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In the rapidly evolving digital entertainment landscape, Chinese Over-The-Top (OTT) platforms markedly diverged from their international counterparts by cultivating a distinctive paradigm of "interactive immersion." Fueled by technological innovation and the increasingly sophisticated expectations of digital natives, these platforms have incorporated complex functional features that extend far beyond simple video playback. Nevertheless, existing research largely focuses on content consumption, leaving a critical gap in understanding how interface mechanics shape user’s psychological experiences. This study aims to address this gap by examining the interactive functional features of Chinese OTT platforms and their influence on user "viewing flow" through the theoretical framework of flow theory. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature, this study categorizes interface features characteristic of the Chinese context into three dimensions: Danmaku, social and personalization. A conceptual model was developed to analyze the direct effects of these features on viewing flow, with demographic variables incorporated as moderating factors. Adopting a quantitative research design, the study utilizes survey data collected from active users of iQIYI, one of China's leading OTT platforms. Hierarchical regression and moderation analysis were conducted to test the proposed hypotheses. The empirical results support the proposed model and reveal distinct psychological mechanisms. Specifically, the Danmaku feature (β = 0.368, p < 0.001), social features (β = 0.163, p < 0.001), and personalization features (β = 0.242, p < 0.001) all significantly enhance users’ viewing flow. Further the moderation analysis indicates that age significantly moderates these relationships: the positive effects of Danmaku and personalization features on viewing flow weaken as age increases. Theoretically, this study extends flow theory by conceptualizing viewing flow as an interface-mediated experiential state within Chinese OTT environments. It demonstrates that interactive functional features facilitate flow through distinct psychological mechanisms, particularly by enhancing ambient social presence and perceived control. By shifting the analytical attention from content-centered immersion to interface-level affordances, this research expands the theoretical boundaries of flow theory to encompass highly interactive and non-linear digital media systems. Practically, the findings provide actionable insights for OTT platform developers and interface designers: to enhance user retention and engagement, platforms should prioritize the optimization of interactive and social layers, particularly when targeting the Generation Z demographic.

As digital technologies evolve rapidly, companies are continuously advancing the digital transformation of their supply chains. By enhancing information transparency among node enterprises and strengthening supply chain resilience, supply chain digitalization (SCD) may significantly impact corporate continuous innovation (CCI). Its effects and underlying mechanisms have become a significant focus of academic research. This study utilizes data from publicly traded Chinese corporations from 2014 to 2023. We use word frequency analysis to measure SCD, and develop a sequential innovation output indicator to measure CCI. A dual fixed-effects model is employed to examine the SCD - CCI nexus. Building upon this, we use a moderated mediation model, "SCD - knowledge diversity (KD) - CCI," to further investigate the mediating impact of KD and moderating effects of executive team's IT background and managerial myopia. Robustness tests for these effects are conducted using the Bootstrap method. The research findings are primarily reflected in three points. Firstly, SCD significantly promotes CCI, and this effect remains robust across alternative specifications and measurements. Consistent results are obtained when innovation is measured using invention patents, suggesting that SCD is positively associated with high-quality and exploratory innovation. Secondly, KD partially mediates the SCD - CCI nexus. The estimated proportion of the mediating effect is approximately 33.10%. These results suggest that SCD not only enhances firms’ innovation outputs directly but also reshapes the underlying knowledge structure by expanding and integrating heterogeneous knowledge sources. Thirdly, the differential moderating effects highlight the critical role of managerial cognition in determining whether digital resources can be effectively transformed into continuous innovation outcomes. The IT background of the executive team amplifies the positive impact, whereas managerial myopia weakens the relationship. The Bootstrap test results also confirm the mechanism effects and demonstrate their robustness. These findings provide important guidance to companies aiming to improve their innovation capabilities within SCD environments. Specifically, companies should regard SCD as a core strategy for fostering innovation-driven development, building innovation ecosystems with KD as a key lever. Concurrently, they must optimize senior governance and incentive mechanisms, strengthen the efficacy of digital strategies in fostering innovation, and maintain a long-term orientation. By integrating theories from corporate human resource management, supply chain management, and innovation performance management, this study offers further empirical proof of how SCD drives CCI through knowledge diversity. It offers significant theoretical expansion and practical guidance for enterprises to pursue high-quality and sustainable development amid digital transformation.

Against a volatile global geopolitical and economic backdrop featuring surging anti-globalization and geopolitical risks, corporate supply chains confront rampant disruptions. Drawing on the integrated framework of dynamic capabilities theory, this study conceptualizes supply chain resilience as firms’ intrinsic capability to anticipate potential disruptions, endure shocks, reconfigure resources for recovery, and sustain both operational and strategic performance. Supply chain resilience can boost corporate innovation and performance, a link rendered more critical amid Industry 4.0’s digital and AI advances. Yet constrained by data limitations, existing research has not clarified how firm-level supply chain resilience drives innovation performance or its mechanisms, especially with AI as a contextual factor. Using panel data of Chinese A-share listed firms over the 2007–2024 time frame, this paper conducts an empirical exploration of how supply chain resilience influences firm innovation and the mechanisms through which this effect is transmitted, with the adoption of a two-way fixed effects model, text-generated indicators and associated analyses. The results robustly demonstrate a significant positive relationship; supply chain resilience significantly enhances corporate innovation performance. After controlling other influencing factors, it is observed that improvements in supply chain resilience notably promote better innovation performance. Analysis of the underlying pathway reveals that resilience acts as a catalyst, stimulating substantial investments in digital transformation, which in turn serves as a primary mediator driving innovation. Research indicates that AI plays an adverse moderating role; Empirical evidence suggests that the impact of digital transformation on promoting firm innovation tends to decrease, which presents a trend matching the characteristics of diminishing returns. This paper further examines the influence of supply chain resilience on incremental and radical innovation, and the empirical findings reveal that supply chain resilience promotes both aspects of corporate ambidextrous innovation. Heterogeneity analysis further clarifies contextual boundaries: the positive impact of supply chain resilience on innovation varies markedly across firm types, being substantially stronger in high-tech and manufacturing sectors than in their non-high-tech and non-manufacturing counterparts. By integrating the domains of resilience, digitalization, and innovation into a coherent analytical model, this study synthesizes previously dispersed knowledge. The findings are thereby instrumental for both corporate leaders and policymakers steering complex technological shifts.

Amid growing economic uncertainty and the expansion of cross-border business activities, leadership effectiveness in multinational enterprises has become a central issue in international management research. Korean firms operating in China encounter distinctive managerial challenges shaped by cultural differences, power distance, and employees’ heterogeneous learning capabilities. Although transformational leadership and paternalistic leadership have both been extensively discussed in prior studies, limited research has comparatively examined their effects within the same multinational organizational context. In addition, the boundary conditions under which these leadership styles differentially influence employee outcomes remain underexplored. Drawing on leadership theory and absorptive capacity theory, this study develops an integrative research model to examine the effects of transformational leadership and paternalistic leadership on Chinese employees’ job satisfaction and task performance in Korean firms operating in China. Absorptive capacity is incorporated as a key moderating mechanism that shapes employees’ cognitive interpretation and behavioral responses to leadership behaviors. Survey data were collected from 250 Chinese employees working in Korean enterprises in China, and empirical analyses were conducted using SPSS 26.0 and Stata 18. Transformational leadership and paternalistic leadership were measured with validated multi-item scales, with paternalistic leadership further decomposed into benevolence, morality, and authoritarianism to reflect its multidimensional structure. The results indicate that transformational leadership has significant positive effects on both job satisfaction and task performance. Paternalistic leadership exhibits differentiated effects: benevolence and morality are positively associated with task performance, whereas authoritarianism is negatively related to job satisfaction. Furthermore, absorptive capacity significantly moderates these relationships. Higher absorptive capacity strengthens the positive effects of transformational leadership as well as the benevolence and morality dimensions of paternalistic leadership, while amplifying the negative effects of authoritarian leadership. This study contributes to the literature by comparatively examining leadership styles within a multinational and culturally hybrid context and by identifying absorptive capacity as an important boundary condition of leadership effectiveness. Practically, the findings suggest that Korean firms operating in China should adopt context-appropriate leadership styles while enhancing employees’ learning and knowledge-utilization capabilities to improve organizational performance.

This study investigates the key factors that shape users' privacy-preserving behaviors in online environments by extending Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) with the concept of habit. While prior information privacy research has largely emphasized motivational antecedents such as self-efficacy, the present study argues that online privacy behavior is governed not only by deliberate, intention-based processes but also by automatic behavioral tendencies. To address this gap, the study proposes and empirically tests an integrated research model in which privacy concerns, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and subjective norms serve as enabling factors of privacy-preserving intentions, while counter-intentional habits operate as an inhibiting factor that directly undermines both privacy-preserving intentions and privacy-preserving behaviors. Drawing on SCT and integrating both enabling and inhibiting mechanisms, the study offers a more comprehensive explanation of privacy-preserving behavior in online settings. To empirically test the proposed model, the study employed a cross-sectional survey design and collected data in October 2025 from Chinese undergraduate and graduate student internet users through Wenjuanxing, using convenience sampling. After removing incomplete responses, 336 valid cases were retained for analysis. The hypothesized relationships were examined using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM), with SPSS 29 employed for data preprocessing and demographic analysis and SmartPLS 4 used for model estimation and validation. The results confirm that privacy concerns, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and subjective norms each exert a significant positive effect on privacy-preserving intentions, supporting their role as motivational antecedents. Privacy-preserving intentions, in turn, positively predict privacy-preserving behaviors, affirming that intention remains a central mechanism through which cognitive and social drivers translate into actual protective action. Simultaneously, counter-intentional habits significantly weaken privacy-preserving intentions and exert a direct negative effect on privacy-preserving behaviors, demonstrating that habitual non-protective routines can override even well-formed protective intentions. Furthermore, mediation analysis reveals that privacy-preserving intentions significantly mediate the effects of the four enabling factors (privacy concerns, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and subjective norms), as well as the inhibiting effect of counter-intentional habits, on privacy-preserving behaviors. This study extends SCT by demonstrating that online privacy-preserving behavior is jointly shaped by motivational enabling factors and automatic inhibiting mechanisms. In particular, counter-intentional habits directly hinder both protective intentions and behaviors, underscoring the critical role of automatic behavioral processes in information privacy research. These findings suggest that effective privacy interventions must not only reinforce users' protective intentions through enhanced concern, efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and social support, but also actively disrupt users’ habitual non-protective routines.

This article aims to identify the underlying drivers shaping the transformation of women’s roles within China’s political system and to develop a multidimensional explanatory framework based on historical and institutional analysis. Taking the feudal period, the Xinhai Revolution, the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and the Reform and Opening-up as key historical junctures, this study systematically traces the staged evolution of women’s political participation. Specifically, this trajectory spans from the structural exclusion of women within traditional political structures to the awakening of women’s political consciousness during modern nation-state formation, then to state-led institutional empowerment and mass mobilization after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and ultimately to the institutionalization of women’s participation in the Reform and Opening-up era. The study demonstrates that the transformation of women’s political roles is not an isolated phenomenon but is deeply embedded in the broader processes of economic restructuring, political institutional transformation, and the evolution of cultural norms in China. Economically, women have gradually attained greater independence through participation in socialized production. Politically, the state has established constitutional and institutional arrangements that safeguard women’s political participation. Culturally, rising levels of educational attainment have strengthened women’s political awareness while providing critical human capital for the expansion of their roles in the political system. Grounded in Marxist historical materialism, the study argues that changes in women’s political roles are fundamentally shaped by the tensions between productive forces and the relations of production, as well as by the dynamic interaction between the economic base and the superstructure. The continuous development of productive forces generates corresponding adjustments in the relations of production, while shifts across political, legal, and cultural domains reflect the reconfiguration of gender relations within the superstructure, thereby facilitating women’s gradual transition from structural marginalization to more substantive political participation. It is noteworthy that although women’s representation in political institutions at various levels has shown a sustained upward trend, significant constraints persist in access to political office, cadre selection practices, promotion mechanisms, and women’s willingness to engage in political life. This suggests that formal legal guarantees have not fully translated into substantive political equality and that women’s participation continues to be influenced by both implicit and structural barriers. The article further emphasizes that strengthening empirical research and conducting cross-national comparative studies can help explore effective pathways to enhance women’s political participation. Such efforts can provide both a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for constructing a gender-inclusive model of political development that integrates institutional safeguards with cultural adaptability while aligning with China’s specific socio-political context.

The rapid global expansion of Chinese language education has generated an urgent demand for learner-oriented lexicographical resources. Traditional Chinese dictionaries, primarily designed for native speakers, emphasize linguistic standardization and descriptive completeness, yet often fail to accommodate the cognitive, pragmatic, and cross-cultural needs of second language learners. As a result, their practical value for international learners remains limited. Against this background, this study examines the necessity of constructing a learning-oriented basic Chinese learner’s dictionary, defined as a dictionary designed for beginning and lower-intermediate learners with the primary aim of supporting vocabulary comprehension, acquisition, and use. Drawing on pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, and second language acquisition theory, the paper systematically reviews recent Chinese and international scholarship on learner dictionaries, identifies structural and functional limitations in existing resources, and proposes an integrated analytical framework for dictionary construction. The proposed framework emphasizes learner orientation, functional system integration, technological support, and cross-cultural adaptability. On this basis, the study outlines a set of construction strategies, including corpus-informed entry selection focused on high-frequency vocabulary, hierarchically organized definitions progressing from core to extended senses, contextualized examples with controlled difficulty, pragmatic guidance addressing register, politeness, and usage constraints, and culturally informed cross-linguistic annotation. Particular attention is given to cross-cultural adaptation, arguing that simple bilingual equivalence is insufficient to represent culturally embedded meanings in Chinese vocabulary and may lead to semantic misalignment or pragmatic misuse. Rather than focusing on technical implementation details, the paper conceptualizes technology as an enabling mechanism that supports platform-based operation, multimodal presentation, learner feedback, and iterative content optimization. From a theoretical perspective, the study contributes a coherent framework that bridges lexicography and Chinese-as-a-foreign-language pedagogy. Methodologically, it proposes an operational pathway that integrates corpus-based selection, learner-centered definition design, pragmatic enrichment, and multimodal support. Practically, the findings offer implementable guidance for dictionary compilers and educational institutions engaged in resource development for international Chinese education. Overall, the study argues that learning-oriented basic Chinese learner’s dictionaries must move beyond traditional paradigms and adopt an integrated, learner-responsive model to effectively support second language vocabulary development.

Cultural and tourism integration is widely viewed as an approach to improving public cultural and tourism services, supporting high-quality economic development, and reinforcing cultural confidence. Given the symbolic significance of the Grand Canal within Chinese culture, this study proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework aligned with the core dimensions of high-quality development. A linear weighted model, a coupling coordination degree model, kernel density estimation, and standard deviational ellipse analysis are employed to measure the level and spatiotemporal evolution of high-quality cultural and tourism integration across eight provinces and municipalities along the Grand Canal Cultural Belt from 2012 to 2023. The geographical detector method is then applied to identify key driving factors. The results indicate the following. (1) From a temporal perspective, the high-quality development of cultural and tourism integration has generally exhibited a fluctuating upward trend. However, inter-provincial disparities have widened, attributable to differences in inherent resource endowments and the combined effect of policy resource allocation and market self-reinforcement mechanisms. (2) From a spatial perspective, the high-quality development of regional cultural and tourism integration demonstrates dual characteristics of gradient differentiation and axial stability. While Beijing and Zhejiang have achieved upward shifts in coordination levels, most areas such as Tianjin, Hebei, and Anhui remain in the initial stage, reflecting imbalances between institutional support and development momentum as well as threshold constraints. (3) Driving mechanism analysis suggests that openness, market supply, and technological innovation form a composite model that is state-led and locally implemented within the multilayered institutional context of China. Infrastructure also serves as a foundational platform that supports this model. The results of this study not only provide a reference for regional planning of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt but also reveal the evolutionary mechanisms and implementation pathways for the deep integration of the cultural and tourism industries within the Chinese context, thus offering insights for achieving high-quality integrated development in similar cultural corridors and regions.

The International Slow City movement originated in Italy, and from 1999 to 2025, a total of 301 cities in 33 countries have received the “International Slow City” designation. China began paying attention to the Slow City movement in 2011, and so far, 17 cities have successfully applied. The gradual spread of the International Slow City concept is closely related to the rapid development of low-carbon initiatives. Nearly 200 years of global high carbon emissions have led to numerous problems, including climate change, posing multiple crises and challenges to human society. Therefore, low-carbon development has become a widely discussed global issue that requires the collective efforts of every country, every region, and every individual. Against this background, the Chinese government explicitly proposed the “Dual Carbon Goals” in 2020 and has since been committed to ecological civilization construction and green, low-carbon transformation across all regions of the country. As a national demonstration zone for ecological civilization, Hainan Province enjoys excellent natural and climatic conditions. During the development of the Free Trade Port, the central government has placed high expectations on Hainan’s low-carbon development due to its unique advantages. Dongying Town in Hainan Province officially initiated its Slow City development plan in 2018 and successfully obtained the “International Slow City” title in 2023. Since the Slow City concept emphasizes sustainable urban development, and low-carbon development is a key indicator of sustainability, it is evident that Slow City construction may play a significant role in promoting low-carbon development in both Dongying Town and Hainan Province. Therefore, this study adopts a combination of literature analysis and field investigation to examine the impact of International Slow City development on low-carbon development in Hainan Province, focusing on the developmental process of Dongying Town. The findings indicate that Dongying Town, in implementing the International Slow City assessment system, has promoted low-carbon development primarily through the following four pathways: First, the Slow City’s energy-saving model can facilitate the transformation of Hainan’s low-carbon development model; Second, the Slow City’s green transportation system helps enhance carbon reduction in the transportation sector; Third, the Slow City’s ecological restoration pathway strengthens the province’s terrestrial carbon sink capacity; Finally, the “industry–community–culture” mechanism of the Slow City fosters the dissemination and cultural recognition of low-carbon values in Hainan province.

Amid the deepening of globalization and China’s sustained opening-up drive, the resident foreign population in China has witnessed a steady expansion in scale and an increasing diversification in demographic composition. Their cultural adaptation exerts a profound impact on China’s cross-cultural exchanges and the overall course of the country’s internationalization. This study seeks to systematically delineate the academic evolution, core research themes, and developmental patterns of studies on foreigners’ cultural adaptation in China, thereby addressing a critical research gap in the existing literature: the absence of a systematic quantitative synthesis of relevant research findings. To this end, this study retrieved academic articles from core Chinese journals, including those indexed in Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI), from three major Chinese academic databases - China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, and Chongqing VIP (CQVIP). The research then conducted a visual bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace 6.4.R1, adopting core analytical methods such as keyword clustering, burst detection, centrality measurement, and timeline mapping. The findings demonstrate that this research field has undergone three distinct developmental stages: conceptual introduction and preliminary exploration, theoretical framework construction and rapid research expansion, and thematic deepening and targeted empirical investigation. Further analysis indicates that the field’s evolution is driven by the synergistic interaction of three core factors: the adjustments of China’s relevant policy frameworks, the shifts in societal demands, and advances in technological innovation. This study makes several contributions to the field. By employing CiteSpace-based bibliometric analysis, it clarifies the evolutionary features of research on foreigners’ cross-cultural adaptation in China, thus filling the methodological gaps in the existing literature. By focusing on the diverse groups of foreign residents in China, it mitigates potential research biases in relevant studies. Moreover, it bridges academic research and practical applications, providing targeted insights to inform policy formulation and service optimization for foreign residents, and it also offers valuable implications for Sino-Korean academic exchanges and people-to-people connectivity.

To explore the characteristics and influencing mechanisms of tourists' perception of dietary localness across different stages of tourism commercialization, this study selects the myeongtae (Alaska pollock) culture in the eight counties/cities of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture as a case study. Based on questionnaire survey data regarding tourists' localness perception of myeongtae culture, principal component analysis was employed to quantify the levels of Perception of Placeness in the eight study areas. Tourism commercialization gradients were classified into three categories using indicators derived from the survey. The optimal geographical detector model was applied to conduct factor detection and interaction detection from three dimensions—physical landscape, ethnic significance, and emotional perception—thereby systematically revealing the dominant influencing factors and evolutionary characteristics of dietary placeness perception at different stages of tourism commercialization. The results show that: (1) Significant differences exist in dietary perception of placeness across the initial germination, initial operation, and growth–evolution stages of tourism commercialization, with counties/cities in the growth–evolution stage exhibiting the highest intensity of perception of placeness ; (2) As tourism commercialization progresses from the initial germination stage to the growth–evolution stage, tourists' perception of myeongtae cultural localness demonstrates a continuous strengthening trend; (3) The dominant influencing dimensions of dietary perception of placeness vary across commercialization stages: emotional perception shows the strongest explanatory power in the growth–evolution and initial operation stages, while perception of physical landscape is most influential in the initial germination stage; (4) Interaction detection reveals that, except for the two-factor enhancement between physical landscape and ethnic significance in the growth–evolution stage, all other pairwise interactions among the three dimensions exhibit nonlinear enhancement. Notably, the interaction between physical landscape perception and emotional perception exerts the most significant combined effect on dietary localness perception. The findings of this study provide theoretical support and practical references for the inheritance of ethnic culture and the sustainable development of the tourism industry in Yanbian Prefecture, facilitating the deep transformation of ethnic dietary culture from a cultural symbol into an emotional carrier.

This study focuses on the systemic distortion of assignment design in Chinese secondary vocational education specialized courses under the influence of examination-oriented application and the dominance of disciplinary knowledge logic. Employing an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, the research conducted a questionnaire survey of 706 teachers and 2,108 students in Zhejiang Province, China. Additionally, 68 teachers, students, and enterprise representatives were selected for in-depth interviews, complemented by a three-month textual analysis of assignments at the project establishment units of high-level secondary vocational school in Zhejiang Province to systematically explore the current status, dilemmas, and breakthrough paths of assignment design. The results indicate that current assignment design faces multiple dilemmas, including teleological deviation, monotypic forms, evaluative failure, and the suppression of subjectivity. These dilemmas are rooted in a systemic cycle of “institutional alienation,” where a weak support ecosystem and distorted assignment goals reinforce each other, forming path dependency. Based on these issues, this paper posits that the essence of this predicament is a paradigm misalignment in the knowledge production mode of vocational education, where a static view of disciplinary knowledge systematically squeezes the generative space of work-process knowledge; thus, assignment dilemmas are defined as the manifest result of this paradigm misalignment. Finally, the study proposes a theoretical paradigm shift from “institutional alienation” to “work-process knowledge generation,” constructing a “dual-synergy and three-dimensional support” operational logic. This provides micro-level theoretical support and practical paradigms for the “Three- Dimensional Reform” of teachers, teaching materials, and pedagogy, reconstructing secondary vocational specialized course assignments from the perspectives of epistemology, methodology, and operational logic. The theoretical contribution of this paper lies in elevating the issue of assignments from “instructional technique improvement” to the “reconstruction of vocational education knowledge production mechanisms,” providing an explanatory framework for understanding the structural obstacles to the characteristic features of vocational education under the pressure of East Asian credentialism, and offering implementable theoretical support for competency-based curriculum reform.