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While almost all the countries has been interested in the crisis and emergency management for their people and state, less attention has been paid to the role of academic and conceptual contribution in the field of the national security. Based on the newly-made concept of comprehensive security, the purpose of this study is to suggest the new typology of national crisis according to comprehensive security concept in the changing environment of national security. And, by investigating environmental change concerning the national security, this research investigates the evolution of national security and draws the new classification of national crisis from the definition and components of nation in modern society. The emergence of comprehensive security concept and the new typology of national crisis can give lots of significant theoretical and practical implications for our safety. This study suggests 4 categories of national crisis, such as conventional military crisis, disaster crisis, critical infrastructure crisis, living safety crisis.

Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 has received great attention since the first human case was reported at the beginning of this year. The viral characteristics have been quickly brought into research process. Here, the effect of temperature and live poultry market has been considered on the basis of analysis of existing data. As expected, both temperature and live poultry market has significant impact on the spread of this epidemic. Finally, the effect of government reactions and medical treatment on response was discussed. It indicated that sufficient and rapid reactions did not always lead to a perfect outcome which proved the influence of temperature and live poultry market potentially. Research highlights: The effect of temperature on H7N9 avian influenza is proved by analyzing the latitude and temperature of affected area. The effect of live poultry markets on H7N9 avian influenza is confirmed by analyzing the relationship between the number of live poultry markets in affected area and incidence of H7N9 human infection. The effect of government actions and medical treatment is studied and it turned out the result is not in accordance with actual efforts.

Informal, marginal settlements in the developing world are not only increasing but worsening in the face of overpopulation, economic instability and unprecedented climate variance. In the Philippines, cities are powerful magnets for rural populations lacking local opportunities and who seek to achieve prosperity for their immediate and future generations. These centers of “possibilities” however fail to provide basic needs and services for increasing numbers of internal immigrants. UN Habitat reports that as of 2012, at least 63% of the 92 million Filipinos live in urban centers such as Metro Manila, or what is officially called the National Capital Region (NCR). An estimated 3.1 million of them lack secure land tenure and 2.7 are informal settlers living in slums (Karaos, Nicolas, Rabacal et al, 2012). The Philippines, like many island countries, suffers from land deficit; housing is not only difficult but economically unfeasible for the urban poor. Thus, the urban poor are unconsciously driven to areas otherwise unsuitable for housing. These danger zones are prone to flooding, seismic activity and landslides. Living in these areas exposes informal settlers to a vicious repeat cycle of destruction and loss of life. What is the source of a community’s resistance to relocate in the face of continuing risk? Some studies suggest that the place that we call home is not just a point in a geographical setting. Communities develop shared values and shared identity with place (Hewitt, K 1997). The Filipino government is currently on a crusade to address this problem by planning to relocate the individuals at high risk; they have certainly found opposition from the settlers. But, what are the specific factors that impede successful relocation? In this study we attempt to answer this question by looking at the cultural, social, economic, political factors and interactive dynamics that influence the way people decide where to live. The findings presented in this paper correspond to field work in the Rizal Province and its Municipality of San Mateo, more specifically concerning those living in Barangay Banaba. Hopefully the collection and analysis of such data could contribute towards a better understanding of the individual at risk, formulation of more effective disaster reduction strategies, and greater discussion of the situation and needs of these communities.

The 9.0-scale earthquake that hit Japan on March 11, 2011 at 2:45 PM (local time) was the biggest quake in Japan's history and the 4th biggest recorded across the globe since modern record-keeping began in 1900. This earthquake and tsunami named as "the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake" was the most powerful known earthquake to have hit Japan. After the quake, massive tsunami waves were unleashed, crashing into Japan’s northeastern coast of Honshu, resulting in widespread damage and destruction. The earthquake and tsunami caused extensive and severe structural damage in Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse. Moreover, three nuclear reactors in Fukushima suffered explosions due to hydrogen gas that had built up within their outer containment buildings after a cooling system failure. Through this sequence of mega disasters we may learn how to prepare and handle this kind of multi-mega disaster. In this study 14 points to be considered for the future have been discussed. This paper has two main parts. The first part briefly reviews the environmental, humanitarian and social impacts of mega-disasters. Next, the potential issues to manage such a mega- disaster have been reviewed for better preparedness in the future.

The accident, accident evolution and disaster are further investigated. Subsequently the synergistic coupling of the various vulnerability factors among the system and their effect on evolution of the initial accident are discussed viewing the possible interactions between the elements within the system during hazardous chemicals transportation links. The evolution mechanism is elaborated by a series of emergency intervention model and the strategies for preparedness and response to preventing from the incident evolution are provided.