Earticle

The purpose of this study is to analyze the social economic factors that have contributed to the recent surge in food prices in sub-Saharan Africa. The suggests that the surge in food prices is a direct result of increasing demand for food such as dairy products, and the demand for fuel crops, such as wheat, maize, sugarcane and oil seeds for the production of bio-fuels. The study contends that social and economic safety nets should be provided to poor households to combat the adverse effects of high food prices. Along the same lines, alternative approaches for sustainable agricultural development such as traditional management regimes should be considered in the effort to address food security in sub-Sahara Africa because it is sustainable, environmentally safe and it is not capital intensive.

Mechanism design theory (MDT) which gained Nobel Prize in 2007 provides a formal way to mechanism design in Economics. It not only emphasizes on the phenomenon of modern economics, also gives an idea on the engineering side of economic theory, in particular, the implications for economic policy making.Despite the success of MDT in economics, it is difficultly migrated to management field. In managerial practices, especially emergent situation, people cannot make free choice and voluntary exchangedue to the fact that some policies are sing-directed or half-compulsory. While the managerial mechanism is actively investigated for specific usages, a less studied issue is to study the unified framework of managerial mechanism which is of major importance to managers. This paper aims to provide a unified framework of managerial mechanism with an attempt to provide some insights into the fundamental of managerial mechanism design. Firstly, wediscuss the difference between economical and managerial mechanism designfrom the perspectives of background, basic hypothesis, and weak obligation characteristic. Afterwards, we propose a unified framework of managerial mechanism design theory, composed of an order seven-tuple and some fundamental design modes. Lastly, we give a case studyto show the applicability of the proposed mechanism design theory in emergency management.

The objective of this study is to analyze the ability for community oriented voluntary organizations and non-profit organizationswhich responded to Great East Japan Earthquake, 2011.In order to investigate this, we evaluated their level of activity by two criteria: First, the utility of the existing disaster prevention plan and second, the level of cooperation with the local government.The results indicate that existing disaster prevention plans could not be sufficient as they were rendered ineffective due to downsizing of administrations resulting in drawbacks such as personal cuts. In other cases regional cooperation has been smooth and orderly in situations in which residents engaged in community activities.We suggest that social enterprise as a complex of for profit and non-profit organizations has the potential to develop not only various kinds of community activities but may also help in areas such as disaster prevention.

I could find the independent variables related with natural, political, economic, social, and cultural and environment aspects from other studies and data of government in 2008. And I have selected the dependent variable from 230 counties of damage data of a person from 1999 to 2008.Independent variables are divided into vulnerability and capacity factors. Vulnerability factors cause more damages and capacity factors protect damages when disaster strikes. Vulnerability factors include forest area(%), non-urban area(%), infrastructure area(%) and capacity factors include forest resource(%), urban tree area, social welfare budget(%), medical agency(%), urbanization(%).There are twovulnerability factors which are the forest area(%)and the infrastructure area(%) at the 5% significance and there are three capacity factors which are the urban tree area, the medical agency(%) at the 5% significance.As a result of this paper, we can reduce damages from searching and improving vulnerability and capacity variables in our community and society.

Critical infrastructure is classified as a national concern because of its scope and its importance to the nation. Especially, in modern society, national security, economic prosperity and public welfare, are seriously dependent on a set of critical infrastructure mainly consisting of national power grid, telecommunications, and oil and gas. Unfortunately, however, the critical Infrastructure is widely considered to be vulnerable, because natural disasters and social resentment of those malicious attacks can cause damage to the infrastructure systems, so as to the associated services are not reliable, or even not available. At present many developed countries have already carried out large-scale research on this issue, but Korea's current research in this area is still in near-empty state, so the study of this issue is more urgent. Especially, the purpose of this concept paper is to draw critical infrastructure protection from electromagnetic pulse (EMP), the sharing of knowledge through USA and the Korea comparative study. To draw the implications for defending EMP Attack in Korea, we analyzed the USA policy issues to protect critical infrastructure from EMP Attack. Ultimately, we should be research how to build up defensive systems for protecting the critical infrastructure from EMP threats.

In China, more than 30 years of rapid socioeconomic development hasachieved a world’s second economy and formed a distribution system of social wealth without fair and justice. Benefited by the education and IT revolution, the poor people and rural citizens are stressing rights, equality, expression, and participation much more than before and older generations. They are losing the public trust in government which threatens the government legitimacy. This paper examines the relationship between the wealth distribution system with Gini coefficient and gap between the rich and the poor. Using survey data collected from 2010, Iexamine rural citizens’ trust in government institutes, such as the central government, local government, the court, and public servants. This study also provides some strategic suggestions on rebuild public trust in government by rebuilding moral trust, economic trust, political trust, social trust, and technological trust.