Earticle

This study examines how the Korean government should prepare for changes in the ICT and data markets. The government is emphasizing openness and innovation as well as improving efficiency and effectiveness. It insists that the public sector, public policy, and public service need more open and innovative. An open government is an open governance system that observes and considers how the roles and behaviors of other actors in the state and society are changing, not just the situations that occur within the public sector. Because it is difficult to accurately define the social problems facing the government alone, it is necessary to cooperate with other entities outside the government by enhancing openness, transparency, and participation based on ICT. Standards are required to strengthen universality in technical aspects such as interoperability, and supporting standard service quality. These can be used in other countries for processes such as procurement, planning, and decision- making. By examining the historical evolution and preparation process of open government from e-government, this study tries to derive the essential elements for building a successful platform government in the future.

This study sought to identify social problems in Busan and find solutions through Busan-type appropriate technology. To this end, in-depth interviews with expert FGI (5 times), in-depth interviews with socially disadvantaged and marginalized groups (elderly, disabled, youth), and in-depth interviews with caregivers/expert groups were conducted. A demand survey was conducted to solve social problems in Busan using appropriate technology. In addition, a demand survey was conducted among the elderly, the disabled, and young people, and found various problems in housing, medical care, and information transmission. We have derived an appropriate technology to solve this problem. First, improving housing, strengthening and disseminating access to medical technology, information transmission. It should help ease interpretation (elder problem). Second, appropriate technology should be used to improve citizens' awareness, guarantee the right to movement, and facilitate emergency medical requests (disability issues). Third, appropriate technology should be applied to make use of vacant houses and use sustainable energy to make housing stable and enjoyable work (youth problem).

This study analyzed the social characteristics of Japan in interpreting disasters and how the logic of danger and risks is used to cover up the problem of vulnerability in the social context. This study has proved that in fact, safety and peace are ideological concept that exist between disasters, and that everyday life hides the reality of the continuation of disasters. Extending this logic, this study has presented the largest factors that enable disasters to conceal the social vulnerability and prevent people from realizing that in everyday life through a specific keyword, along with their historicity. This has led to the realization that vulnerability is socially created, and paradoxically, it is also an essential factor that helps realize the social structure. Such realization shows that the Japanese society understands danger and risks as 'the same concept' and is subjected to this concept, which has led to the logic of disasters concealing the problems related to class and vulnerability. Consequently, this study suggested that the logic of disasters should be reborn as the culture of disasters and used as a concept to help raise the awareness to rethink social phenomena, especially disasters, through the keyword 'vulnerability.'

We investigate about climate change, which is now emerging as a hot potato, and realize its seriousness. To respond to climate change, carbon reduction strategies are vitally important. We examine the effect of carbon reduction on ESG score improvement and show the importance of ESG management by using the concept of green spread which is a financial environmental cleanliness measure. An aim of this study is to predict numerically the impact of carbon reduction on national cleanliness and economic benefits using the methodology of CO2 emission-backed securities. In order to get attention from many people to the reduction of GHG gas, we compute risk premiums of the securities and did securitization of CO2 emissions. Then, issuing the securities will stimulate investors about the national CO2 reduction activities. Also, we expect that this study gives countries an incentive to reduce their CO2 emissions and prepare for climate change.

Risk perception is the starting point of crisis management. It is a research finding in the academic community that there are differences between objective risk assessments and subjective risk perception. Through an analysis of the objective risk perception of the local safety index and the subjective risk perception of the safety sensitivity, no correlation was found between the two, and the difference in risk perception was verified through statistical analysis. The greater the difference, the more various problems such as dissatisfaction with policy effectiveness, distrust, political risk, and safety indifference can occur. To overcome this, measures have been proposed, such as establishing an information system that provides risk information promptly and accurately, improving the survey methods of the local safety index and safety feeling that stakeholders related to crisis management can empathize with, activating risk communication, and building a risk governance system. In crisis situations, policy authorities need to accurately perceive the risks that the general public feels and take active actions to alleviate them. The general public also needs to make efforts to enhance their awareness and preparedness for risks to contribute to building a safe society.

Predicting traffic accidents is a challenging task because taking into account uncertainty in modeling traffic accidents is not trivial. To address these issues, this article develops a hybrid modeling pipeline combining unsupervised and supervised learning to predict the level of hazardous road sites and explore the causality of accidents by controlling unobserved heterogeneity issues effectively. Traffic accident data for Won-ju province, Korea, from 2020 to 2021, and external factors affecting traffic accidents, such as average travel speed and weather information, are combined based on road links. Through the modeling pipeline, a clustering technique is adopted to capture unobserved heterogeneous information among roads. Since traffic accident data contains a wide variety of categorical and hierarchical features, ensemble methods such as boosting techniques were applied to handle heterogeneity issues among these features. To explore the relationship between the accident and determinant factors, are adopted to interpret the results of machine learning models. Model-agnostic methods, however, generally provide results based on images, this study also added a process that extracts texts from images to overcome compatible issues with existing road safety management systems.