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With annual data for 2010-13 from fifty-five countries, we explore the possibility that differences in corruption are causal to differentials in energy security. For the purpose of policy formation diagnostic double-checkings are conducted to evaluate all the models in the sense that the more tests that are carried out, the less the chance of accepting a poor model. Among those performed are: the RESET tests for functional form misspecification and the tests for heteroskedasticity. The fixed effect (FE) estimates suggest that corruption has a detrimental effect on energy security. It is also evident from the Spearman rank correlation coefficient that corruption and energy security are negatively dependent on one another, implying that higher corruption correlates with lower energy security. The FE estimates suggest that corruption has a detrimental effect on energy security. Political stability energy price, energy use, energy imports, energy production, total carbon dioxide emissions, and military expenditure variables are controlled for. Each of the control variables presents a statistically significant coefficient with the predicted sign. Results from Granger causality test suggest that corruption is Granger-causal to energy security risk in both all countries as well as East Asian countries (i.e., China, Japan, and Korea). More specifically, the FE estimates also suggest that the harmful effects of corruption on energy security is greater in the three core East Asian countries than in other countries. This suggests that the three core East Asian countries can be regarded as outliers. The ceteris paribus mean elasticity of energy security risk with respect to corruption in East Asia, indicating that a 10 percent increase in corruption enhances energy security risk by 2.46 percent in East Asia. This implies that energy security risk is less sensitive to a change in corruption. Given the importance of energy security for sustainable development in East Asia, therefore, a key element of ensuring energy security is that for more transparent physical and financial energy markets the three East Asian countries enhance energy cooperation, to make energy market data more accurate and available, and to take steps to support the development of cleaner and more efficient energy technologies to enhance the efficiency of markets and shift towards a more sustainable energy future. For example, compliance with the United Nations Convention Against Corruption may be facilitated by reforms aimed at reducing corruption.

The purpose of this study is to enrich the education of the students in China's special education and utilize them as a reference research output for enhancing practical effectiveness. Identifying key features and suggestions for establishing the research direction in the future have been proposed through the analysis of trends in special education in China. Searched and collected information were analyzed using the Korea Electronic Data Agency (KSI), Academic Research Information Service (RISS), DBPIA (nuri), Kyobo Bookstore, and National Assembly Library to review papers related special education in China. The paper, which was difficult to collect through the site, was collected the original texts through the website of research society. The subject of the analysis period is from the beginning year of publication related to special education in China to year 2016. The initial 45 papers was collected and classified as China's special educational research in Korea. The classified 25 papers were selected and analyzed in accordance with the basis of the criteria for the study. Specific analysis criteria were prepared based on prior research to analyze the studies related to special education in China. Research criteria had been built up for analyzing trends in yearly studies, research subjects, research barriers, and trends in research methods. The research result of analysis of yearly research shows that the research related to special education in China begun in 2001.This study is the first achievement of Chinese special education. Based on the massive Chinese data, China's special education program was presented as a feature of China's special education session, and it served as a guide to China's special education. Few studies were conducted from 2006 to 2009 and research began again in 2010. The research subjects were teachers of special education and the main topics of research were studies of recognition and attitudes mostly. The area of disability was most visually impaired and research methods were mostly explored by survey methods. The study concluded that the application studies through various research methods should be conducted on actual field applications to cover the wide range of the disability to overcome limitation of the studies for China’s special education in Korea accounted for most of the basic research. The limitation of this study is not the analysis of the effect on the special education research in China but the special education of China from the viewpoint of Korea in that it analyzed the Chinese special education related articles in Korea.

Many studies (e.g., Ren 2004, Xu 2013, Zhou 2016) noticed the oddity of the SOV order of Northwestern Chinese in the context of Chinese as an SVO language, while much less attention has been given to word order in ditransitive constructions in Northwestern Chinese. This article examines the word order of ditransitive constructions in Northwestern Chinese dialects. In general, different ditransitive constructions belong to or are close to different language patterns (either the Chinese pattern or Altaic/Tibetan pattern). DOC and DDC-I in some SVO dialects represent the Chinese pattern. DatC-I and DDC-II have one additional feature that represents the Altaic/Tibetan pattern; i.e., the R is in front of the V. DDC-III and DatC-II, which exist only in the preferred SOV dialects, are closer to the Altaic/Tibetan pattern because the dative marker is postpositional. DatC-III, appearing in SOV dialects, completely turns to the Altaic/Tibetan pattern since the T also moves in front of the V. After the examination above, two typological features emerge. First, in some dialects, the R and T fall on different sides of the V, which is typologically rare. Second, the R is in front of the V, which is different from the placement in Mandarin Chinese. Both features are induced by language contact with Altaic/Tibetan languages in the same area. During language contact, some constructions in recipient languages change faster than others. For example, Wang and Dede (2016) demonstrated that the negative markers in the Xining, an SVO dialect, have little freedom of movement, and they must appear adjacent to the verb they modify; and the noun of a place of destination is located before the verb in SVO Northwestern Chinese. Both are different from Mandarin Chinese. This reveals that even if the basic word order of some Northwestern Chinese dialects is still SVO, the effect of language contact exists in a somewhat unremarkable manner, leading to gradual changes in word order. Take DatC-I as an example. One may not notice that DatC-I relates to language contact, since Mandarin Chinese seems to have the same kind of construction (i.e., the benefactive construction). However, after close observation, we find that DatC-I is the most common and natural construction for expressing a giving event, whereas the benefactive construction in Mandarin Chinese does not apply only to giving events. Therefore, DatC-I is a true ditransitive construction, whereas its formal counterpart in Mandarin Chinese is not. If these “quiet” changes are noticed, one can better grasp the complete picture of language change.

China’s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has been increasing since 2002. As an emerging developing country, China has been assisting underdeveloped countries in order to maintain an image of being a major global economic power. The previous researches on FDI has focused on foreign direct investment (FDI) motives and FDI location choice. Few studies have empirically analyzed the relationship between China’s OFDI and foreign aid. Besides, the empirical researches on Chinese foreign aid and OFDI mainly focused on several developing countries, like, South Africa and Asia. This study empirically examines the relationship between foreign aid and OFDI by focusing on 83 countries that received Chinese foreign aid from 2003 to 2012. Using two dependent variables, outward FDI flows and outward FDI stock, we first test how aggregate aid affects them. We then examine the impacts of foreign aid by categorizing it into infrastructure and non-infrastructure aid. We further divide infrastructure aid into social infrastructure, economic infrastructure, and production activity aid to examine their effects on Chinese OFDI, following the classification standard of the Creditor Reporting System. We also controlled the macro-factors of recipient countries, such as, GDP per capita, inflation rate, trade openness, political stability, economic freedom and corruption level. Our panel analysis shows that aggregate aid effectively facilitates Chinese OFDI flows into recipient countries but has no significant effect on the stock of Chinese OFDI. Moreover, neither infrastructure nor non-infrastructure aid has significant effects on Chinese OFDI. We also find that none of the three kinds of infrastructure aid has significant effects on Chinese OFDI. While the analysis on control variables showed that trade openness and GDP per capita play a significant role in promoting the flows and stock of Chinese OFDI. But corruption level, economic freedom, and political stability affect the flows or stock of Chinese OFDI to a small degree, and all of them negatively affect Chinese OFDI. However, the control variable inflation showed mixed effects under different conditions. One important element which may affect the effect of the independent variables but not considered in this article is the region factor. As different region may have their unique characters, it is meaningful to further divide the object countries according to different regions in the future study.

Nowadays, the aging phenomenon is rapidly expanding worldwide, and the importance of caring for and supporting the elderly is being magnified. Some problems about them, such as psychological issues, loneliness, social and economic isolation, cause social problems. The leisure activities that the elderly can do are limited due to health condition. However, according to the development of medical and a prolonged average life, the importance of leisure activity related to elderly’s quality of life is standing out and the level of one’s later years and life satisfaction are different. Also, some activities, like leisure activity, working, exercising and so on, can delay or prevent from aging and depression. Meanwhile, the market of Chinese tourists is the largest market in tourism business. Chinese tourists accounted for nearly 44.7% of inbound tourists 2014. Especially, the portion of preliminary aged people was rapidly growing from 2012 to 2014. So the number of Chinese elderly and preliminary aged tourists is expected to increase. So we need to know the trend of the elderly’s preference to preparation for the aged society. The purposes of this research were to (1) investigate the leisure activity and identify the relationship between each types of leisure activity and healthy lifestyle, and (2) investigate the moderating effect of flow on the relationship. Through the analysis, we would suggest the implication. Tested data has been collected from 130 Chinese elderly in China. The survey was conducted in China from 31, August to 29, November. The study executed regression analysis to investigate the influencing relationship among variables and hierarchical regression analysis to identify the moderating effect. The results indicated that (1) four factors of leisure activity, including tourism activities, sports activities, voluntary activities and appreciation activities, had significant effect on healthy lifestyle of Chinese elderly, however, social activity did not influence healthy lifestyle, and (2) there was a significant moderating effect on the relationship between three factors of leisure activities, including ‘voluntary activities’, ‘social activities’ and ‘appreciation activities’, and healthy lifestyle of Chinese elderly. Finally, the study could investigated the trend of Chinese elderly and preliminary aged people and suggested the development of tourism program for healthy life. Accordance with the results of this study, the tourism program may be consist of cultural heritage, traditional experience and unique sports.

In the field of Chinese university students’ entrepreneurial intention, there is little previous studies concerns about the university educational support and entrepreneurial intention. In thi s research, we focus on whether the mentoring and university educational support have the positve effect to the sutdents’ entrepreneurial or not, the statistical population for the study includes the students from 4 universities in China. Among the 263 surveys distributed, 245 surveys were completed and usable. The relationship among the mentoring, university educational support, self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention are examined by the SPSS, AMOS, and Bootstrapping. Under the situation of mass entrepreneurship and innovation, the government and university should encourage their mind and good idea to become reality. So, how to develop their entrepreneurial intention is necessary to considered. In this research, the purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the effect of mentoring, university educational support on entrepreneurial intention in Chinese universities. The mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between mentoring, university educational support and entrepreneurial intention is analysed. The research results reveal that: firstly, mentoring, as well as university educational support has a positive significant relationship to self-efficacy. Secondly, Self-efficacy also positively relates to entrepreneurial intention. Thirdly, Self-efficacy mediated the relationship between mentoring, university educational support and entrepreneurial intention. Finally, Some practical recommendations to develop the entrepreneurial intention for Chinese university students were suggested. Since today’s youth are the potential entrepreneurs of the future, understanding their self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention about contextual factors can be a contribution to the development for the literature, and an important step in designing a more effective policy mechanism in universities. Nowadays, reinforce the mentor system and university educational support for the graduates who have entrepreneurial intention is very necessary.

This study empirically analyzes the effects of tangible and intangible Korean Wave experience of Chinese residents on their intention to visit Korea with the emphasis on the moderating effect of national image. The results of the empirical analysis targeting 300 Chinese residents are as follows. First, tangible Korean Wave experience seems to show a positive effect (+) on Chinese intention to visit Korea. This result shows that the Chinese who have experienced tangible Korean Wave can increase their intention to visit Korea in order to experience or purchase Korean culture or Korean Wave derivatives. Secondly, intangible Korean Wave seems to show a positive effect (+) on Chinese intention to visit Korea. These results show that through intangible Korean Wave experience Chinese people can feel familiar to Korea, and the positive intentions and emotional appeal can enhance the intention to visit Korea. As a result of examining the interaction effect of the national image, the national image did not show an interaction effect with tangible Korean Wave experience, but it strengthened the positive relationship between the intangible Korean Wave experience and visiting intention. This result implies that when Chinese people visit Korea to purchase or experience goods through tangible Korean Wave experience, the intention to visit can be formed regardless of the positive image of the country. However, the situation that the emotional appeal of Korea, such as familiarity through intangible Korean Wave experience, results in the increase of intention to visit Korea, showing that the image of the country can improve the situation. We expect several implications through analysis of this research. First, this study shares a meaningful implication since it was based on the Chinese people before the THAAD deployment controversy, and it can be an important comparative study when studies are conducted targeting Chinese people after the THAAD controversy. In particular, after the controversy of THAAD, the interaction effect of the national image may be different. Secondly, this study is also meaningful in the way that it was divided into tangible and intangible Korean Wave experiences. Prior to this study, it was difficult to find a study that classified Korean Wave experience into types. In this study divided the Korean Wave experiences, and shows interaction between intangible Korean Wave experience and national image.

This paper deals with a comparative analysis of the characteristics of the verb that can appear in the Chinese going-on expression “V-着” and the Korean going-on expression “V-고/어 있다” by using the theory of ‘span of duration’, and the result is that the verb which can combine with the Chinese aspect particle “着” or the Korean auxiliary verb “(-고/어) 있다” must possess the definite feature of “span of duration”. In other words, the verb, which is able to integrate with the Chinese aspect particle “着” and the Korean auxiliary verb “(-고/어) 있다”, can not convey the syntactic meaning of the action’s going-on, unless they do have the clear distinction of “span of duration”. By means of contrastive analysis, we can discover the fact that the Chinese going-on aspect “着” own simultaneously both the succession of the action and the succession of the static state, while when it comes to Korean language, the auxiliary verb differs in the forms when expressing the succession of the action or the static state, which means the accuracy of the going-on aspect in Korean. On the other hand, this paper made further efforts to narrow the range of the object of this study into the verb that can appear in the passive sentence. In order to figure out the characteristics of the passive semantics about the “V+‘going-on’”, this paper also tried to analyze the limiting factors of the verb that can combine with the Chinese and Korean going-on expression in the passive sentence from the perspective of semantics. In the end, this paper summed up the reasons why the verbs can’t be used in the passive sentence of “V+‘going-on’” through analyzing the passive sentences’ meaning, the tense and aspect of the verb, and the semantic collocations. By this way, we can find that there are many similarities and distinctions in the verbs which can turn up in the Chinese and Korean passive sentences. Firstly, almost all the dynamic verbs in the passive sentences have the characteristics of “span of duration”, which belongs to the movement or the state after the movement. Secondly, while the Action Verb that can combine with‘着’in the Chinese passive sentences can indicate the succession of actions, the Positional Verb can reflect the succession of the static state. As to the Korean language, the passive verbs that are in collocation with ‘-고 있다’ can present the feature of the actions’ succession, and the ones that are in collocation with ‘-어 있다’ can show the static state’s succession.

For a longtime, drama used to be the only successful genre for Korean wave. Popularity of this genre is still going on. Fortunately, entertainment programs have been emerged as a remarkable commercial genre for Korean wave. They have been exported or re-made into foreign versions. Particularly, China has huge entertainment TV market that American TV program format has been consumed largely : “American idols” is one of their greatest format in China. China has started to pay attention to Korean entertainment programs since 3 or 4 years ago. Huge success of “Running Man” in China served as a momentum. Now China is the largest buyer country of Korean entertainment TV programs. Most of the Korean entertainment TV programs that have recorded highly domestically have been exported in the Chinese market. They are buying formats of Korean TV programs and are also co-producing programs with Korean TV stations. Some staffs of TV production such as director, writer, scripter are going to China and work together with Chinese TV players. Even Chinese investors invest for making Korean TV programs or merge Korean TV production company. In this research, we have examined the types of TV program formats that are exported and re-made in China. In particular, entertainment formats have been sold and re-made in Chinese version. “Running man”, “Papa where are we going?”, “Superman returns”, “I’m a singer”, etc. are some examples of successful programs in Chinese market. Some programs have been even ranked first in rating. Also, “We’ve got married”, “Running man” have been produced in Chinese version in several seasons. We have classified entertainment formats by the contents and the forms in this study : diverse formats of music shows like “I’m a singer”, “Hidden singer”, “Guised master of song”, along with real variety programs with no set scripts like “Running man”, “Superman returns”, and fake experience programs like “We’ve got marred” are the most popular formats. This case study of Korean TV program formats exported to China will give us some insights and will guide us to develop different formats in foreign country. The future study will be the comparative research between best selling formats worldwide like “Big brother” of Endemol, Netherlands.

This research on the correlation between urbanization rates and national incomes among the countries provide evidences for the effectiveness of urbanization based economic development. There are also common arguments that the Chinese government should actively promote the urbanization for economic growth. But this argument requires a more specific analysis of the policy environment in China. Because China has the potential food supply problems in the future due to population growth factor by Chinese authority policy. This is the reason why China should draw the appropriate level of urbanization. Therefore, Chinese authority should approach to the urbanization development issue very carefully. Urbanization development should be recognized with agriculture farmland conservation and high value added agricultural industry for sustainable growth in China mainland. The world's urbanization and economic development in the majority of the countries have directly proportional relationship. However, this research points that there have been relatively high urbanized countries among their national GNI of less than $ 20,000. We can find the existence of non-economic factors on the urbanization process of the country through this analysis. Furthermore other important research objective is to derive the more hopeful policy direction of Chinese development by analyzing the types of economic development of the world. In promoting urban and rural areas development, China have to take into account the balance of growth and increase of the productivity by high value-added agriculture with Chinese characteristic at the same time. Avoiding the indiscriminate urbanization, urbanization should be noted about the possibility of high value-added of the primary industry. Wealthy formation through the rural income increase is more preferred rather than factitious cities built in large scale. This way shall overcome the negative impact of food deficiency problems in the future. China's urbanization level of 70% will be the turning point of the growth strategy and China should further refine the balanced development of urban and rural development policy. This is why utility value of urbanization on economic growth means that each country could different. It should also be promoting the balanced development between urban and rural areas, including through active foreign capital investment for rural areas and the agricultural sector of the people living in rural optimized over existed metropolitan urbanization at the same time.