Earticle

The first full-scale countermeasures against flood disasters were carried out at 17th century in Japan. The Saga Plain is one of the places that include such flood damage prevention facilities. At present, several facilities are left and can be seen as historic remains. It is significantly useful to find out and restore these remains and clarify their functions to consider a future flood control including catchment basin operations. In this study, overflow embankments and open levees are focused on the investigated field for estimating a controlled water flow spreading the retarding basin with sediment transports. A geotechnical sampling method is adopted in this research to obtain a plate-like sample that can be easily analyzed for estimating water flow velocity, flow direction and a process of sediment settling. An additional investigation of numerical simulation is implemented to estimate water flow on the retarding basin from the overflow embankment. Flow analysis of theriver gave a boundary condition for anotherdetail simulation of flood flow on the retarding basin. The results of geotechnical investigation and hydraulic approach show the inundated water flow is controlled in the retarding basin of the residential area. The result of this study gives a quantitative evaluationof the flood control including catchment basin operations for the river basin management.

Discrete choice models have been widely used to estimate non-market benefits of public services such as improved environmental quality or reduced risks of human health as they depend on potential users' stated willingness-to-pay responses in a framework with “real life” choices. However, given that its elicitation method is based on random utility theory, the choice problem is inherently stochastic from the researcher’s viewpoint, which requires a careful design of alternatives to be made to estimate these choice probabilities. This paper highlights the impacts of the two most contentious aspects for discrete choice models, such as the IIA (Irrelevance of Independent Alternatives) assumption and the opt-out alternatives. It provides a thorough review of theoretical and methodological concepts pertaining to the two issues, and then demonstrates the impacts of such alternative design aspects on actual modeling outcomes using a case of water and sanitation services in Indonesia. This effort will help public policy researchers and practitioners to design the alternatives for discrete choice models more effectively and produce unbiased results which inform their strategy for public service planning.

As a considerably largest industry in Sabah, the oil palm plantation sector has been contributing significantly to the state’s economy. The sector is also notable for hiring the considerably huge number of foreign workers, with the approximation of more than 80 percent of foreign workers involved in the oil palm industry. The heavy reliance on foreign workers is associated to the large remittance outflow from Malaysia. This paper aims to descriptively analyze the demographic and socioeconomics of foreign workers in oil palm plantation sector on remittances. About 30 foreign workers participated in this study through convenience sampling. The study concludes that the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are significant in explaining the pattern, decisions and motivations for sending money to the homeland.

Disasters and crises are highly unpredictable and they can affect communities at any time, causing substantial human suffering and loss of life. Nepal is one of the world's disaster-prone countries. The conditions in the country have made her vulnerable to various types of natural disasters such as flooding, landslides, fire, earthquakes, hailstorms, epidemics and so on. However, flood, landslide and fire hazards are particular and frequent natural disasters in Nepal. Crisis also offers a great opportunity to conservation agencies to reassess their policies, practices, and priorities and identify better options that can withstand difficult circumstances. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existing situation of disaster and crisis management in Nepal as well as legal and policy issues associated with this and problems and prospects. The awareness on disaster risk and crisis reduction could lead to building risk and resilience communities for sustainable development of the country. Appropriate institutional mechanisms are needed to implement laws and policies effectively in Nepal. The immediate challenge is to implement the disaster and crisis measures in a period of political transition, and to move to a new system of implementation with full community participation to empower communities.

Outbreaks of jellyfish since the 1960s, global warming, environmental pollution further, building offshore structures, marine resource depletion attributable to the United States, Australia, Japan, Southeast Asia, Europe and worldwide physical and psychological effects as social, economic causes a big problem. This article appeared in the national coastal analyze the cause of the increase in jellyfish. And examine the status of and damage. It also analyzes the national response system. And looking at the limitations, the fundamental measures are presented. In this paper, we expect the research of many scholars and interest in the risk of marine ecosystems continued in the hope the development of domestic support basic system of damage control that depends on the dimension of reactive.