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As more computer game integrates with video and working under mobile environments, it requires seamless bandwidth limited video transport environment including integrated game video compression and real time video conference between game users. Video transmission system consists of encoder and decoder. In communication environment, when the encoder transmits the stream data to the decoder, the bit-stream is alternated or lost because of various channel noises. Altered and lost bit-stream data cause the loss of the video data intensity value or motion vector (MV) value. These lost data cause serious damage of the video quality. In this paper, we propose MV recovery method because MV is essential information to keep the better video quality. To recover the lost MV, we use adjacent block’s MV as input data of Kalman filter to estimate the optimized value for current block’s lost MV. In our experimentation with the standard video image: Mobile&Calendar and Susie, our proposed method achieved 0.497dB ~ 1.898dB improvements on video quality over no MV recovery and achieved average 0.03dB ~ 0.725dB improvements over SRMC scheme.

We propose a technique to implement multi-user game environment based on Android platform using Unity™ without relying on conventional Unity network plug-ins, which are often on a commercial basis. Since our proposed method utilize own native Android™ codes based on the Android SDK to facilitate network communication among game players, the proposed technique provides with higher flexibility and more transparency than general Unity network plug-ins, which are almost impossible to customize. One of our main ideas for implementation is to deploy the Unity binary code and the native Android network implementation as a layer respectively on the Android platform. Based on our method, we have implemented a mobile multi-user game on Android devices. Also, we discuss our technique according to the Unity’s design philosophy, “one code for multi-platforms.”

Augmented reality is a state-of-the-art technology which presents auxiliary information by synthesizing real world scene with synthetic objects. Some augmented reality applications are commercially available according to the advance of mobile device capability. They combine strong points of "mobility" of mobile devices and augmented reality technology. Mobile games based on augmented reality technology are expected to become widespread in the near future. Therefore, mobile augmented reality technology is crucial for mobile games such as board games and so on. This paper analyzes the research trend of mobile augmented reality and presents some latest research results. Based on this analysis, future directions for mobile augmented reality are given.

This study investigates the difference between popular genre of mobile games and that of online games, and also the impact of affiliation with social network platform on the market performance. The results show that three genres such as action, puzzle, and RPG occupy a higher market share than the other genres. The structure of the mobile game market is more competitive than that of the online game market but game applications developed by top four developers - CJ E&M, NHN, com2us, WeMade - have been holding high ranks for months. It implies that the structure of the mobile game market is gradually becoming more concentrated. As the market competition increases, the marketing cost for acquiring recognition and the commission fee paying for platform have been increasing accordingly. Consequently, mobile game developers are encouraged to enhance the quality of their games as well as to devise diverse platform-marketing strategies in order to accomplish stable market performance.

It is not too much to say that the mobile game market has made a shared growth, together with the domestic smartphone distribution rate(31 million units). At present, the distribution of the smartphone has a lot of influences on the smartphone game market, in which the number of game users having a preference for an easy, simple game, and competing with actual personal acquaintances is ever increasing. This study, in an effort to look into what influence the game sound has on game scores consequent on user's characteristic among the smartphone game components, compared the game results through in-depth interviews with a game sound developer and a user group, and the sound/non-sound experiences in the course of playing games. As a result of conducting this research, it was found that age and game experience showed a significant difference on game results. On the basis of this research result, this study intends to suggest the direction of smartphone game production development that could meet both a game supplier and a user's demand.

Tetromino tiling is widely using method in board game, puzzle game and video game areas. Tetromino tiling by exchanging adjacent pair method reveals non-uniform appearance of five type free tetrominoes. We analyze the experimental results of tetromino exchanging method and all possible combinations of two neighboring tetrominoes. We proposed new uniform frequency tetromino tiling method which can equalize the occurrence of each free type tetromino. In our method also can handle arbitrary appearance number of each tetromino. We show the applied results of proposed algorithm.

One of the most important elements in games is 'fun'. According to the Flow theory, when the proper ability and challenge are combined at the optimum shape, game users can reach the stage of 'fun' with being fully absorbed. MMORPG satisfy the users making them have fun, using tools such as vicarious satisfaction by various role performances of various occupational clusters, self-display and diversity of the story through many quests. This study investigates the composition and characteristics of MMORPG, provide a model which calculates game balance according to the occupations and roles of the game characters and verify the validity by applying this model into the actual game. MMORPG is basically based on human behaviors. That is to say, it is possible to make balance evaluation model because the abilities needed for battle and adventure are within our imagination. For example, in the battle, 'power' is needed basically, 'speed' is also needed for quick movement and skillful technique, 'intelligence' and 'wisdom' are needed for more difficult techniques, 'strength' is needed to live on and 'charisma' is needed to make relationships. Thus, general six abilities are available, and based on these, by itemizing the contents composing the battle, the study attempted to provide the final battle balance evaluation model. Therefore, in order to make balance among these offenses and defenses and to compare the figures by unified ones, ICF (Integrated Comparative Figures) is hereby defined.

Serious games have drawn attention with positive effects on users in various areas. While many categorizations and definitions of serious games have attempted to elucidate the elusive term, we are still some way off in formulating an agreed understanding of what serious games are and how they can be classified. This paper aims to provide an overall picture of the concepts and categorizations of serious games. From the results of previous literature, the major applications of serious games can be converged into five primary areas: public policy, military, education, corporate and healthcare. Likewise, theories applied to serious games comprise three main strategic purposes: information notification/PR, change of user attitude/behavior, and purposive training. Based on the strategic purposes and applied areas, this study categorizes serious games into 15 sectors. In addition, founded on the motivation factors and the characteristics of digital games, the current study suggests a new definition of serious games.

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the keyword, emotion, in many areas including information technology. Previous research mostly used emotion as the input of the contents or to present the changing contents based on the user's emotional states. In this research, a new platform that allows sharing each other's emotional state and a couple of prototype contents utilizing the platforms are developed. There are two different ways to build such emotion sharing platforms either sharing the emotional states in real-time or not. We used stateless server for the asynchronous emotion sharing, while stateful server is utilized for the real-time emotion sharing. This paper explains the systems architecture of both stateful and stateless servers and describes the prototype applications. Content developers should be able to utilize the platforms developed in this paper.

Most users lose their interests when game users interactively play with characters to feel unfriend and unrealistic. In this thesis, we present a scene management memory model for autonomous game characters, which manages the recognized information by visual attention. The scene management memory of autonomous game character is comprised of visual memory. Scene management memory stores the recognized information at the physical structure embodied by Quadgraph structure. Game characters take adaptive actions for the situation by utilizing the stored information in the memory system. To use the capacity of memory effectively, we devise the algorithm of quick visual attention, well suited to game environment. We have implemented our memory system for the experiment to confirm its feasibility and availability. As a result of the experiment, we positively verify that autonomous game character perceives the static and dynamic object of 3D game world by visual attention mechanism with about 2 times improvement of time complexity.

With the expectation that mobile applications for smart devices have potential media to effectively support the performances and social inclusion of persons with ASD, in this study, we suggest application program with game contents suggestions based potential consumer needs assessment. 4 participants who are mother of child with ASD were interviewed to examine children’s needs assessment of app program and game development. Through this interview 5 basic contents menu were suggested that include the following: “I’m Sick.”, “Question list”, “My schedule: visual support”, “Music: auditory support”, “My picture: making personal dictionary”. These contents menu and UI(User Interface) designs were invented using AppInventor program. Developed app program usability test were executed another 15 parents of child with ASD. All usability tests use 5 point likert scale. Finally, we suggest expectation and proposal for future studies.

This study focuses on clarifying mechanism for alternative media based on twitter. Alternative media based on twitter is different from mass media because it has gameness for improving interactivity between news providers and news receivers. This study argues that the gameness could be quests. News providers provide quests to news receivers, so news receivers can expand their territory with playing quest. This aspect is related to the feature of Alternative Reality Game. News receivers participate in News distribution and News production because of its intrinsic rewards. Therefore, twitter communities by playing quests are similar to the communities of digital game's community and Crowdsourcing projects are appeared in alternative media based on Twitter.

Many undergraduate AI courses have the learning objective that students are able to precisely define different classes of AI problems and to apply core algorithmic techniques to them. Due to the great breadth of the field of AI, however, introductory AI courses typically include a heterogenous collection of topics and techniques. For this reason, AI courses risk appearing incoherent to students, who can find it challenging to understand how different AI topics relate to each other. We have found that assigning a tightly integrated series of programming projects using a computer game environment has lent unity to our AI course by providing students with a common platform for solving many different kinds of AI problems. In this paper, we introduce a set of useful computer games to use for introductory AI courses. And then we describe our experiences and lessons from utilizing some of them in our AI courses.

This paper is aimed at designing learning contents by applying augmented reality, as a plan to improve learning effect of learners who will study cultural properties. Learning cultural assets does not contain educational media which is able to be used for current learning. Even if is has the media, they are not fitting for the current educational situation, and most of them are simple. Insufficiency of educational media will make learners, who are interested in cultural properties and who are about to freshly learn cultural properties, far away from their desires to lean. Learning cultural properties is appropriate for a learning type to apply augmented reality. Accordingly, the author is aiming at developing educational media by applying augmented reality to learning cultural assets. In order to apply augmented reality, this paper examines concept of augmented reality and its application cases, accelerated learning factors and efficiency through the relevant pre-studies and development cases of educational application, and methods by which augmented reality is used for learning media. Based on these studies, this paper applied a learning theory stated in the pre-study, and designed learning contents by using augmented reality producing library. By means of the augmented reality based cultural properties learning contents, this paper plans to help learners who will study cultural properties and the relevant education, and to be a reference for designing learning contents applying augmented reality in the future.

This research has analyzed the functional effect on creativity and community sense of children by playing games. The games have positive effects on various fields with social and cultural category. Categorized by discipline effect, learning effect, family effect, remedy effect, prevention and diagnosis effect, the functionality of playing games each has a positive role to improve creativity, imagination, independence, openness and adventure of children and to inspire consciousness of membership and interaction, parts of community sense of children. The research about functionality of the games will contribute to develop new programs not only for children but also for other various subjects and provide a chance to study a positivity of using games.

The international standard of ISO/IEC 19774 H-Anim (Humanoid Animation) defines the hierarchical structure and modeling data of a human for the generation of human animation. A common character data format is necessary in order to share and exchange characters between different applications, including gaming applications. H-Anim can be used for this purpose, and is progressing towards further standardization of new functionalities. This paper describes the modeling and animation method of a game character based on H-Anim using a general graphics tool. It also describes an algorithm to convert from H-Anim WRL, the output file generated by the general graphics tool, to H-Anim X3D based on the H-Anim specification. In addition, an experiment is described that shows compatibility of the designed H-Anim character with a general X3D browser. General behavior animations applied directly to the H-Anim character are also included.

We advocate the principles of the Constitution and is a nation of culture. As a result, all the people have the right to enjoy culture has been granted freely and equally. This is in the form of cultural autonomy that would guarantee. To deny this, to deny the constitutional values th at have no difference. In the game, however, at least two of these values is being denied is self-evident. Then look at the game time does the two became popularly? Regulatory policies on these questions about the game and the reason that it will view. The origin of game regulations that will, among other things, Game Rating Classification. But never the meaning of the classification system is not negative. In other words, Game software for the hearing to proceed in the process of classification for a substantial review of the Game software through a variety of information, and the information provided to users of this role is because available at the time of classification issued by account per social security number and billing information is available about the limit. Payment limit based on the game that you can find in the law in the sense that beyond the limits of delegated legislation, including criticism that is raised. Game software is also limited by the other cultural industries, cultural content related laws do not exist in the culture of regulation by the government thinks is good example. Culture of our country which professes national constitutional principles Game software for the typical culture in value can be regulated for the payment limit will be discussed.

In recent years, the government is trying to regulate the web board games - poker, gostop etc. with the amendment of the executive order regarding the game law. The main regulation of this order is to regulate the maximum amount of betting the game as a ten thousand won per game and a hundred thousand won a day. if these are not obeyed, the gamer and game company will be punished. Therefore, these regulations need to be reviewed in terms of legal issues with a strict examination. However the regulation on the limits of betting in a game seems not to be justified with the constitutional standards - the principle of apparentness (definitude), the principle banning excessive enforcement when restricting the basic rights of people - in this case, the general human rights and liberties to act of gamers and the freedom of profession and speech of game operators(company). It is also questioned that it might infringe the essense of the legal institution of game and rights, and cause the paradox of excessive regulation.

In general, a wagering is deemed a form of gambling when it has the element of betting on properties. Also, any game that leads to financial loss or gain based on its outcome is also interpreted as a form of gambling. However, what if there is no loss or gain of profit in property? In Korea, this kind of non gambling game is widely called Web Board Game. In recent years, Korea’s game industry has become the new engine for economic growth and positioned itself as the symbol of a successful cultural content. However, despite all this, the popular media has accused game as the cause of gambling. And every year the government is coming out with new regulations that woule be seriously affecting the whole game industry and game developer's life. The most recent regulations are coming from Amendments of Game Industry Promotion Act's Implementing Ordinance in the year of 2013. This study examines and tests the Problem of "webboard-game's daily limit regulation" which is known as the most difficult for developers to materialize from these 2013 years amendments of regulations. And it shows the effectiveness and provides an alternative direction for game development.

The matching system of online games is important factor that determines enjoy the game with others and defines the features of the online game itself. In this regard, Regulation to force the random matching of Web-based board game that has recently been made in Korea, have some problems in terms of both the development and use. First of all, regulation directly to the matching method, shall preclude the development of a creative matching system in social game environment . In addition, the antipathy of fun and discomfort of the game use is a concern in the position of the user. Games for direct regulation affecting the development and use as much considering it prudent approach is required.

Interpretation of the laws governing speculation in Korea has been discussed primarily based on the judiciary judgment over the concept of speculation where the courts and statutes have been consistent in applying the existence of “cash convertibility” as the criterion in determining the speculative nature of an activity. This has applied to the Korean gaming regulations in such a way that a game is to be prohibited if it meets this speculative condition but allowed otherwise. But amendments of the Game Industry Promotion Act’s enforcement ordinance in 2013 to prohibit “auto-play” etc., has brought out a new political problem in the government’s regulation against speculation in online poker games, as the new amendment was devised to prevent excess-use by the users of online poker games that do not meet the definition of speculation such as gambling, under the existing provisions. This study examines and tests the banning of “auto-play” that would not be suitable for Online games. And it shows the ineffectiveness and lots of side effects that game industries confront on many aspects.

This study challenges constitutional problems of the identification regulation on online web-board Games, which is about to be reviewed by Ministry of Government Legislation. The regulation comprises imposition of duty for online web-board game publisher to identify every game user whenever the game user plays or accesses the online web-board game. The regulation is deemed to be unconstitutional because 1) it is not an effective mean to prevent online web-board game from being misused as gambling 2) it violates free speech right, right on personal information as well as privacy. As the Constitutional Court of Korea has already decided that internet real-name system, which imposed identification duty online bulletin board, is unconstitutional, any regulator or legislator should not use identification regulation without eliminating its unconstitutionality.

LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ and alamarBlue® are fluorescent materials used for the enumeration of live and dead bacteria. LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ is generally used for confocal microscopy applications to differentiate live from dead bacteria in a biofilm or planktonic state. AlamarBlue® has also been used widely to assay live and dead bacteria in a planktonic state. Whilst these materials are successfully utilized in experiments to discriminate live from dead bacteria for several species of bacteria, the application of these techniques to oral bacteria is limited to the use of LIVE/ DEAD® BacLight™ in biofilm studies. In our present study, we assessed whether these two methods could enumerate live and dead oral bacterial species in a planktonic state. We tested the reagents on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Enterococcus faecalis and found that only LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ could differentiate live from dead cells for all five of these oral strains. AlamarBlue® was not effective in this regard for P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans. In addition, the differentiation of live and dead bacterial cells by alamarBlue® could not be performed for concentrations lower than 2 × 106 cells/ml. Our data thus indicate that LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ is a more effective reagent for this analysis.

The article 18 of game review regulation has some problems related to mandate of upper law; it violates the limit of mandate of upper law and judicial power. The article 2 of Game industry promotion law defines the concept of ‘gambling behavior’. But the article 18 of game review regulation includes behaviors which are not included in the article 2 to regulate them. Court should have the power to interpret which is ‘gambling behavior’ or not; according to the article 18 of game review regulation, the game rating board has the power to interpret which is ‘gambling behavior’ or not. According to the revision of Game industry promotion law, rating rejection to the violation of Game industry promotion law is possible. Minor violation of law as to business regulation should not be considered as the reason of rating rejection. Therefore, The revision of game law has probability of violating Constitution principle such as proportion rule.

Currently, Game Rating Board is regulating online web board games for the purpose of eradicating the speculation of the games through prohibition on direct charge system of the game and now is trying to even ban the indirect charge method. However not only the direct charge system but also the indirect charge system is a legal business model under the Promotion Act on Game Industry. There are 3 reasons: First, the web board game is essentially different from gambling. In order for the activity in question to be considered as gambling, it should meet all of the three requirements which are consideration, chance and prize. However, the game doesn't give prizes so that excludes it from gambling. Second, the deliberation about the prohibition on direct charge system of the game deviates from the limits of delegated legislation. Since the web board games do not fall under the purview of the concept of gambling, the deliberation is a subordinate to the Promotion Act on Game Industry, the deliberation itself may be in violation of the delegation range if the web board games are judged as operating illegally. Lastly, the prohibitions on the business model of the web board games transcend the constitutional limits of the regulations of games involving gambling and in the long run fringe constitutional rights. The essential cause of the problem surrounding online games is attributed to exchanging real money into game money outside the system of the game, not in the online web board game itself. Hence, impetuous regulation on indirect charge system of the web board games will substantially shrink the national online game industry, making other competitors from other nations enjoy the benefits.