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Cosmetic safety assessment has shifted from focusing on individual ingredient toxicity to evaluating final product safety, driven by growing consumer safety awareness and global market growth. This study compares cosmetic safety regulations in Korea, the United States (US), the European Union (EU), Japan, China, and Taiwan, analyzing scope of application, timing of report preparation, responsible entities, the structure of the report, and the roles and qualifications of safety assessors. The US, EU, China, and Taiwan require safety assessments for all cosmetics, whereas Korea restricts them to products for infants and young children. Additionally, report preparation before marketing is mandatory in the US, EU, Taiwan, and Korea, while China requires preliminary data submission at the new product registration. Notably, the EU, China, and Taiwan emphasize professional expertise, mandating that safety assessors possess both relevant academic qualifications and practical experience. In contrast, Japan lacks a distinct cosmetic safety assessment system. In the future, Korea should enhance its framework by mandating pre-market safety substantiation, fostering collaboration among stakeholders, issuing clear guidelines, and cultivating qualified professionals.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge of cervical cancer and the intention to receive the HPV vaccine among male nursing students. Methods: A survey was conducted with 153 male nursing students aged 19 years or older, enrolled in universities located in B Metropolitan City, U Metropolitan City, and K Province. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 28.0 software. Results: The mean cervical cancer knowledge score among participants was 4.90 ± 2.49 out of 10 points. The statement “Cervical cancer can be completely cured if detected early” had the highest correct response rate at 74.0%. A total of 90.9% of the participants indicated an intention to receive the HPV vaccine. Knowledge of cervical cancer showed statistically significant differences according to recent income level and age at first sexual experience. Intention to receive the HPV vaccine significantly differed according to religion. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that, despite a high intention to receive the HPV vaccine, male nursing students had a low level of knowledge regarding cervical cancer. It is necessary to develop and implement additional educational programs in university curricula to improve their knowledge.

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may be an early sign of cognitive decline and can affect an individual's ability to live independently and perform daily activities, ultimately diminishing their overall quality of life. The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing social functioning in young adults and middle-aged adults experiencing SCD. The study analyzed data from 6,918 individuals who experienced SCD, derived from the 2018 Korea Community Health Survey. Frequency analysis and logistic regression were performed using complex sample weights to account for the survey design. The findings indicate that social functioning is more likely to be impaired among individuals with SCD who are younger, have a spouse, have lower income levels, perceive their health as poor, do not recognize nutrition labels, experience higher levels of subjective stress and depression, have poor sleep quality, and report lower quality of life. These results suggest that stress, depression, and other negative emotional states play a significant role in the cognitive decline experiences of young and middle-aged adults. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on preventive mental health strategies and ensure timely treatment when mental health issues arise.

This study analyzes Korea's regional LTC delivery systems and suggests policy improvements based on regional characteristics. Using data from 2016-2024, this study applied quadrant analysis with two indicators: personal care workers per 1,000 employed persons and approved LTC recipients per km². The 17 regions were classified into four groups based on comparison to national averages. Analysis revealed increasing disparities between regions over time, with Euclidean distance analysis showing approximately 70% of this growing heterogeneity attributable to changes in recipient density. Four distinct regional types were identified: Group 1 (high supply-high demand) metropolitan areas suitable for home-based care; Group 2 (low supply-high demand) needing workforce policies; Group 3 (low supply-low demand) facing home-care implementation challenges; and Group 4 (high supply-low demand) requiring residential support policies. The findings suggest that differentiated policy approaches are necessary rather than uniform home-based care policies nationwide.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of children's vulnerability in disaster situations and approaches to incorporating children into disaster management systems. Children possess vulnerabilities in disaster contexts due to their physiological, developmental, and psychological characteristics, yet current disaster management systems insufficiently reflect these specificities. This research proposes a theoretical framework for child-centered disaster management across four phases: prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery, while comparatively analyzing international cases from the United States, Japan, European Union, and Australia. Analysis of Korea's child-inclusive disaster management reveals critical constraints including formalistic approaches to safety education, absence of child-specific statistical frameworks, adult-centric relief systems, limitations in psychological support, and fragmented governance. The study suggests policy implications for developing child-centered disaster management systems in Korea that leverage technological infrastructure and educational institutions while harmonizing with international practices.

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, university education is facing a learning crisis due to its reliance on traditional methods of knowledge acquisition. Accordingly, there is a growing shift toward approaches that emphasize problem-solving and creative convergence. In this context, gamification—which enhances learners’ motivation and engagement—is becoming increasingly essential in liberal arts education at the university level. This study suggests several approaches for applying gamification to university liberal arts education. First, a game mode can be used, in which classes are designed like games and students complete subject-specific missions. Second, immediate feedback and reward systems can provide students with prompt responses to their activities, thereby improving the learning process. Third, team-based competition and cooperative learning can be implemented, encouraging students to work together and support each other in solving problems. Fourth, storytelling-based learning can structure content as a narrative to deepen learners’ engagement. These elements of gamification are effective in enhancing learners’ participation and engagement, and can significantly contribute to promoting active learning activities and improving academic achievement.