Earticle

본 연구는 국공내전에서 중국 공산당이 승리한 요인을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 다음과 같이 구성하였다. 논문의 편성 및 분석방법은 5사7계를 기준으로 국민당과 공산당을 비교한 다음 공산당의 승리요인을 마오쩌둥의 군사사상과 전략․전술을중심으로 분석하여 결론을 제시하였다. 연구결과 중국 공산당이 소수세력이라는 절대적 열세를 극복하고 승리한 요인은 첫째, 전쟁에서의 승패의 기준과 비교척도로 적용되는 5사7계를 통해 분석한 결과 무능하고 부패한 쟝제스와 국민정부의 예정된 패배였음을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 인민군대건설사상과 인민전쟁사상, 인민전쟁의 전략․전술 등 마오쩌둥 군사사상과 군사전략의 승리였음을 확인할 수 있었다. 마오쩌둥은 중국적 특성과 시대상황을 반영한 특유의 군사사상과 전략전술을 제시하고 노동자, 농민 등 억압받는 인민대중의 폭넓은 지지를 받아 공산세력을 확장하였으며, 이들은 혁명전쟁(내전)에서의 전위대 역할을 충실히 이행하였다. 반면 쟝제스와 국민당은 국가체제와 당의 지배체제를 개혁하지 못하였기 때문에 지지 세력이 이탈함으로써 내전의 전 기간 동안 모든 면에서의 절대적 우위를 지키지 못한 채 무기력하게 패배하였다. 결론적으로 중국 공산당의 승리는 전장에서 치러진 군사작전의 승리라는 의미를 뛰어넘어 마오쩌둥 군사사상과 전략․전술에 의한 완전한 승리였음을 확인할 수 있었다.

This research isconsisted as following to study the key factors of China communist victory over National civil war. Analyzation and organization method of this thesis is surveying National civil war and than suggesting result of key factors to victory of communist by focusing on military concept and strategy of Mao Zedong and Osachilgye suggested in Sonjabyungbup. As a result of this study, key factor to victory of China communist even overcoming minor force is :First, as a result of analyzation of Osachilgye, which is even used as standard of victory and defeat of war, it was an expected defeat of incompetent and rotten Kookmindang(National party) and Chiang Kai-shek Second, construction concept of People's army and People's war, strategy and tactics of people war. etc. shows that it was a victory for military concept and strategy og Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong suggested unique military strategy and concept involving and adjusted to Chinese characteristics and circumstances of that time, which drew out enormous support of people under pressure, suchas peasant and labor, resulted in expansion of communist force and they fulfilled their duty as recon forces during civil war. On the contrast Chiang Kai-shek and Kookmindang (National party), failed to innovate ruling structure, lost their supporting group and total superiority only to be helplessly defeated. As a conclusion, addition to China communist's successful military operations on the battlefield, it was a perfect victory of military concept and strategy of Mao Zedong.

Multimodal teaching creates a vibrant and engaging learning environment for students by seamlessly integrating various sensory inputs such as vivid visual stimuli like colorful images, videos, and interactive graphics, along with rich auditory stimuli including clear spoken language, background music, and sound effects. Currently, there is a lack of multimodal teaching materials in international Chinese education classrooms, and AI-generated content offers a solution to this issue. We utilized text-to-image technology to randomly generate images based on textbook content, selecting six images at random for image quality verification based on the consistency between text and image, indicating that AIGC technology produces high-quality multimodal teaching resources. Based on the aforementioned detection, this paper proposes a framework for the application of text-to-image technology in teaching, which includes summarizing the prompt, image generation, and optimized editing. Based on this framework, we conducted practical applications of AIGC multimodal teaching resource generation. We selected 180 adult international students from diverse backgrounds and nationalities who were learning Chinese in China for the experiment. After the experiment, which included weekly assessments and interactive sessions, we meticulously analyzed the effectiveness of the teaching data. This analysis was complemented by in-depth interviews with participants, revealing that the innovative use of text-to-image technology significantly increased classroom attendance rates and question response rates. Vibrant visuals bridged language barriers, making complex concepts accessible and enhancing immersion in international Chinese education. This led to improved student engagement and academic performance. Based on the above theoretical and practical findings, this paper highlights the advantages of AIGC in promoting personalized learning, creating immersive learning environments, facilitating diverse learning methods, and providing high-quality learning resources in international Chinese education classrooms. However, it also points out potential issues such as information disorder, the transformation of teacher roles, legal and ethical concerns, and doubts about the reliability of technology. In consideration of the comprehensive analyses presented, this study meticulously offers a set of well-considered recommendations specifically tailored for the application of AIGC in various classroom activities. These activities are situated within the broader context of international Chinese education, a domain that is increasingly recognizing the potential of technological advancements. By integrating AIGC into classroom practices, the study aims to enhance the quality and effectiveness of teaching and learning experiences, thereby fostering deeper and more meaningful progress in the field of international Chinese education.

Nowadays, live-streaming e-commerce is one of the major emerging marketing methods in China. The realization of live-streaming platform traffic depends on how to correctly enhance followers' purchase intention. Scholars have been studying this issue ever since the introduction of the live-streaming e-commerce mode. Researchers have found that as an important part of dealing-making in live-streaming e-commerce, Internet celebrities are an important reason influencing consumers' purchase intention. Therefore, it is very necessary to explore the factors of how Internet celebrities influence consumers' purchase intention. This study aims to explore the factors influencing Chinese TikTok users' intention to purchase products recommended by Internet celebrities. The study takes product discounts, entertainment, and expertise as independent variables and takes user trust and perceived value as intervening variables in a mediator model to explore the direct and indirect impacts of Internet celebrity characteristics on the purchase intention. Using a quantitative research method, the study issued online questionnaires to 265 users who have experience in purchasing products from live-streaming marketing on TikTok; then using the SPSS 25 and AMOS 23 software, the study analyzed 209 valid questionnaires and found that entertainment and expertise have a direct and significant impact on the purchase intention, and they also influence the purchase intention by influencing the intervening variables, namely user trust and perceived value. In addition, according to the findings, for the live-streaming platform of TikTok, product discounts are just an insignificant variable that does not have any significant impact, either direct or indirect, on the purchase intention. The results of this study will help deepen our understanding of how live-streaming e-commerce and Internet celebrity characteristics influence users' mentality and behavior. From the perspectives of people in the Internet celebrity live-streaming marketing industry, besides maintaining positive interactions between Internet celebrities and followers and improving Internet celebrities' popularity, Internet celebrity live-streaming marketing should focus more on improving Internet celebrities' expertise on the commodities they sell, thereby boosting the healthy development of the commercial ecosystem. Moreover, marketing personnel need to learn about the factors influencing live-streaming platform users' purchase intention, so as to better supervise this marketing channel.

This research empirically analyzes the impact of ESG disclosure on firm value in Chinese listed companies and investigates the moderating role of CEO power in this relationship. In recent years, companies have increasingly emphasized sustainable management and social responsibility, with ESG disclosure becoming an important strategic tool. ESG disclosure transparently communicates a company’s approach and performance in fulfilling its social responsibilities and pursuing environmental sustainability, playing a crucial role in conveying the company’s long-term value and credibility to stakeholders such as investors and consumers. The growing importance of ESG factors has led to an increased focus on sustainability, making it essential for companies to disclose information related to environmental, social, and governance practices. However, while some studies have shown positive effects of ESG disclosure on firm value, others have found negative or insignificant effects. These inconsistent results suggest that various external, industrial, and internal factors may influence the impact of ESG disclosure on firm value. Notably, managerial characteristics, particularly CEO power, may serve as a significant differentiating factor in determining the quality and quantity of ESG disclosure, which in turn affects firm value. This research analyzes the relationship between ESG disclosure and firm value based on data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2015 to 2023 and empirically examines the moderating effect of CEO power on this relationship. The results confirm that companies with stronger CEO power tend to experience a more positive impact of ESG disclosure on market value and financial performance. In other words, companies with CEOs who actively promote ESG activities are more likely to see ESG disclosure contribute significantly to long-term growth and competitive advantage. These findings suggest that CEO power is an important moderating variable that enhances the effect of ESG disclosure, highlighting the crucial role of managerial characteristics in driving a company’s sustainable management strategy. Additionally, this research differentiates itself from existing research by demonstrating how managerial characteristics moderate the relationship between ESG disclosure and firm value, providing a deeper understanding of the connection between ESG disclosure and CEO power. Thus, the current research empirically demonstrates the important role of CEO power in maximizing the effects of ESG disclosure and enhancing firm value through strategic decision-making. These results provide valuable insights for future research on the strategic use of ESG disclosure and decision-making in firms.

As high-quality economic and social development progresses continuously and the average life expectancy steadily rises, China has entered a phase of profound aging, significantly intensifying the pressure on pension services. While improving the quality of elderly care services, ensuring universal accessibility for all senior citizens has emerged as a pressing practical challenge confronting governments at all levels. Leveraging advanced financial technology, digital inclusive finance bridges the digital divide, lowers financial barriers, and dismantles information silos, thereby aligning financial services more closely with the practical needs of the elderly and providing robust support for inclusive elderly care. This paper theoretically analyzes the mechanism and functioning pathways of digital inclusive finance that influence inclusive elderly care. To empirically validate the theoretical framework, micro-level survey data from five prefecture-level cities in Zhejiang Province were collected using a multi-stage sampling approach, and an ordered Probit model was employed for the analysis. The results reveal that digital inclusive finance positively enhances inclusive elderly care. Willingness to invest and finance, financial support, and financial accessibility emerge as three key mechanisms. Financial literacy plays a significant positive moderating role, whereas the digital divide exhibits a notable negative moderating effect. Digital financial inclusion exerts a more substantial favourable influence on inclusive elderly care for urban residents than rural residents, and its positive impact is more significant for residents in regions with higher economic development levels than those in less developed areas. Additionally, digital inclusive finance exerts a positive influence on the transformation of elderly care concepts, the enhancement of residents' consumption levels, and the improvement of family resilience. Finally, this paper puts forward five policy inspirations: Firstly, to encourage the advancement of digital inclusive finance to foster a more comprehensive development of inclusive elderly care; Secondly, to strengthen guidance on investment and wealth management to bolster financial support for pension plans; Thirdly, to overcome barriers posed by the digital divide and enhance the accessibility of financial services; Fourthly, to augment policy backing and fortify the efficacy of financial oversight to guarantee the enduring and robust advancement of digital inclusive finance within the framework of inclusive elderly care; Lastly, to refine the pension security system to achieve diversification in elderly care services.

This study examines how government subsidies influence ESG performance in China's new energy sector, focusing on organizational mechanisms and governance conditions determining policy effectiveness. Understanding these transmission mechanisms is critical as governments worldwide deploy industrial policies to accelerate sustainable transitions, yet existing theories developed in Western market economies may not adequately explain policy outcomes in state-influenced institutional contexts. Using panel data from firm-year observations across Chinese listed firms, we test whether financing-investment maturity mismatch (SFLI) mediates the subsidy-ESG relationship and how ownership concentration and board independence moderate these effects. Our empirical strategy employs two-way fixed effects models, instrumental variable approaches, and propensity score matching to address endogeneity concerns. Results show subsidies significantly enhance ESG performance. However, SFLI shows no mediating effects, suggesting subsidies operate through institutional signaling and administrative coordination rather than financial constraint alleviation. This null mediation result proves theoretically informative, revealing that institutional mechanisms systematically outweigh resource-based channels in China's well-developed green finance environment. Contrary to agency theory predictions, ownership concentration enhances subsidy effectiveness while board independence reduces it. Comprehensive heterogeneity analyses reveal SOE subsidy effects are twice as large as POE effects, validating distinct mechanisms: administrative mandate compliance for SOEs versus strategic signaling for POEs. The positive interaction between subsidies and SOE status confirms that political accountability drives differential policy responsiveness across ownership types. Effects are strongest for environmental outcomes and exhibit diminishing returns at high subsidy levels. Regional analyses show subsidy effectiveness varies substantially with local fiscal capacity and regulatory intensity, with effects in high-capacity regions multiple times larger than in low-capacity regions. These findings offer important implications for policymakers and corporate managers. For policymakers, the evidence suggests that subsidy effectiveness depends more on institutional design and monitoring quality than on subsidy magnitude, indicating that smaller, well-targeted subsidies with strong oversight mechanisms may outperform large transfers with limited accountability. For firms with concentrated ownership structures, subsidies prove particularly effective instruments for ESG improvements, while those with highly independent boards may require additional support to overcome procedural delays.

The development of digitalized rural communities has injected fresh vitality into the modernization process of China's agricultural sector and countryside regions. This integration not only bridges the gap between contemporary information technology and traditional agriculture but also opens up unprecedented entrepreneurial opportunities for rural youth. By leveraging digital tools and platforms, these young individuals can tap into new markets, enhance productivity, and create sustainable livelihoods. However, the question arises as to whether this ambitious construction of digital villages actually enhances the entrepreneurial intentions of rural youth and what specific mechanisms are at play. To address these critical questions, this paper delves deeply into how digital villages influence rural youth entrepreneurship. This study utilizes survey data from Zhejiang Province, one of the pioneering regions in China's digital transformation, to provide a nuanced understanding of the phenomenon. The research employs a range of sophisticated methodologies, including the entropy weight-TOPSIS method for evaluating digital village development, multiple linear regression models to isolate the impact of various factors, ridge regression to handle potential multicollinearity, mediation effect tests to explore underlying mechanisms, and moderating effect tests to identify contextual influences. Additionally, this study explores the differential impacts stemming from digital heterogeneity across various dimensions of digital villages, as well as comparisons between pilot and non-pilot areas. The findings suggest that: (1) the establishment of digital villages significantly promotes the enhancement of entrepreneurial intentions of rural youth, with significant direct influence effects from level of development of the digital economy, level of digital livelihood construction, level of digital governance implementation, and level of digital infrastructure development. (2) The mechanism tests indicate that digital village construction enhances entrepreneurial intentions of rural youth by improving their digital literacy, and native cultural affection, social capital and entrepreneurial environment positively moderates the influence of building digital villages. (3) The effect of digital village initiatives on entrepreneurial aspirations of rural youth is subject to significant heterogeneity in the effect of genders, educational attainment, level of economic development, and whether it is a pilot region for digital village construction. This conclusion offers empirical evidence to support the promotion of building digital villages., offering practical implications for China and other developing nations.

Since the Beijing Tourism Society first introduced the concept of “tourism culture” in the 1990s, the interdependence between culture and tourism has become an established premise in China’s development strategy. The launch of the National Cultural Innovation Project in 2009 and the establishment of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2018 have further institutionalized the integration of cultural and tourism industries. As both cultural carriers and narrative media, film and television play a pivotal role in shaping local identity, disseminating cultural values, and stimulating tourism through symbolic representation. Drawing on Christian Metz’s theory of film narrative symbolism, this study investigates how narrative symbols—constructed through landscapes, language, characters, and cultural practices— mediate audience cognition, evoke emotional resonance, and transform intangible cultural meanings into tangible tourism resources. Using the Chinese television drama To the Wonder as a case study, the research analyzes how its ethnic and regional symbols are embedded within a cohesive narrative system that reinforces Altay’s cultural image and destination brand. Statistical data from Xinjiang’s tourism authorities show significant post-broadcast increases in visitor numbers and tourism revenue, underscoring the measurable economic impact of such symbolic constructions. Comparative cases, including Avatar and Blossoms, demonstrate that while tourism promotion often emerges as an unintended byproduct of narrative symbolism, its occurrence is grounded in an inherent semiotic logic that can be strategically leveraged. This paper addresses a gap in the literature by focusing on the symbolic mechanisms through which visual narratives contribute to tourism culture dissemination—an area often overlooked in existing research, which has primarily concentrated on destination imagery and tourist behavior. By combining literature review and case study methods, the findings provide theoretical insight into the structural coupling between cultural symbol reproduction and the enhancement of tourism space value, offering practical guidance for the coordinated development of visual media, cultural industries, and tourism. Ultimately, this study not only enriches the semiotic analysis of film-induced tourism but also offers a replicable framework for leveraging cultural narratives in regional branding and sustainable tourism development. The research further underscores the necessity of cross-sector collaboration among media producers, cultural policymakers, and tourism stakeholders to maximize the socio-economic potential of narrative symbolism.

Information and communication technology has transitioned from initial serving as a supportive tool for managing organizational environments to now is playing a pivotal role in determining organizational competitiveness as its application scope expands, particularly in IT companies. In essence, the advancement of information and communication technology is increasingly deepening competition among IT companies. Specifically, Chinese IT companies are experiencing rapid growth while they are also grappling with challenges such as talent shortages and high turnover rates. Considering these aspects, Chinese IT companies should prioritize there attraction of top-tier talent. Therefore, it is important to have a better understanding of the factors that influence employees’ turnover intention. The purpose of this study is to identify the causal relationship among psychological empowerment, job crafting, job satisfaction and turnover intention. This study will investigate how employees’ psychological empowerment decreases turnover intention and job crafting and job satisfaction have dual mediation in the relationship between psychological empowerment and turnover intention. Additionally, we focused our research on employees working in IT companies in the Beijing area of China. A total of 319 questionnaires were collected and a total of 310 questionnaires are utilized for analysis. The findings from analysis were as follows: First of all, psychological empowerment has a negative effect on turnover intention. Secondly, in the relationship between psychological empowerment and turnover intention, job crafting was validated to have statistically significant negative mediating effects. Moreover, in the psychological empowerment-turnover intention relationship, job satisfaction was also examined as having statistically significant negative mediating effects. Finally, the dual mediation effects of job crafting and job satisfaction in the relationship between psychological empowerment and turnover intention were revealed to be statistically significant. The study finding suggest academic and practical implications.

Economic policy uncertainty (EPU) has intensified markedly in China, reshaping corporate decision-making across investment, financing and disclosure domains. Against this backdrop, Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) disclosures have emerged as a strategic legitimacy device, yet the pathways through which EPU influences ESG transparency remain under-specified. This study examines whether green innovation mediates the EPU–ESG nexus and quantifies the magnitude of this indirect effect. Drawing on a comprehensive panel of Chinese A-share firms from 2010 to 2020, we merge ESG scores from China SynTao Green Finance STαR ESG Data Platform with manually validated green-patent records from the China National Intellectual Property Administration. EPU is captured via the Baker–Davis–Bloom index, interacted with industry-level policy-exposure weights to generate exogenous variation. Green innovation is measured along three dimensions: total green patent applications, authorized green invention patents and authorized green utility-model patents. A firm-fixed-effects mediation framework, augmented by instrumental-variable estimation, decomposes the total effect of EPU on ESG disclosure into direct and indirect components while controlling for firm size, leverage, profitability, board characteristics and year shocks. Four principal findings emerge. First, EPU exerts a significantly positive direct effect on ESG disclosure, indicating that firms counteract policy shocks by amplifying transparency to safeguard stakeholder trust. Second, green innovation—particularly high-quality green invention patents— acts as a statistically and economically meaningful partial mediator, transmitting approximately 15.35 % of the total EPU impact onto ESG scores. Third, large and highly leveraged firms exhibit disproportionately stronger sensitivity to EPU, adjusting ESG strategies more aggressively than smaller or low-debt counterparts. Fourth, robustness checks employing trade-policy uncertainty as a placebo shock, a pre-COVID subsample, alternative patent weighting schemes and causal-mediation bootstraps corroborate the stability and specificity of the mediation channel; non-green patents yield negligible mediation, underscoring the unique role of environmentally oriented innovation. The results highlight green innovation and ESG disclosure as complementary, co-adaptive strategies for managing policy uncertainty. Regulators are advised to foster innovation-friendly environments via targeted R&D subsidies, green-credit incentives and expedited patent-examination programs. Corporate managers should integrate explicit green-innovation roadmaps into ESG frameworks to translate technological capabilities into reputational resilience. By integrating macro-level policy shocks with micro-level sustainability behaviour, this study advances the literature on uncertainty and disclosure, offering actionable insights for scholars, policymakers and corporate boards in China and other emerging economies.