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The purpose of this article is to search for and suggest the implications to protect the Straits of Malacca and Singapore compared with the case of a maritime global critical infrastructure protection from the Hebei Sprit oil spill disaster in Korea. This paper suggests some meaningful measures for protecting the Strait of Malacca from the oil spill as follows; First, an international organization for protecting the strait's security has to be established among neighboring countries or in a global society. Second, a global emergency fund must be created for prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery of oil spill disasters in the strait. Third, we need a collaborative manual for rapid response, collaborative clean-up, effective recovery, etc. Fourth, in the case of protecting the global critical infrastructure, it is necessary that the financial burden for managing the oil spill disaster be reduced to some main agents. So, all the participants concerned can participate in the disaster management and provide the financial expense to the international organization. Fifth, joint training & exercises are necessary for the mutual trust and understanding among the agents. Finally, cleaning up the oil on the seashore is a dangerous job, therefore trained volunteers are needed especially during a crisis.

Due to the natural process of beach erosion in the Cape Hatteras National Seashore in North Carolina, the Cape Hatteras lighthouse, a National Historic Monument, was moved inland in 1999 in order to be protected from being damaged or destroyed with persistent beach erosion. Beach renourishment was among the project alternatives considered to protect the lighthouse. However, neither the decision to move nor the possibility of using beach renourishment was considered as part of an economic evaluation of the National Park Service's decision to protect the lighthouse. This paper develops an ex post analysis of the benefits of protecting the lighthouse. The analysis takes advantage of a unique data set collected in 1993, prior to the decision to move the lighthouse. This survey assembles a panel with two surveys of the same respondents. The first is a baseline telephone survey to a random sample of 1000 NC households.It was intended to recruit respondents and collect information about their socioeconomic characteristics. The second interview contacted the same person, each individual agreeing to participate who had received a booklet describing the proposed beach renourishment plan. Benefit estimates are developed using a discrete choice contingent valuation framework. The panel structure allows the analysis to take account of a variety of selection effects that arise due to the structure of the two surveys and the specific valuation questions. An important aspect of the model derives the economic restrictions that would give rise to the selection effect associated with respondents' choices among beach protection plans offered as part of the survey. As a result, this analysis can develop benefit estimates that adjust for both the effects of interest in the topic on the response rate to a telephone based contingent valuation survey and the selection effect arising from different beach policy choices. Improved coastal planning requires better information about the costs of policy alternatives and the preferences of citizens affected by those policies. A non-market benefit analysis puts these preferences in monetary terms, comparable to the costs. This research has a unique opportunity to evaluate whether the consideration of policy alternatives for a decision that has been already made would have recommended a change in the outcome. Moreover, the analysis demonstrates how economic analysis and statistical modeling of selection effects can be integrated in the evaluation of discrete response contingent valuation data.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the causes of the network system of the public and private sectors that cannot be cooperated with the implementation process of disaster relief. For this objective, this study selects the concepts of policy actors, their relationships, and their interactions which are useful in analyzing policy networks. It focuses on the interaction among concerned actors of the disaster relief policy. In the second chapter, available literature covering these and various data are surveyed and compiled to establish an analysis framework reviewing theoretical policy networks of disaster relief. This study suggests how to improve the policy networks of disaster relief focusing on the interaction among policy actors. For a more effective implementation to disaster relief, however, it is necessary to strengthen the public-private partnership rather than a central management system. Therefore, future research on disaster relief needs to focus on network management for leading cooperation between public and private sectors.

An oil spill has a great impact on the environment and human life. The oil spill is a serious man-made disaster, and is a result of hazard and social vulnerability. This research employs a stakeholder approach by developing a framework for oil spill response. Comparing the Taean oil spill case of Korea and Dalian oil spill case of China, this study analyses the roles of primary stakeholders in the oil spill management, and determines the strengths and weaknesses of the same stakeholder in the two countries. Examination of the nine primary stakeholders, central government, local government, PLA and police, NGOs, community, private sector, victims, media, and natural environment, can help to understand the similarities and differences of the two oil spill management systems, including of the disaster management system.

An oil spill has a great impact on the environment and human life. The oil spill is a serious man-made disaster, and is a result of hazard and social vulnerability. This research employs a stakeholder approach by developing a framework for oil spill response. Comparing the Taean oil spill case of Korea and Dalian oil spill case of China, this study analyses the roles of primary stakeholders in the oil spill management, and determines the strengths and weaknesses of the same stakeholder in the two countries. Examination of the nine primary stakeholders, central government, local government, PLA and police, NGOs, community, private sector, victims, media, and natural environment, can help to understand the similarities and differences of the two oil spill management systems, including of the disaster management system.

The recognition on natural disasters was changed from "prevention" to "mitigation" and then the disaster response capacity at the regional level became an important factor. Korea's NEMA is driving the formation of a disaster free community as a national project. Therefore currently, we are in urgent need to vitalize the project. This study surveyed the theories related to the project, surveyed items in the project meaning, project necessity, project types and the relationship with the capacity of local disaster response. Also laws, administrative plans and organizations related to the project were reviewed for vitalizing the project. Especially the survey in the organization field included the Korea's CAIND(Citizen Corps Active in Disaster) and the establishment of local disaster response governance. Also the surveying of similar examples included the village formation projects derived by each governance department. As a result, this study shows a total of 7 vitalizing means in part 3. As a result, the vitalization projects are urgently in need of the preparation of law and institutions.