Earticle

이 연구는 불전미술의 중요한 주제 중의 하나인 술 취한 코끼리를 조복하는 붓다도의 성립과정 및 지역별, 시대별로 그 표현방식과 도상특징을 고찰함으로서, 불교미술의 전파과정에서 나타나는 도상의 수용과 변용과정을 도상학적으로 분석하였다. 먼저 경전의 기술을 검토하여 현존하는 작품에 표현된 도상에 어떻게 반영되었는지 그 소의경전을 찾고자 했다. 다음으로 인도에서 기원하여 불교미술의 동쪽으로의 전파에 따라 중국, 한국, 일본, 그리고 동남아시아의 불전미술에 나타난 양상을 술 취한 코끼리를 조복하는 붓다를 중심으로 비교분석하였다. 그 결과 경전에는 붓다의 자비심과 위엄에 의해, 혹은 붓다의 손에서 튀어나온 사자에 대한 두려움으로 술 취한 코끼리가 순종하게 되었다고 하는 두가지 기록이 있는데, 정작 도상으로 선택된 것은 전자였음이 밝혀졌다. 또 작품표현에서는 단독의 작품에서 점차 팔상도의 한 주제로 정착되었고, 이후 동아시아로 전파되었는데, 특히 동남아시아의 미얀마에서는 인도 팔라시대의 팔상도의 형식과 거의 유사함이 드러났다.

This study examined the establishment process of ‘Buddha Taming a Drunken Elephant’, which is one of important themes of Buddha's Life Story, and the expression techniques and iconographic characteristics by region and by age, and analyzed iconographically the acceptance and acculturation of icons appearing in the transmission of Buddhist arts. First, we attempted to find the base scripture in order to examine the contents of the scripture and how the contents were reflected in icons expressed in extant paintings. Next, this study made comparative analysis of the patterns of Buddha's Life Story in China, Korea, Japan and Southeast Asia along the transmission route of Buddhist arts eastward from India, centering on ‘Buddha Taming a Drunken Elephant’. According to the results of this study, there were two records stating that a drunken elephant was subdued by Buddha’s mercy and majesty or for fear of the lion springing out of Buddha’s hand, but the former story was represented in icons. In addition, as to the expression of the paintings, initially such paintings were drawn as a single work but were gradually settled as a theme of the eight main events of the Buddha's life. Particularly in Myanmar in Southeast Asia, the form was almost equal to that in the paintings of the eight scenes from the Buddha’s life created during the Pala Period of India.

본 연구는 전환기에 있는 중국을 부산경제발전을 위하여 어떻게 활용할 것인가를 모색함으로써 양국 모두, 특히 부산지역경제 발전을 위한 대중국 협력방안을 모색하는데 있다. 보다 구체적으로 두 경제의 현황 및 환경변화의 요인과 함께 상호 의존성을 분석하였다. 주요한 지역경제활성화 전략으로써 대중국 협력방안은 중국의 거대시장 공략, 중국의 거대자본 활용, 중국기업의 지역내 유치, 보완적 산업간 협력관계 구축, 중국전문가 양성을 위한 투자확대, 재한 중국인 유학생을 활용한 소프트 파워 구축이다.

The purpose of this paper is to find possible ways for mutual economic cooperations with the rapidly rising China focusing on the revitalization of Busan's regional economy. For these reasons, we look at the properties of industrial structure in both economies, in addition to interdependence and environmental changes in a globalized world economy. As a result, we propose the following policy recommendations: reflection of giant chinese market, utilization of huge chinese capital, inducement of chinese firms toward Busan, making strong business networks and investment on the human resources including chinese students in Busan.

남경박물관 전시실에 전시되어 있는 527년명 금동불상의 현존 높이는 11.6cm이고 보존상태는 양호하다. 한번에 주조된 일주식(一鑄式)의 주조방식을 보인다. 광배 뒷면에는 “大通元年八月廿三日, 超成敬造供養”으로 판독되는 명문으로 인해 이 금동불상의 조성시기는 527년 즉 양 무제 집정기간이다. 527년명 금동불상의 가장 큰 특징은 주형의 큰 광배 정면에 본존불상 1구와 협시보살상 2구의 삼존상이 배치되었다는 점이다. 신가구에서 발견된 소형 금동상에는 일광삼존상이 많은 수량을 차지한다. 거신광의 광배에는 화염문, 화불이 표현되었고 두광은 연화문, 동심원으로 구성되었다. 이러한 문양들은 신가구에서 출토된 금동불상에서 가장 많이 보이는 내용이다. 본존불상의 양식적 특징은 신체비례면에서 머리와 손이 크고, 두 손은 통인(通印)이다. 머리카락은 소발이며 육계는 큰 편이다. 통견식 가사, 몸의 중앙부위에서 U자형을 이룬 옷주름이 선각으로 중복되게 표현된 것은 특징적이다. 신체 양측면에서 아래로 늘어뜨려진 가사는 뾰족한 각을 이루지 않은 채 부드럽게 늘어뜨려져 있다. 이러한 불상양식은 사천성 출토 석불상과 비교하면 남조 제, 양나라 불상과 유사하다. 좌우보살입상 중 삼화보관을 머리에 착용한 보살상은 신가구 출토 기타 금동상, 530년 북위 보살상 등에서도 많이 확인된다. 보발을 닭벼슬 모양을 한 형태로 위로 올린 보살상은 남조 제 495년명 관음성불상을 비롯하여 신가구 출토 금동보살상에서 많이 확인된다. 이러한 보발은 북위말 동위대의 북조 보살상에서도 보인다. 결국 양식적인 특징들을 통해 보면 남경박물관 전시실에 전시된 신가구 출토 금동상은 5세기 후반∼6세기 중반 조각상의 특징과 아주 유사함을 확인할 수 있다. 남경박물관에 전시된 527년명 금동상은 남조 불교에서 가장 전성기였던 양 무제시기에 조성되었다. 양 무제시기에는 대형의 금속제 불상들이 많이 주조된 시기였기 때문에 신가구에서 소형 금동불상들도 많이 출토되는 원인이 된다.

I have examined gilt bronze buddhist sculpture exhibited in Nanjing museum. it's height is 11.6m, bearing inscription of “大通元年八月廿三日, 超成敬造供養”. We discover this buddhism sculpture was built around 527 A.D. which was Wu Emperor Liang dynasty and also estimate that majority pieces of golden sculptures excavated in Xin-jie kou area were also built in Liang dynasty as well. Emperor Wu period was a prime time of buddhist of Southern dynasties. Despite of construction of temples and sculptures during the era, there had been no way to presume those characteristics, in that no sculptures had been excavated. However, this excavation of this gilt bronze images in Xin-jie kou give us tremendous help to understand the characteristics of buddhist statues of Southern dynasties, especially Wu emperor period. Therefore, we suggest better understandings about the styles of sculptures during south and north dynasties, researching through this gilt bronze images.

본 연구는 중국 산동성의 산업구조의 변화를 변화할당 분석을 통해 고찰하였다. 특히 중국의 경제정책, 중국전체의 경기상황이 아니라 산동성의 경기상황을 고려한 시기구분에 따라 고찰하였다. 고찰결과 산동성의 산업구조는 1994년 이후 고도화되기 시작하였고, 이는 노동집약적 산업의 정리와 함께 중화학공업의 성장에 의한 것이었다. 그러나 여전히 노동집약적 산업의 지역에 대한 기여도가 높은 특징을 보였다. 정책과 관련하여서는 경기조절적인 정책이 산동성에 별다른 영향을 미치지 못한 것에 비해 육성정책은 일정한 영향을 미친 것으로 파악되었고, 경기상황에 노동집약적 산업이 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 나타났다.

This research investigates the change of industrial structure of Shandong Sheng in China by using the shift-share analysis. According to the results, the industrial structure of Shandong Sheng has advanced gradually after 1994, which was caused by the development of heavy and chemical industry with the readjustment of labor-intensive industry. However on the other hand, this region is characterized by the high level of contribution at labor-intensive industry. Also I find out that the development policy has a significant influence on the Shandon Sheng compared with the business-curbing policy and labor-intensive industry is more responsive to the economic situation than the other.

본 논문은 중국적 특색의 사회주의 시장경제를 표방하고 있는 중국의 현행 법제 아래서 운영되고 있는 공기업의 경쟁시스템 유지를 위한 정부의 규제로서 독점금지법상의 규제 및 특히 소비자의 이익과 밀접한 관련 있는 가격규제 제도의 특징을 고찰하고 제도적 미비점 및 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 공기업의 가격에 대한 독점금지법상 규제나 가격법상 규제는 양자 모두 시장기제의 자기조절 기능이 어려운 경우에 이루어진다는 점에서 공통점이 있다. 그러나 독점금지법상에서 적용되는 가격에 대한 통제는 경쟁영역에서 적용되고, 시장에 대하여 직접 규제함으로써 시장경쟁의 장애를 배제하는 데 특징이 있지만, 거시적 통제의 중요한 수단이 되는 가격법에 의한 통제는 민생과 직결되는 상품의 정부 고시 가격 및 권장가격은 그 원칙상 간접적 통제를 위주로 한다. 공기업에 대한 독점규제 및 가격규제의 실효성 확보가 어려운 원인으로서, 비록 기업과 정부의 분리라는 원칙을 견지하지만 실지로는 양자가 밀접한 관계를 유지하고 있다는 점이다. 이러한 의미에서 여전히 규제의 실효성에 대한 의문이 제기되고 있다. 이러한 결과, 공기업의 독점행위로 인한 위법행위에 대하여 규제기관이 행정처벌을 함으로써 사안을 종결하고 있는 것이 현실 상황이고, 따라서 소비자의 손해에 대한 배상이 제대로 이루어 지지 않는 것도 지적되고 있다. 중국에서도 공기업의 사회적 책임에 대한 실질적 이행과 소비자 이익 보호를 위해서는 공기업의 자율성 보장 내지 공평한 경쟁 시스템의 확립, 또는 기업의 사회적 책임 이행을 위한 정부의 적절한 규제나 입법적 조치 또는 사회적 감시제도의 확립 등이 적절히 조화를 이루어야 할 것이라 생각된다. 특히, 공기업에 대한 유효한 규제와 독점의 폐해를 방지하기 위해서는 독점금지법이나 가격법 뿐 아니라 기타 다양한 수단에 의한 규제조치가 필요할 것이다.

This mainly focus on the regulation system, as that mainly purpose to sustain the competition system of public utilities in current antimonopoly law, and the price law regulation system that having very close relation with consumer's interests in socialism market economy system of China. Regulations that in the antimonopoly law or in the price law for the commodity price of public utility, these two regulations each has common features that they put into practice at the failed situation of the self control functions. But, each regulation system has their own features as following points. That is, in the antimonopoly law, the regulation for price adopt to the realm of competition, since it directly regulate for get ride of obstacles of market, but in price regulation of the price law, in principle, through state guiding price for commodities, indirectly control public utilities for the purpose of macro-regulation. It is very difficult that to reach the first goal of antimonopoly regulation and the price regulation, because of even though China upholds the principle of separation of enterprise and state, but in fact, enterprise and state be in close connection with each other. In these aspect, the price regulation system raise some doubts. From this result, to the illegal act out of public utilities's monopoly acts, if regulation authority punishment public utility for the offence, the administrative case itself come to an end, so this current regulation system can not protect and compensate for consumer's damages. So, I thin that, in China, for the purpose of to substantial perform enterprise's social duties and to protect consumer's interests, it needs systems that to protection of selfishness of public utility or establishment of fair competition system, or for the perform of enterprise's social duties, the State must establish suitable regulation system or social supervision system, and each established systems uphold harmonious arrangement. Especially, for the effective regulate public utility and to protect evil practices of monopoly, the State not only adopt current system from the antimonopoly law or price law, but also should induce various regulation system.

“Postmodernism” based on the criticism and beyond on modernity. As an important movement of ideas and cultural trends in the world nowadays, it still has an important influence on Chinese contemporary political culture. Postmodernism proposes that although modernization has brought a great material wealth to humanity, but also brought serious adverse consequences, such as environmental pollution, ecological imbalance etc, and the effective control of rational on social life also makes humanity fall into a comprehensive and ubiquitous state of being dominated, which causes modernity became to be a object being criticized and reflected. However, for a country with long history and tradition and in the process of accelerating to modernization, the cultural spirit and corresponding system construction of modernity is still “on the road”, and the construction of modernity is still the most difficult task of Chinese society. Contemporary China should learn the rational criticism of industrial civilization from the “Postmodernism” theory, and exert its constructive value of “Postmodernism”, and apply a standpoint and attitude based on criticism and beyond, and establish a people-oriented harmonious thinking mode, so can establish a civilized society with harmony between person and person, human beings and nature, human beings and the social environment, then promote the free and all-around development of individual.

“后现代”是对现代的批判与超越。作为当今世界重要的思想运动及文化思潮之一，对当代中国政治文化亦有重要影响。“后现代”理论认为，现代化虽然给人类带来了巨大的物质财富，但同时也带来了严重的环境污染和生态失衡等不良后果；理性对社会生活的有效控制也使得人类本身陷入全面的、无所不在的被支配状态之中，以至于现代性成了一个被批判、反思的对象。然而，对于有着悠久历史传统、正在加速走向现代化的中国社会来说，现代性的文化精神及其相应的制度建构依然是“在路上”，现代性的构建依然是在文化上最为艰巨的任务。当代中国应当汲取“后现代”理论对工业文明的合理批判，发挥“后现代”主义的建设性价值，采取既批判又超越的立场和态度，确立以人为本的和谐思维模式，建立一种人与人、人与自然、人与社会和谐共生的文明社会，进而推进人的自由而全面发展。

In the background of inland international transportation development, dry port in China are expensing and constructing, in order to extend the seaport business to supply of goods hinterland to achieve greater throughput. Construction of dry port also can achieve multi-win among ports, inland cities, cargo owners, transport companies and so on. But in China, dry port’s research work is in the initial stage and having many problems. Which the location planning issue of dry port is one of the most important and most basic issues affecting the development of dry port. Therefore, it is of great significance to strengthen the study of dry port location planning. This paper firstly introduces the development status quo of dry port. Secondly, selects 6 factors influencing the dry port development, establishes the location model of dry port by using Fuzzy-AHP and ELECTRE II methods. The result shows the model is realistic, scientific and feasible. Finally, this paper measures and recommendations of how to promote the development of China dry port is also given.

在内陆国际运输发展的大背景下，中国各城市纷纷加紧内陆港的建设，把海港的业务向货源腹地延伸，实现更大的吞吐量。无水港的建设还可以实现港口、内陆城市、货主、运输企业等的多方共赢。但是在中国，无水港的研究工作还处于起步阶段，存在很多问题。无水港的选址规划问题，是影响无水港建设发展最重要的问题之一，因此加强内陆港的选址规划研究具有十分重要的意义。本文首先介绍了中国无水港的发展现状，接着选取了影响无水港选址的6个因素，构成无水港选址评价体系，运用模糊层次分析法（Fuzzy-AHP）和ELECTRE II法相结合的模型进行无水港选址。实证结果表明：该方法基本符合实际情况，科学可行。在文章最后给出了促进中国无水港发展的措施和建议。

Ideological and political course in the colleges and universities is a main channel to educate students on politics and ideology. However, because the course is characterized by seriousness and it is very theoretical, many teachers employ traditional in-put teaching method. As a result, a large number of students can not enjoy the learning and then they lose interest in study. With the development of the society, the approaches to teach this course also advance step by step. Among them, emotional teaching is steadily accepted, applied and put into practice by teachers. It becomes an indispensable part in the process of teaching ideological and political course, enabling the students to study with pleasure and to efficiently improve the teaching. Based on above, this thesis makes further investigation on the connotation, characteristics, principle of emotional teaching. The investigation is conducted in the form of questionnaire and personal talks, dedicated to highlight the importance of emotional teaching in the ideological and political course. The thesis discusses the effective countermeasures when emotional teaching is applied to teach this course. Concretely speaking, the thesis studies and investigates eternal objective environment, the professional qualities of teachers’, the relationship between students and teachers as well as teaching method. It aims to combine emotional teaching with ideological and political course in classes, to form new teaching principles, to develop teaching potent efficiently, to activate students in the class and in order to make class teaching better and better. What is more, the new teaching principle should be kept in long run. Only in this way can the teaching achievement reach to the largest extent and can the goal of ‘Better teaching with emotion’ ‘Better teaching promotes study’ be realized.

高校思想政治理论课是对大学生思想政治教育的主渠道，然而高校思想政治理论课由于自身学科的严肃性、理论性特点所以老师多数采用的教学方法为传统的灌输式教学，这种传统教学会使学生难以体会到学习的快乐，从而失去了对学习的兴趣。时代在发展，思想政治理论课教学方法也在与时俱进，情感教学法作为其中的一个重要方面在逐步被思想政治理论课教师接受、运用并实践。大教育家苏霍姆林斯基曾说过：没有情感，道德就会变成枯燥无味的空话，只能培养出伪君子。其作为思想政治理论课课堂教学过程中不可或缺的一部分，情感教学能够有效弥补传统教学方法的不足，使大学生能够在身心愉快中接受教育，从而有效提高思想政治教育的实效性。鉴于此，本文从理论上进一步探究情感教学的内涵、特征、原则，并结合问卷调查和个人访谈，凸显了思想政治理论课教学中实施情感教学的重要性，进而探讨了思想政治理论课中实施情感教学的有效对策。具体来说，文章主要从外部客观环境、教师自身职业素养、师生关系、教学方法等方面的情感因素进行挖掘和研究，以求在高校思想政治课的课堂上我们将情感因素与高校思想政治理论课有效结合起来，树立新的教学理念，充分发挥教学潜能，提高学生学习思想政治理论课的积极性，优化课堂教学，并且要将这种思想政治课教学理念长期坚持下去，使课堂教学效果得到最大限度的发挥，进而达到“以情优教”、“优教促学”的目的。

In human society, language is the main expression of thinking which reflects some forms of language by a certain way. Language and thought have the complementary relationship. Chinese and English ethnic have been condensed into the experience through the understanding of reality, which formed two specific ways of thinking. For this reason, there are two different animal words expressing similar symbolic meaning in these two national languages. The Chinese word “tiger” and the English word “lion” have the most obvious similarity in their symbolic meaning. The “tiger” is all the beasts of ruler in the forest as the "king of beasts" who has the supreme right in Chinese traditional culture. But for most people in the Western English-speaking countries, the “lion” is more powerful than the “tiger” who has the supreme power in the forest. There are large number of Chinese and English idioms about “tiger” and “lion”. Chinese and Western people in English-speaking countries selected the “tiger” and the “lion” as the symbol of hero, bravery, strength and power. Chinese people regarded the “tiger” as the symbol of strength, fierce, power and bravery which took an extremely important part in traditional Chinese culture. However, for most people in the Western English-speaking countries, the “lion” has many symbolic meanings such as strength, fierce, power and bravery. These symbolic meanings are particularly reflected in Chinese and English idioms.

汉语与英语两语言中会出现选用不同的动物喻体来表达相同的意思的现象，使得不同的动物在不同的文化里具有相同或相似的象征意义。在这些众多的动物词汇中，要数汉语的“虎”与英语的“lion”具有最明显的相似特征。老虎和“lion”习语在汉、英语言中均为数不少，一个特别值得我们注意的现象是在中国人的心目中，老虎是百兽之王，是中国传统文化的一个极其重要的组成部分，长期以来一直被看作是威猛和地位的象征。而对于西方人来说，“lion”才是“林中之王”，相当于汉语文化中的号称“百兽之王”的老虎，并是勇敢与权炳的象征，这特别表现在两语言的习语中。中国人和西方英语国家的人们分别选择虎和 狮子作为勇猛与权力的象征，反映了中英两个民族在选择身边具体事物来表示某种抽象概念或情感时的思维方式相近。

Entering the new century, the Chinese government puts forword the strategic concept of “hamonious world” to the globe. It has a profound international and domestic context: it reflects the development of the traditional Chinese political, cultural logic and the spiritual character of the nation; it is also a theoretical innovation of China’s peaceful diplomacy. China believes that a harmonious world should be a dmocratic, harmonious, just, and inclusive world. The Chinese government advocates “harmonious society” at home and “harmonious world” abroad. It has integrated domestic administration and foreign policy closely. It reflects its forward-looking ability concerning international strategy. While building the concept of “harmonious world”, the Chinese government has many favorable factors, at the same time, it has to face many difficulties.

进入新世纪，中国政府面向世界提出构建“和谐世界”的战略理念。“和谐世界”理念的提出，有着深刻的国际和国内背景：一方面是中国传统政治文化的逻辑发展和中华民族精神性格的现实体现；另一方面是中国和平外交思想的理论创新。中国认为，和谐世界应该是民主的世界，和睦的世界，公正的世界，包容的世界。中国对内主张建设“和谐社会”，对外倡导“和谐世界”，将内政与外交紧密结合，体现了当今中国国际战略的前瞻性。和谐世界理念的提出是中国向世界表达自己的重要体现，它拓展了中国影响世界的渠道，有助于推进中国与世界的融合，集中表明了中国政府对国际局势和全球治理的原则性立场。当然，无论是和谐世界理念的认同还是现实中和谐世界的构建，都将是一个复杂而漫长的历史过程，这其中的关键是中国能否把自身发展好、建设好。

After China's economic reform and opening in 1978，the Cross-Strait relation between China and Taiwan has developed three stages. China demanded relaxation of military tension and economic co-operations with Taiwan for its economic development. Taiwan, as one of East Asian NIES, has taken an significant role to China's economic development from its early stage. The investment from Taiwan did not deliver only capitals but also manufacturing technologies and experiences to China. So the Cross-Strait relation will be decisional key to China's sustainable development and the solidification of the Greater China. In fact, there still remain many problems to solve such as political discords and military tension. Especially, how to solve the ‘three links’ problem is most essential point in the Cross-Strait relation. Recently, there were two significant events for the Cross-Strait relation. The One is China and Taiwan's WTO accession. And another is conclusion of ECFA between Mainland and Taiwan in 2010. China entered to WTO in December 2001，and Taiwan January 2002. In the lights of WTO's purpose to expand free trade and investment among entries，the Cross-Strait exchange including direct trade and direct investment will development and expand more closely and beneficiary. China and Taiwan's WTO accession will act an essential role to solve the long years ‘three links’ problem. Though there are many difficulties and obstacles, it is certain that the developmental direction of the Cross-Strait relation will not change. By the way, the conclusion of ECFA is expected to eliminate the barriers in Cross-Strait economic cooperation.

改革开放以来，中国经济持续快速发展，已成为世界瞩目的第二经济大国。经济成长的过程中改革开放起到了重要的作用。长期以来，香港一直是中国大陆的经贸伙伴，同时也是对外经济的窗口与桥梁，而台湾在中国经济发展的过程中也一直起着不可忽视的作用。中国的经济发展具有很强的潜力。作为拥有十三亿人口的国家，中国具有丰富的劳动力资源和广阔的土地资源，并且与国际金融贸易中心香港和具有高技术高资本的台湾进行频繁的经济合作。在二十一世纪，中华经济圈和欧美经济圈成为了世界主要的經濟地區。然而，中华经济圈不容乐观的未来以及出现的一些代表性的问题成为了所谓中国大陆与台湾两岸关系的不稳定因素。2000年以来，对两岸关系起到重要影响的事件是中国大陆与台湾分别加入了世界贸易组织。中国在2001年12月作为第143个会员国加入了世界貿易組織(WTO)，而台湾也在2002年1月成为了WTO的第144个会员国。WTO主张成员国之间自由贸易，扩大开放，以非歧视性贸易为原则约束各个成员国之间的贸易往来。由于中国一直主张一国两制政策，台湾对于两岸交流一直处于消极状态。然而，面对改革开放以后坚持不懈扩大交流的中国大陆，台湾也不得不与之进行进一步的经济交流。2010年6月，中国大陆与台湾签订了≪经济合作架构协议(ECFA)≫。本文从经济合作与发展的观点出发，证明了中国经济发展以及中华经济圈的加速发展将成为两岸友好关系的重要因素。本文还讨论了中国在世界以及韩国经济中所处的地位，尤其作为近邻中国将成为韩国经济发展的一个重要变量。因此，两岸签订ECFA之后，台湾出口的产品可能与韩国出口的产品具有竞争性的关系，从而导致韩国相关产业的危机。本文建议韩国从其他方面进入中国市场，或采取与台湾合作等的其他方式。

The purpose of this article has been to introduce labour issues of changing mobility patterns within China's greater circle in terms of multilateral legal frameworks and bilateral concerted agreements. This process has led to diversified interventions for industrial labour distribution with internal and external human mobility for labour. The articulation of legislative steps and national labour consultations has been discussed in the paper from a regional economic integration perspective to understand the positioning of countries about structural national adjustments in the Region. The substantial picture provided from increased trade relations with migrant workforces has been closely related to the direction of cooperation and coordination steps that have evolved within the complexity of East Asian trading networks.