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On January 20, 2018, the U.S. Department of Defense, for the first time in 10 years, announced the National Defense Strategy of the United States of America: Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge. The main content of this report was basically in accordance with the National Security Strategy 2017 which Trump administration had published on December 18, 2017. Within the report, it made a clear line of judgement on threats as it stated “Inter-state strategic competition, not terrorism, is now the primary concern in U.S. national security. China is a strategic competitor using predatory economics to intimidate its neighbors while militarizing features in the South China Sea (the White House, 2017; U.S. Department of Defense, 2018).” These two reports proposed by the U.S. government revealed a clear preparation in case of a collision between the U.S. and China. And they also let us know that American perceptions of China fundamentally changed. At the same time, the U.S.-China trade friction finally broke out. As we all know, that is partly because U.S. President Trump has constantly pursued to “promote free, fair and reciprocal trade (the White House, 2018a)” after taking office. However, this paper argues that more fundamental reason lies on the long history of contradiction between the two countries due to the trade imbalance. And unlike some arguments which the U.S. has raised, China believes that trade imbalance between the U.S. and China results from various and complicated causes such as gradual devaluation of U.S. dollar, huge gap in saving rates between the U.S. and China. Therefore, we suggest that the Trump administration should take domestic economic reform measures to solve the trade deficit problem in the long run and should not blame other countries including China and its own allies for its own huge trade deficit. As the U.S. exerts bigger pressure on China in various ways and the strategic competition between the U.S. and China is more severe than before in every dimension, the U.S.-China relationship is entering a new inflection point. Then how should we view the intensified trade dispute between the U.S. and China since President Trump took office? How would the future of the U.S.-China relationship unfold? To answer these questions, this paper will consider them in several ways. First, it will look into achievements of China’s economic growth over the past 40 years after China’s reform and opening up. Second, it will trace the causes of the trade conflict between the U.S. and China. Third, it will consider the need for a new U.S.-China relationship and the challenges it faces in the process. In conclusion, we strongly believe that there is still a chance that China and the U.S. will be able to manage bilateral relations well and establish a new order, if the U.S. accepts the reality that China already became the world’s second largest economy and cooperates with China under the principle of “No conflict, no confrontation and peaceful co-existence” which China has constantly proposed for many years.

Ever since China joined WTO in 1990 which prompted market opening, China’s hospital industry is currently undergoing big change. Departfrom from the past dependence on public hospital services, China has introduced many difference forms of private investment hospitals giving way to fierce competition within hospital industry, consequently bringing about big changes in hospital employee managemnt and servce quality management. The purpose of this study is to present a management strategy for hospital organization in China. This study presented the management method of hospital organization as internal marketing and leadership. In addition, these factors influenced the job satisfaction and customer orientation of the members and thought that it would affect the medical service quality. This study also investigates the difference of the hospital management aspect between the national hospital and the private hospital in China. In order to test the research hypothesis, this study used 560 questionnaire response data from 3 national hospitals and 2 private hospitals. The results of this study are as follows: First, internal marketing activities of hospitals have a positive effect on the job satisfaction and customer orientation of the members. Second, leadership has a positive effect on job satisfaction and customer orientation. Third, job satisfaction and customer orientation of hospital organizational members have a positive effect on perceived service quality. Finally, the structural effects of internal marketing, leadership, job satisfaction, customer orientation, and service quality between national hospitals and private hospitals showed significant differences. The results of this study will provide important implications for organizational management through internal marketing and leadership of medical institutions in China. In addition, it is expected that it will help improve service quality and competitiveness of medical institutions through comparative analysis results between national hospitals and private hospitals.

Intrapreneurship has recently attracted considerable attention. This study aims to explore how intrapreneurship and trust in a supervisor (also referred throughout as “supervisor trust”) promote management performance so as to expand research on intrapreneurship. The study’s sample set is taken from 288 employees of 38 different companies to statistically verify the hypotheses. Through the SPSS 24 statistical method, the study’s main results were uncovered as follows. First, entrepreneurial education has a positive effect on intrapreneurship. Second, intrapreneurship has a positive effect on management performance. Third, trust in a supervisor has a positive impact on management performance, and the moderating effects of trust in a supervisor are found between intrapreneurship and management performance. The following implications are recognized. Firstly, although research on intrapreneurship has been carried out for more than 30 years, it is still in the stage of systematic theory, and there is room for further research, especially when the cultural background is different, the results may come out differently. Secondly, if the degree of intrapreneurship increases, the management performance will be high. Trust in the supervisor is consistent with this viewpoint, because if subordinates trust in their supervisors, there will be positive business performance and management performance. Therefore, intrapreneurship and trust are very important in the process of achieving performance and play an important role in the actual business. Thirdly, trust in the supervisor plays a moderating role between intrapreneurship and performance, which means that a structural mechanism exists between them. The study’s results indicate that it is necessary to emphasize entrepreneurship at the appropriate level in SMEs, and that it is important to ensure that intrapreneurs receive education and develop trust in their supervisors. In addition, it is obvious that entrepreneurial education leads employees to focus on management performance through intrapreneurship and that a high degree of supervisor trust will have a positive effect on performance. These findings can help companies strengthen their competitiveness and achieve their business targets.

The law can be seen as the choices of values by majority of people in the country. Generally, certain legal procedures are prescribed in order to realize the people’s choice of values. These legal procedures are called the procedural justice, and realizing the value the majority of people seek is called the entity justice. Ideally, the entity justice must be followed by the procedural justice. In practice however, sometimes it does not work in that way. In the case that the procedural justice and the entity justice do not match, how should the Chinese government make a choice? In this study this issue will be discussed by analyzing the recent example of parallel import of drugs in China. According to the Chinese Drug Management Act, if an individual or a corporate body wants to import a drug, he or she must receive an inspection report on the safety, treatment, and ingredients of the drug by the State Council of China. If the individual or a corporate body do not go through the inspection by government-related agencies or import the drugs that are not permitted to import, he or she could result in severe penalties up to imprisonment for the sale of counterfeit drugs. As parallel imports are imported without approval from officials, an import permission cannot be obtained from the government. Therefore, it is considered as a violation of the law under the current Chinese criminal law. In practice however, Chinese domestic medical products have poor remedial value and the price of the products with formal permission is very high. Thus, some heavy patients have no other choices but to seek parallel imported products in order to survive. In this case, punishing the heavy patients for purchasing the parallel imported products would be against the value of the public, but if not, it would be against the law. That is, in some parallel import cases, there is an inconsistency between the procedural justice and the entity justice. This study used a recent case of parallel imported of drugs in China to exam how the Chinese criminal justice system reaches a verdict on this issue. In this study, we found that current Chinese criminal justice system has three problems dealing with drug-related parallel import cases: First, when the law is vaguely defined, the case must be judged by the judge's discretion, and there were problems where similar cases were found differently due to different personal values of the judges. Second, although procedures must be independent, parallel drug import cases have been heavily influenced by the media in dealing with cases because they are highly publicized cases. Third, the procedural justice or the definition of result, which one is more important than either is a matter of philosophy of law, and the Chinese government currently tend to uphold the procedural justice. Consequentially, judicial authorities tend to seek formal definitions that seem to realize the procedural justice when dealing with problems. It should be Pointed out at the same time that the efficiency and cost considerations cannot support the "quasi-judicial" position of the PRB, either system design abroad. To solve the above problems need combined with Chinese Intellectual Property trial pilot experience and development trends of the reform of the judicial system, the implementation of Intellectual Property Rights trial fairness and efficiency, strengthen the exclusive jurisdiction, and the function of substantive patent court.

The purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of the dancing props and dancing costumes of Angga, which is a traditional folk dance of Shandong, China, in order to lay the foundation of the basic data for the preservation of the traditional dances in China and comparative studies with the traditional dances in Korea. For this, in this study, the researcher focused on the historical materials on Angga of Shandong for the literature review, along with the related books, academic papers, and the Internet. The Anggas of Shandong are geographically in proximity to one another within Shandong, so that they are deeply influenced by the local culture. As a result, they have a variety of expression types; however, the residents influenced one another not only in terms of their customers through the interactions between them but also their dances. They went through different processes of evolution, leading them to have unique characteristics. While there are differences depending on the structure of the performance (roles), the Anggas of Shandong, China, use highly ornamented accessories, including a cap, silk head ornaments, and silk bands. Also, they share the common items such as a fan, silk, towel, staff, and other tools that they use in their performances. As such, the Anggas of Shandong, China, have been influenced by the customs, religion, legends, faith, lifestyle, and proverbs. And, as they are located close to one another, their modes of expressions are also similar. It would be necessary to study and discuss how to preserve and vitalize this dance in a more systematic and diversified manner, which should be followed by studies on how to discover and proliferate the dances in other regions as well as other follow-up dances.

By satisfying customer, firms can improve their performance through favorable image, word of mouth, recommendation, and repurchase. Customer satisfaction has been being an important role for both practitioners and academia, and its importance is growing. Companies invest heavily in managing and enhancing customer satisfaction. However, there are mixed conclusions from empirical studies about the effect of customer satisfaction on the financial performance. Hence, we investigate the effect of customer satisfaction on the financial performance of firms. Most of the previous studies on customer satisfaction were conducted on the market in the United States. Results of the US market studies might not reflect the characteristics of other countries. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the effect of customer satisfaction in the Asian market, which can lead to a customer satisfaction management strategy suitable for the individual Asian markets. Also, previous researches mainly examined psychological factors affecting customer satisfaction. However, factors such as the environmental characteristics of the market can affect customer satisfaction as well. Therefore, we examine the effect of customer satisfaction on firms’ financial performance in the Asian markets including Republic of Korea and China from a comparative perspective. We focus on the impact of industry type, different characteristics of products and services on the customer satisfaction formation. Results show that these difference in customer satisfaction formation process can influence on the relationship between customer satisfaction and financial performance. We provide strategic guidelines by comparing two Asian markets dividing industrial types into manufacturing and service industries, and examining the relationship between customer satisfaction and firm’s performance by industry types.

The rapid economic growth of China has improved the quality of life for Chinese consumers, and the Chinese automobile market has also grown rapidly. This study investigates the characteristics of Korean automobile preferred by Chinese consumers in China market. The purposes of this study is as follows. First, this study analyze how the attributes such as the economics, design, post-service, convenience, and functionality of Korean automobile affect the satisfaction and repurchase intention. Second, this study is to verify the moderating effect of gender and income level on the relationship between automobile attributes and satisfaction. This study conducted online survey on Chinese consumers who had experience purchasing Korean automobile. We used 367 questionnaires to analyze the research model. The results of this study are as follows. First, the automobile attributes such as functionality, post-service, and economics have a positive effect on the satisfaction, but convenience and design have no significant effect on the satisfaction of Korean automobiles. Second, the satisfaction has a positive effect on repurchase intention of Korean automobile. Third, there were a difference in the convenience, design, and functionality of customer satisfaction according to gender. However, there is no difference in the economics and post-services by the gender. Finally, we examined where there is a difference between the attributes such as economics, design, post-service, convenience, and functionality of Korean automobile and customer satisfaction according to income level of Chinese consumers. The economics, functionality, and post-service were found to have difference effects on the satisfaction of Korean automobile according to the income level, but design and convenience did not differ according to income level. This can provide practical implications for Korean automobile companies in the Chinese market.

The United States has interfered in the Taiwan issue mainly through its arms sales to the country. This has caused China to seek for an anti-access capacity, i.e., means to keep the United States out of the scope of China’s neighboring affairs. It has led to mutual strategic distrust between China and the United States, which constitutes a foundation of the security dilemma between the two countries. At the same time, reversely, China’s continuous modernization of ballistic missiles has alarmed the United States; in response, the U.S. has strengthened deployment of antimissile system in the Asian-Pacific region. China started its modernization of national defense in 1954. In particular, it has modernized its ballistic missiles since 1990. Notably, China has replaced short-range and liquid fueled ballistic missiles on fixed launchers with long-range and road-motorized ones fuelled by solid reactants. These high-tech ballistic missiles basically meet the needs of China’s Rocket Force for “global deterrent and accurate attack”. Such modernization of ballistic missiles by China has been perceived as a serious strategic burden by the United States; the U.S. has continuously strengthened its anti-missile forces against the ballistic missiles. The deployment of the THAAD system in South Korea is interpreted as a part of the U.S. efforts. The THAAD system in South Korea could not only collect data on China’s ballistic missiles but also form a front early warning system against the missiles along with the type AN/TPY-2 radars stationed in Japan and Guam. Of course, behind the intensification of the tit-for-tat between China’s ballistic missile modernization and the U.S.’s anti-missile programs against it, there is constructivist confrontation between the “China threat” discourses from the U.S. and China’s responses to them as well as the realist security dilemma.

In today's rapidly changing environment, the management paradigm is undergoing a huge transformation. Currently, efficiency and responsiveness are the dominant requirements. Agile organizations have informed the direction of enterprise development, and it is necessary to introduce agile HR strategies. In this study, employees working in enterprises in the coastal areas of China's trade center were investigated. The survey was conducted through a total of 235 questionnaires from October 3 to October 24, 2018. Finally, 213 questionnaires were collected and used as data and analyzed by SPSS 25.0. The purpose of this study is to understand how the agile HR strategy of Chinese enterprises affects organizational performance and investigate the mediating effect of collective Intelligence when it comes to the relationship between agile HR strategy and organizational performance. The results of this study are as follows. Firstly, agile HR strategy was conceptualized as four distinct dimensions: self-organization, empowerment, job autonomy, and open communication. Second, results revealed that job autonomy and open communication positively affected job satisfaction; empowerment job autonomy, and open communication positively affected organizational commitment; and self-organization and open communication positively affected collective intelligence. Third, collective intelligence significantly affected organizational performance. Fourth, collective intelligence acted as a mediator variable between agile HR strategy and organizational performance. The verification results showed that some of the four major hypotheses have a significant effect. Therefore, the adoption of agile HR strategy in a company will increase satisfaction and engagement because employees can self-plan and design work, be empowered, have autonomy in their jobs, and can communicate openly. Agile HR strategy helps organizations grow and evolve as organizational performance improves through collective intelligence, such as knowledge-sharing and collaboration.

Urbanization has been a key component of China’s rapid development strategy over the past 20 years, and many studies have analyzed the process and the outcomes of this strategy in a case-by-case fashion. However, there has been little attempt to link this great urban experiment to existing political and economic development theory, and thereby assess whether the central government’s strategies will continue to set the country on the desired development path. We propose that state-centered development does not quite explain the Chinese case. The thesis in the West has been that China, as an authoritarian and highly centralized political system, must lead from the center, thus following the traditional model of the developmental state first proposed for East Asia. However, there is evidence that China's approach to development deviates from this model in important ways. One of the most important is the role played by local governments in providing opportunities for experimentation with different approaches to urbanization. We then test the validity of this claim by examining how Chinese urban governments allocate their resources, both fiscal and human, in key sectors, over time and place (sixty-nine cities from 2007 to 2014), to offer a different set of projections for urbanization and development in China. Using well-balanced panel data, we present the results of both a GLS and a fixed effects model, allowing for a direct comparison across cases and across time. We find that the developmental state models only explain part of the Chinese development story, and we find that investment in education and science and technology at the local level is related to increased urbanization levels. We also find that Chinese local governments are slowly transitioning from manufacturing to knowledge-based sector economies, allowing for the absorption of low-skilled labor from rural migration to the cities. This provides important support for the Chinese exceptionalism thesis: that urbanization is taking place at a pace that provides enough time for a transition to higher living standards with enough room for all. However, concerns remain over environmental degradation, especially air pollution, and the lack of provision of public services such as transportation that will need to be addressed as China moves forward. If urbanization in China is to truly be exceptional, then the local governments will need to take these issues under serious consideration.

The word “Hermeneutics” is derived from the Greek mythology about Hermes. As the herald and messenger of Zeus, Hermes travels as fast as human thoughts. His top priority is to understand the words of gods, thus, the early Hermeneutics is a discipline of interpreting the divine inspirations in the holy books. Contemporary Hermeneutics is a research system combining science and philosophy. It has turned from the interpretation of God’s word in Bible to the understanding of Man’s word in literature works. “Scripture Reasoning” is an important method of communication between religions. It brings the focus of Hermeneutics back to God’s word with an eastern perspective. In the process of “Scripture Reasoning”, the heroic figures in Bible, Homer’s Epics and Confucian classics reveal to the world a universal possibility for human-beings, just like all the characters in the other classic works. This universality leaves the classics open to people of all ages. The text of classics is relevant to everyone and everyone can find the possibility of surpassing one’s limited surroundings while reading the classics. Through our own understanding of the classical text, we can all sense the canonization which can also embody the spirit of our times. Thomas Carlyle once wrote a sentence about heroes, “He will read the world and its laws; the world with its laws will be there to be read.” With different religious and philosophical traditions as background, what laws are the heroes in different classic works revealing to us? Are there similarities among these laws? While reading the classics, Can we assume the heroes and superior men are also facing the same challenges as we do? Are we, as people from different times and different countries, all making our choices based on our first principles and trying to transcend the vanity of personal existence in the world full of absurdity? In the torrent of modernization and globalization, we are on the verge of traditional renaissance and classical revitalization. The way of achieving this is not by religious restoration or totem worship, but by understanding the poetic words in the classics. As James Legge pointed out from the perspective of the sinological development, the study on China was valuable. Chinese culture could not be studied in the way other cultures be studied because its independence and the permanent state of alienation. The peculiarity of Chinese language determined the independence of Chinese culture. Language can express thoughts while at the same time limit and define thoughts. Amidst philosophy, hermeneutics and theology, there is an overlapped area. To enter this area, if language is the appliance we use, “Scripture Reasoning” is the method leading the way, then James Legge’s version of the Analects is a beneficial supplement of “Scripture Reasoning”. Legge was trying to enter the overlapped area with his poetic language in his works ahead of his time. With Hermeneutics as the theoretical basis, we can read between the lines of the Classics from the perspective of “Scripture Reasoning”. While comparing Homer’s epics and Bible, together with the English version of the Analects translated by James Legge, we may be able to reveal the universality offered by the classics and find the similarities between the heroic figures of the Western mythologies and the superior men in the Confucian tradition.

The express delivery industry has developed rapidly because of the success of e-commerce. The products provided by this industry are “services,” while the nearest contact with consumers is the “distribution” link, which best reflects service satisfaction. If the quality of express delivery service is improved, then such improvement will facilitate the enhancement of consumer satisfaction. At present, college students have become one of the main consumer groups of e-commerce in China. The previous literature mainly discusses the problems and solutions of campus express service, but it lacks the combination with the campus express service process. Therefore, this study uses China’s domestic A and B colleges as examples to discuss important key factors of the satisfaction of college students with campus express delivery services. The six dimensions (service quality, express delivery cost, delivery quality, delivery time and delivery efficiency, delivery location, and information security) are designed to evaluate the satisfaction degree of the express delivery service of colleges. Based these six dimensions, the evaluation indicators of the satisfaction with express delivery service in colleges are designed to investigate the importance of the evaluation indicators of college express service satisfaction. Results of reliability and validity analysis show that the content of the indicators of each research dimension in the questionnaires conforms to the research structure and the reliability of the questionnaire is good. Moreover, results of the grey relational analysis indicate that four important key factors affect the satisfaction with express delivery services of colleges: “B1. Rationality of picking service charge”; “A2. Home delivery services”; “D2. Pick up quickly, no need to queue long”; and “B2. Reasonable charges for different courier companies.” Thereafter, Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch (TRIZ) analysis is performed to establish seven improved strategies for these factors. These strategies can be divided into external delivery (i.e., S1, S2, S3, and S5) and internal management optimization (i.e., S4, S6, and S7). Lastly, service blueprint is used to decompose the campus express delivery service into process steps. The solution strategies formulated from TRIZ analysis is integrated into the service blueprint to optimize the campus express delivery service process in China. The optimized service blueprint is used as basis to establish workflow guidelines, thereby providing an efficient work advice for campus express delivery services in China.