking and comparative analysis of 288 vocational college students' entrepreneurship training, the comprehensive quality of college students has been significantly improved, and the comprehensive ability to deal with problems has been significantly improved. At the same time, through the replication and promotion of this mode, it can provide reference for more vocational colleges, and provide reference construction ideas and models for the training system of entrepreneurship cultivation in higher vocational education.

Nowadays the rapid development of technology enhances the competition between countries, making them attach more importance to self-innovation which is the basic competence of economic competition as well as cultural influence. Talents of high quality are the core elements of self-innovation so it is an important responsibility for colleges and universities to cultivate highly qualified talents with innovative ability. With the development of our society, the assessment of the innovative ability of students in colleges and universities should be combined with new ways of testing and new modes of cultivating talents based on the traditional assessing mode. Brain imaging is a cutting-edge technology in the field of neuroscience that can reveal the disease that the subject may have, cognitive or psychological behavioral abilities, personal behavioral tendencies, such as intelligence, self-control, sexual orientation, etc. Brain imaging technology can find and cultivate talents of innovative ability and provide possibilities for future education. Electro-encephalon Quadrant Graph (EEQG) is a kind of brain imaging technology, a physical geometric image of the brain based on chaotic dynamics and imaging techniques. It gained its own intellectual property right in 1993, which is also originally and privately owned by China. The Brain-computer image comes from the brain neurodynamic situation reacting brain processing information amount, the difference between the processing of information way, giving the brain positioning, quantitative, qualitative analytical conclusion. It is more scientific for brain-computer image can interpret the brain advantage and potential, way of thinking, personality tendency, occupation tendency, psychological state, etc. This paper, after analyzing domestic theories concerned with innovative talents, introduces the brain computer image evaluation technology to the students from the School of Jing Ying, Jiangsu University, and evaluates them. Then its data is thoroughly and comprehensively analyzed with the overall evaluation of all the students, to find out some laws of the cultivation of innovative ability, and put forward targeted suggestions.

The innovation and entrepreneurship education (IEE) can not only meet the needs of college students but can also meet the needs of national development. The National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training (NIET) program for university students has become an effective way for universities to push forward the reform of IEE. At present, IEE in colleges and universities has formed a preliminary system in the process of continuous exploration. However, most IEE mode in colleges and universities in China focuses on the unilateral improvement of innovation competition, entrepreneurship curriculum or teaching mode, and few have investigated innovation and entrepreneurship environment, ability and motivation as a whole system. In addition, although some universities has begun to build the IEE system through “Internet Plus” platform, these theoretical researches are only limited to the unilateral construction of the curriculum, project and platform, but lack of research on the key influencing factors and the combination of the curriculum, project and platform. The MOA theory servers as a theoretical basis to study the influencing factors of IEE, which aims to find out the relationship among motivation, opportunity (environment), ability and the effect of IEE among college students. A survey was conducted on 612 students who had participated in NIET program, and correlation analysis and structural equation model (SEM) was conducted to analyze key factors influencing the effects of IEE. The results show that the environment, students’ ability and motivation have significant positive influences on the effect of IEE, furthermore it can be also found that students’ ability and motivation mediate the relationship between innovative and entrepreneurial environment and innovative and entrepreneurial effect. Therefore, this paper has both theoretical and practical contributions to the cultivation of innovative talents in higher education. Theoretically, the use of the MOA model to analyze IEE not only expands the scope of MOA theory but also enriches the research perspectives of IEE ecosystem theory. Practically, the program-driven IEE mode in colleges and universities can effectively inspire students’ entrepreneurial potential, improve the talent-training mode and solve the employment problem of college students.