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This paper investigates the permanent effects of the two economic crises, i.e., the Asian currency crisis and the subprime financial crisis, on the Malaysian economy. From a preliminary examination of the Malaysian GDP since the mid-1980s, I find that the sharp declines in real output in the midst of the two crises were followed by output increases faster than the pre-crisis rate in the early stage of the subsequent recoveries. Based on this evidence, I fit the model of Kim et al. (2005) that allows the post-recession bounce-back in output to the GDP of Malaysia. Estimation results show that, although the output losses incurred by the two crises are permanent, 37 to 38% of the maximum permanent losses in output was restored by the post-recession bounce back. It is also found that, given the decline in the growth rate since the mid-2000s, the subprime financial crisis caused almost the same degree of output loss as the former crises did.

Evaluation is a vital composition of decision-making problems and a multitude of evaluation methods have been proposed in the literature. It is also critically important to emergency management for the sake of rapid and effective emergency actions. The primary goal of this paper is to summarize and analyze the existing studies on emergency evaluation in order to facilitate more productive future research in this area. This paper traces the literature on evaluation methods and then focuses on the advanced evaluation studies in modern emergency management. The essential features and characteristics of present emergency evaluation methodologies are summarized from different viewpoints. Finally, a synthetic assessment model is described for the general use in emergency management.

In this paper, how to make a partnership to protect the critical infrastructure for making our society safer is the key question. The goal of this article is to suggest the programs for making a partnership to protect the critical infrastructures. Critical infrastructure may be defined as facility, system, function, and life which provide the vital foundation for political, economic, social, and cultural survival as a nation. And critical infrastructures were classified into 4 categories, such as Public Facility, Public System, Government Function, Vital Human Life. These classified critical infrastructures were also divided into 17 types; Transportation, Dam, Energy, Industrial Complex, Government Facilities, Banking and Finance, Electric Power, Telecommunications, Public Health, Public Order, Protecting Key Assets, Protecting VIP, Business/Commercial Facility and Technology, Lifeline, Hazardous Materials, and Psychological Panic. The properties of critical infrastructure are complexity, catastrophic damage, and insufficient private competence. Finally, three partnership programs suggested are as follows; developing the institutional framework, establishing the implementation structure, capacity building.

In the wake of rapid economic growth, liberalization, and internationalization the Korean economy has been of late faced with a high risk of illegal activities for crime returns. In the perspective of new institutionalism and economics of crime, with a scheme of matrix of illegal risk and policing cost minimization (effectiveness and efficiency) this study gropes for strategy and institutional countermeasures against economic crime. To put it more concretely, it proposes some suggestions which comprise the improvement of laws and regulations, and the securing of specialized organizations in the phase of institutional design. Moreover, it recommends the establishment of advanced risk management and valued information system, and the building of a cooperative policing system among the interested players on the prudent policy mix and governance in the phase of institutional implementation..