Earticle

Buildings are equipped with fire compartments to prevent the spread of fire. However, the fire compartment regulations in South Korea are simplistic and standardized, and the exception and mitigation also have ambiguous criteria, requiring adaptations to accommodate changes in architectures. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the contents related to exception and mitigation for fire compartments in South Korea and propose to make up for the limitations. To identify limitations, this study investigates how fire compartments are implemented in South Korea and analyze international cases to compare fire compartment regulations. The comparative analysis reveals that domestic exception and mitigation have ambiguous spatial criteria, and international cases solve this issue by specifying regulations based on specific uses. Consequently, this study proposes the need to formulate and detail regulations of exception and mitigation considering both building use type and space characteristics, because of fire hazard levels changed by building use type.

Purpose: Suicide attempters experience high levels of psychological stress such as depression, anxiety, hopelessness, guilt. The study aimed to develop an individual cognitive behavioral program for suicide attempters and verify its effectiveness. Methods: This study was an experimental design before and after nonequivalent control group. The participants were 18 suicide attempters(experimental group: 10 persons, control group: 8 persons). Experimental group participated in the individual cognitive behavioral program (8 sessions) for 8 weeks and the control group attended post suicide attempt, case management (8 sessions) for 8 weeks. Data collection was conducted by a structured questionnaire about depression, suicidal ideation, feelings of hopelessness, life satisfaction and expectations, and quality of life. Results: The individual cognitive behavioral program significantly reduced suicidal ideation (t=-2.12, p=.005), depression (t=-5.42, p<.001), and hopelessness (t=-7.59, p<.001) in suicide attempters compared to the usual case management. Conclusion: Our findings provide the valuable support that in suicide attempters, cognitive behavioral program reduces risk of suicidal reattempt via alleviating suicidal ideation, depression, and feeling of hopelessness.

This study was conducted to explore the experiences of nurses working in emergency centers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The participants comprised nine nurses employed at emergency centers in hospitals located in Seoul and the metropolitan area during the COVID-19 epidemic. Individual interviews were conducted by applying semi-structured questions to the participants, and the data collected from February to July 2023 were analyzed using the content analysis method. As a result of the study, a total of 281 statements were selected, and four areas, ten categories, and 14 major statements were extracted. The four areas identified are work change and increase, stress and psychological burden, safety and protection, and communication. The findings of this study will contribute to understanding the experiences of nurses and nursing phenomena within emergency centers during infectious disease epidemics. Moreover, the results will serve as fundamental data for the development of curricula and content within the healthcare system and related academic disciplines, as well as for improving working conditions.

This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on carbon credit prices in South Korea and Europe, aiming to analyze the implications for the South Korea and Europe carbon markets. The empirical analysis was based on the data of the Korean carbon credit and European carbon markets, which accounts for more than 80% of the global carbon credit market. The study is based on the daily Korean Allowance Unit (KAU) data from January 2015, when the Emissions Trading System (ETS) was first implemented, to December 2022, when the restrictions eased. For Europe, this study employed the European Union allowance (EUA) market data for the same period, using the EUA futures data, which expires in December every year and exhibit considerably higher liquidity than the EUA spot price. The results indicated that no significant Granger causality between the Volatility Index (VIX), EUA, and KAU during 2015 to 2019, before COVID-19 was identified. However, for 2020 to 2022 (the COVID-19 outbreak period), the null hypothesis of no Granger causality between the VIX and EUA at the 5% confidence level was rejected. These findings suggests that the economic crises and the consequent changes in the demand and supply of carbon emissions can affect the carbon credit price.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of adolescents' happiness on smartphone dependence for adolescents. Methods: This study was analyzed using panel data of 848 first-year middle school students from the Korean Children, Youth Panel Survey. Result: This study, there were statistically significant differences in sex in women (β=-.086 p=.012), study time for more than 3 hours (β=-.217, p<.001), spare time for more than 1 hour and less than 4 hours (β=.232, p<.001), 4 hours and more (β=.259, p<.001), satisfaction in academic achievement satisfaction (β=-.249, p<.001), exercise for 2 hours (β=.091, p=.020), and happiness in happiness (β=.097 p=.019). These variables represented 14.4% of explanatory power. Conclusion and suggestion: Adolescents should reduce their dependence on smartphones by reducing their smartphones usage time and increasing their happiness by securing study time and using spare time. Therefore, it is necessary to find various ways to reduce dependence on smartphones. We propose a study to develop a program that reduces dependence on smartphones in the future and to understand the effectiveness of the program.

The purpose of this study is to find out how the parenting attitude perceived by Mongolian adolescents affects the social development of adolescents. The subjects of this study were middle and high school students living in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. Out of a total of 250 questionnaires, 217 questionnaires were finally analyzed.The research results of this paper are as follows. First, it was found that there was no significant difference in parenting attitudes and sociality perceived by adolescents according to the gender of adolescents. Second, it was found that there was a significant difference according to the factors between parenting attitude and sociality perceived by adolescents. It was found that the most significant correlation with adolescents' social development was the parents' receptive parenting attitude. Third, among the parental parenting attitudes perceived by adolescents, the father's receptive parenting attitude was found to be the most meaningful variable affecting social participation, initiative, popularity, consideration, and autonomy, and the father's achievement-pressure parenting attitude was found to have a partial effect only on social participation.