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What makes individual differences in the influences of mentoring functions on individual career success? As the role of social capital in organizational and individual outcomes has been underlined, scholars have shown growing interests in this question. Drawing upon mentoring theory and goal orientation research, this study aims to answer above question focusing on informal mentoring relationships in a Chinese manufacturing company. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, this study explores whether career functions reported by a protégé as provided by his or her mentor positively relates to the level of career success perceived by this protégé. Second, the study also examined whether this protégé’s performance goal orientation moderates this relationship between career functions and perceived career success. In terms of performance goal orientation, this study dealt with its two dimensions such as prove orientation and avoidance orientation. Prove orientation refers to the desire to prove one’s ability and to gain favorable judgments about it, while avoidance orientation refers to the desire to avoid the disproving of one’s ability and to avoid negative judgments about it. Data was collected through a survey with 202 employees in a Chinese company. The analysis results provided evidences for proposed hypotheses. Findings are summarized as follows. First, career functions received by a protégé showed a positive relationship with the perceived career success of this protégé. In addition, a protégé’s prove orientation negatively moderated, whereas avoidance orientation positively moderated the above relationship. The results revealing a positive impact of career functions on perceived career success indicate that informal mentoring relationship serves as an important career developmental tool in a Chinese organization.They also highlight the role of performance goal orientation in affecting this relationship. Specifically, employees with lower level of prove orientation and ones with higher level of avoidance orientation enjoyed stronger positive effects from career functions offered by their mentor to promote their career success. This study contributes theoretically to mentoring theory and motivation theory by extending the realm of research to consider the role of two dimensions of performance goal orientation. Results also provide practical implications related to human resource development in Chinese organizations, which help managers and employees who wish to flourish through mentoring relationship.

This paper examines the impact of two kinds network quality of horizontal network —— competitor network quality &non-competitor network quality on firm’s innovative performance, considering the moderating effect of entrepreneurship orientation and market orientation. Analysis of 165 industrial firms from Fu Jian province indicates that innovative performance is influenced by competitor network quality negatively but by non-competitor network quality positively. And results suggest that firms with higher entrepreneurship orientation prefer non-competitor network quality to competitor network quality to achieve higher innovative performance; However, firms with higher market orientation tend to choose competitor network quality rather than non-competitor network quality to create higher innovative performance. Namely，the higher the non-competitor network quality ,the better the firms innovative performance, but the higher the competitor network quality ,the lower the firms innovative performance; So, if a firm tends to reach higher innovative performance, we suggest they choose to build good relationship with non-competitor networkers, such as school, institute and government etc. rather than their competitors. As regard to the moderating effect of entrepreneurship orientation on the relationship between non-competitor network quality and innovative performance, our results indicate that the higher the entrepreneurship orientation of firms, the stronger positive relationship between non-competitor network quality and innovative performance will be. But as for the moderating effect of market orientation, the result is otherwise, the higher the market orientation, the weaker positive relationship will be between the non-competitor network quality and innovative performance.The Implications for research、theory and practice are as followed .This paper concentrates on the research of horizontal network quality, dividing horizontal network quality into two parts , one is competitor network quality ,and the other is non-competitor network quality , expanding the range of firms’ network research. It centers on the quality of network, not the network structure and the relationship quality between innovative performance. Finally, the limitation is discussed in the end of the article.

The purpose of this study shows that the policy directions to invigorate smart education for special education through analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology in China. The AHP is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions, based on mathematics and psychology. 79 Experts composed of four groups such as professors of education, professors of special education, special education teachers and teachers with ICT expertise have been selected for the first round AHP model development. The basic pool of 32 policy directions to stimuli smart education in special education area in China has been suggested. Delphi method to reduce ambiguity and redundancy of directions has been adapted. The AHP model has been finalized through a few steps of FGI. The policy consisted of five areas such as supporting infrastructure, supporting teaching and learning, development of education contents with smart media, securing of education network with smart media and establishing legal basis. AHP survey has been performed to analyze the importance of policies. The consistency ratio (CR) of 30 survey result were lower than 0.2 and average CR was 0.16. The AHP survey results shows that establishment of a legal foundation, development of smart devices considering accessibility of disabled students, development of various smart contents considering inability characteristics of disabled students and securing smart media supporting institute network are relatively important policies ordered by weights. Experts believed that the most important thing in China's special education sector is to establish a legal basis for fostering smart education. In Case of Korea, the literature review shows that the development of various smart media contents in special education is the most important policy to enhance smart education. Experts point out that this weight difference stems from differences in policy formulation process. In Korea, the development of diverse smart contents for special education should be activated and applied in terms of demand, whereas in China, the formulation of smart media policy of government should first be implemented to stimuli smart education. Based on the results of this study, it is possible to suggest policies aimed at promoting smart education of China’s special education. Future research issues willdeal with managing detailed steps of policy application for stimulating smart education, and research on building systematic plan for developing smart contents based on usefulness and demand.

Chinese outward FDI (foreign direct investment) has reached about 170.1 billion US dollars in 2016, increased by 16.7% compared with last year. This is the first time that China surpassed Japan as the world’s second-largest investors of outward FDI. However, Chinese M&A, as the main form of Chinese outward FDI, is facing a challenge after rapid growth, at the end of 2016. One of the main reasons of the failure is a strict regulatory system in local government, which implies that institutional factors make an important role in Chinese outward FDI. Thus, this paper focuses on institutional factors and uses the panel data from 40 countries, for the years 2003 to 2015, to analyze the features and determinants of Chinese outward FDI. In order to investigate whether there are differences between developed and developing countries, this paper also divides the sample into two parts: developed and developing countries. The estimation results from the whole sample show that the main purpose of Chinese outward FDI is basically market-seeking. Besides, Chinese outward FDI tends to go to the country with good law environment. This is the opposite result of previous studies which supported that Chinese outward FDI goes to countries with bad law environment. For the regulatory quality, the results of developing and developed countries show differently: in developed countries, regulatory has a negative effect on Chinese outward FDI, while regulatory has no effect on developing countries. The level of regulation in developed countries is much higher than that in China, which makes it hard for Chinese Multi-National Enterprises to meet the requirements in developed countries. That is why regulatory has a negative effect on Chinese outward FDI in developed countries. South Korea has a good environment of law and it should make good use of it to attract Chinese outward FDI. It not only can accelerate the economic development of the two countries, but also can promote the friendship between two countries. The contributions of this paper are as followed. First, we use the latest data to investigate the features of Chinese outward FDI in recent years, which updates the understanding of Chinese outward FDI. Second, the results aboutinstitutional factors in Chinese outward FDI are diverse in previous studies. For this phenomenon, this paper gets its own results by using a panel data approach.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between financial ratios and corporate value of Chinese companies. The study period is from 2011 to 2016. The measures used in the analysis of financial ratios are liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, growth rate ratios, profitability ratios, and Enterprise value using Tobin's Q. The results of the study are as follows. First, Hypothesis 1 shows that the liquidity ratio has a positive effect on the profitability ratio (β = .320, CR = 4.829, p <.00), and the hypothesis was adopted. The same result was obtained in Shanghai SE and Shenzhen SE. Second, Hypothesis 2 shows that the leverage ratio has a positive influence on the profitability ratio (β = .606, CR = 9.046, p <.00). Third, Hypothesis 3 shows that the growth rate ratio has a positive (+) influence on the profitability ratio (β = .729, CR = 13.221, p <.00) Hypothesis 3 was adopted. Fourth, the hypothesis was adopted that the profitability ratio of hypothesis 4 had a significant influence on firm value (β = .428, C.R. = 7.421, p <.00). Shanghai SE and Shenzhen SE also achieved the same results. Finally, the relationship between the financial ratio analysis and the Enterprise value is shown by the relationship between the profitability ratio and the Enterprise value. This study has significance in that the relationship between financial ratios and firm value is studied not by simple regression analysis but by the structural equation of correlation and causality of each measure in detail. In addition, this study is meaningful in that it studies Chinese companies that have not been actively researched yet and that they have studied Shanghai and Shanghai exchanges separately. The limitation of this study is that it does not take into account more characteristic features of Chinese enterprises and it is simply targeted to Chinese companies. It is expected that future research will be more meaningful if additional analysis is done reflecting the characteristics of Chinesecompanies. In addition, it is expected that the research will be better if it reflects not only the financial ratio but also the non-financial ratio.

After the Cold War, there are two major trends of the nuclear security structure on the Korean Peninsula: Firstly, North Korea has tried to replace the peninsula "one-way nuclear deterrent" structure with "asymmetric nuclear deterrent" structure, and form a "non-balanced nuclear deterrent" structure to strengthen nuclear weapons activities step by step; Secondly, the United States has been vigorously intervened in the Asia-Pacific affairs, implementing the "Asia-Pacific rebalancing" strategy, and taking the DPRK nuclear activities as a reason to strongly promote the missile defense system building in the East Asian region especially in the South Korea. Both of them are the result of the vicious interaction of safety in Korean peninsula, which may eventually change the nuclear security structure of Northeast Asia overall. North Korea's nuclear weaponization services as one of the core security issues of the Korean Peninsula after the Cold War, which is the result of the vicious interaction between the internal and external elements of the Korean Peninsula security structure. After the third nuclear test, the DPRK had taken the nuclear weapons as a strategic issue instead of tactical chips, which had been causing the Korean Peninsula security dilemma around the DPRK nuclear issue increasingly difficult to resolve. The study on the internal logic of the DPRK's nuclear issue may contribute to find negotiating space in a seemingly unexplained security dilemma. There are two basic forces which have been driving North Korea for nuclear power. On the one hand, it’s trying to reduce the possibility of waging "hot war" by the Korea-US alliance to maintain regime and system security through establishing an "asymmetric nuclear deterrent" structure with them. On the other hand, they try to weaken South Korea's dominance of the Korean Peninsula reunification issue and strive for the reciprocity on it. Under the impetus of the two major powers, the DPRK gradually built a prototype structure of the "asymmetric nuclear deterrent" against the ROKUS alliance after five nuclear tests. The structure of "nuclear deterrence without power equilibrium" is concerned with the steady growth of conventional armaments on the basis of steady economic development. This “nuclear deterrent” structure, legally defending the regime and system security, is the ultimate goal of North Korea's nuclear-weapon effort. If the DPRK regime eventually did not "collapse" under the internal and external pressure, it would work towards this ultimate goal. THAAD taken into the ROK may produce an illusion for the North Korea, that the nuclear weapons from the DPRK had formed an "asymmetric nuclear deterrent" structure with the KoreanAmerican alliance at least in the psychological level. THAAD may be taken as an excellent evidence by the North Korea, that the Korean-American alliance began to take strong reaction and hedge measures to deal with the new security structure in Korean Peninsula. When the North Korea believes that the "asymmetric nuclear deterrent" structure had been established and would not be broken in a short term, its nuclear activities will gradually enter into the "Nuclear Deterrence without Power Equilibrium "structural construction period. During the construction phase of the "Nuclear Deterrence without Power Equilibrium ", the nuclear weapons development will gradually give way to the conventional armaments promotion, at the same time, economic development which services as the prerequisite of conventional armaments promotion would become the basis and core work of the DPRK. At this stage, North Korea's demand for economic development is both a subjective desire and an objective necessity. Economic issues will provide a huge space for negotiating space to break the peninsula security dilemma.

With the ever-growing rate of smartphone and tablet use, mobile learning is one of the most significant educational trends we should pay attention to. It is evident that the concept of literacy needs to be expanded to include mobile learning abilities. As for literacy, merely teaching children how to read and write is not enough anymore. It is more critical to teach children how to utilize mobile learning sources. In the same sense, mobile learning is more and more important to the field of Chinese pedagogy. The need for various mobile learning resources especially for children is highly increasing. In order to create high-quality Chinese mobile learning resources, it is essential to examine and evaluate Chinese learning apps in current use. However, while reviewing the Chinese apps that have been released on the open market, we found that apps made for adults are more numerous than those specifically meant for children. Considering this, it is clear that there is a severe lack of educational material for children's Chinese education that is accessible by smart devices. Therefore, we conclude that offering various, high-quality contents is absolutely necessary for children that are learning Chinese. Therefore, this study evaluates the top 10 most popular Chinese learning apps for children by applying "guidelines on e-learning quality certification" presented by KERIS(Korea Education & Research Information Service). As a result, we have found out there are a variety of activities by the level of learners in 10 apps. These apps include play, game, children's song, and children's story. Also, they provide various multi-media contents like video, image, and sound tracks which facilitate the learners' studying and promote them to study more easily and excitingly. But it has been found that in term of both motivation strategy and interaction factors, there was not enough to arouse the learner's interest. Ultimately, this study shows the layout of a Chinese learning app which is so accessible, interesting, and attractive to children that they can use it as assisting equipment. Furthermore it is able to promote the children who want to learn Chinese to take an active part in learning activities. The design for this Chinese learning app is expected to contribute to the learning of Chinese on Mobile.

Although the geo-political circumstances between two nations are not always secured, Korea & China have been expanded their cooperative relations steadily for more than 20 years. They have been trading a huge quantity of material exchange, exceeding that quantity of exchange between America and Japan. And international trade between Korea and China are more likely to be promoted in the future. Korean companies have been investing in China. As the China's high economic growth continues, problems like excess investment, reverse discrimination, environmental pollution and RMB appreciation pressure were emerging recently. Especially since 2008, when the Korean companies' great withdrawal out of China have started, scholars have been interested in the difference between Korean-Chinese management style and the moderating role of Guanxi between localization strategy and business performance. This study tries to integrate the variables of Guanxi utilization and localization strategy variables that have attracted the strong attention in the academic community in a single model. In this study, the nexus between the localization strategy and corporate performance have been reviewed by the previous researches and practical experiences to create the research model and setting up the hypotheses. Based on previous researches, the sub-variables of localization strategy include: marketing localization, production and technology localization, human resources localization, financing localization. The localization strategy was set to represent the independent variables. Guanxi utilization variables were derived from social exchange theory, and three core elements of them are reciprocity, trust and long-term orientation. Guanxi utilization variables were to represent the control variable. Dependent variable was set to represent the measurement variable of corporate performance. The research results of this study showed that Guanxi plays the significant role between localization strategy and business performance for the Korean companies in China. In this case, for the Korean companies in China pursuing a localization strategy requires Guanxi utilization to be done correctly. The results derived from the analysis of the questionnaires are summarized as follows; First of all, Guanxi utilization has a material impact on corporate performance as a number of previous studies have concluded. In this study, however, it is confirmed that the moderating effect of Gunxi utilization could be achieved more strongly through trust and long-term orientation rather than reciprocity in the subsidiaries of the Korean firms in China. Secondly, the relationship between localization strategy and the corporate performance can be demonstrated by the Guanxi of mutual trust and long-term orientation. Therefore, it becomes clear that the South Korean companies operating in China should take advantage of Guanxi element of trust and long-term oriented relationship rather than sort-term profit oriented reciprocity.

Climate change is a global problem related to the Our Common Future. It is due to excessive emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. The international society is striving to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. China has emphasized the historical responsibility and role of developed countries in the issue of climate change. Recently, as the Paris Agreement has been adopted, all countries are obliged to reduce their GHG emissions without discrimination between developed and developing countries. As environmental pollution such as serious air pollution is getting worse and China, as the world's largest greenhouse gas emitter, the pressure of the international community is deepening, China is actively participating in various activities concern with coping with climate change under Paris Agreement. China has set a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions through measures such as adjusting industrial and energy structures and enhancing energy efficiency in macro-national policies. More specifically, it has announced policies on the implementation of the carbon emission trading system. It is attempting to build a progressive carbon trading market through regional designation. China recognized the necessity of introduce a nationwide emissions trading system to achieve its national reduction targets by 2020, which were published around the year 2009 in COP15. Therefore, China has set up a related system through pilot operation of emission trading system in a specific region and planned to make it a cornerstone for implementation of emission trading system at the national level in the future. China have officially approved the implementation of carbon emission trading pilot project in 7 provinces. However, unlike China's aggressive attitude, there are also some problems: First, the content of the relevant rules to support the positive action of China is still insufficient. The policy on the GHG reduction target is too sporadic so it is difficult to show practical binding power; second, the normative status of related regulations are so low; third, it is necessary to establish a uniform national certification standard for certification; forth, The operation of the Pilot Emissions Trading Scheme may help to select the best model for the situation in China, but there is a risk of confusion due to the superiority of regional norms.

This paper is designed to facilitate the cultural exchanges between Korea and China and enhance mutual understanding by examining the characteristics of stereotypes of Chinese students in Korea. Especially, it is meaningful to check the difference of recognition between Chinese students in Korea and people in China about stereotypes about Korea. However, since it is difficult to correctly identify the stereotypes as subjective perception, in order to take this issue on a multi-dimensional scale, this study aims to look at the stereotypes in two categories: the experienced perception after some time of stay in Korea and the assumed perception before arriving in Korea. The purpose of this study is to investigate the stereotype about Korean society and culture by using Q-methodology. As this is a perception study, 70 Q-statements were sampled from the Q-concourse which representative of the general perception of Korean society and culture. The 70 Q-statements were sorted by thirteen Chinese college students (P-samples) in Korea. We conducted sorting twice for thirteen Chinese college students in Korea. First, Chinese students in Korea asked themselves how they perceive Korea. Second, Chinese students in Korea asked how students in China perceive Korea. As a result of the Q analysis, the self perceptions in Korea and the others perception in china were classified into four types. First genre, Types 1 and 4 are estimated others perception, respectively, as ‘Korean Wave culture type' and 'Positive social type'. Second genre, Types 2 and 3 are self perceptions as ’Negative social type' and 'Oriental culture type'. Based on the results of the analysis, Chinese students who are direct experience of Korea understand Korean culture as Oriental culture and have a strong negative perception toward Korea. On the other hand, Chinese estimates have a positive social perception. And they have an attractive perception of Korea due to the influence of media such as the Korean Wave. This study found the variations of stereotypes according to whether one had the experience of Korea or not and furthermore discovered the possibility to formalize the Chinese stereotypes toward Korea in detail. There is a need for additional research on whether Chinese students in Korea are increasing their negative perceptions through experience in Korea.