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The purpose of this study is to investigate how Appraisal words were changed in the initial translation (TT1) and re-translation (TT2) of the songs of the movie Once. As a result of the analysis, the Attitude evaluation words were almost similar in ST, TT1, and TT2, whereas the Graduation evaluation words appeared more in TT2 than in TT1. This can be analyzed because the translator tried to better convey the expression or situation of the characters to the audience in TT2 lyrics translation and to express the emotions of the protagonist effectively. Through audience reviews, we investigated how the audience perceived the difference between the two subtitles. TT1 mainly had a lot of reviews about movie music, but TT2 had a lot of reviews on translation as well as music. For example, a review of the TT2 is as follows; there were many positive reviews about the translation of lyrics in that the translator translated the lyrics as if the audience were reading a poem, helping the audience to be more immersed in the emotions of the characters and better appreciate the movie. Therefore, it is expected that this study can be used as a reference material for the translation of lyrics.

With the Korean webtoon gaining popularity around the world, the webtoon ecosystem for more convenient producing, exposing, and distributing of contents is created by platform companies. This study investigates the nature and implications of fan translation carried out on WEBTOON and Torycomics, online webtoon platforms, focusing on technical assistance provided by platform companies, rewards for fan translators, evaluation of fan translation, and utilization of language data. Literary review and an interview with Bae Soo Ho, CEO of Torycomics, revealed that platform companies create a transnational stage for fans by setting translation guidelines and rules, monitoring fan activities and providing technical assistance so that fans can easily complete translation and share their favorite cultural contents. The translation process is user-friendly with nothing needs to be installed: fans get access to original contents on companies’ websites or mobile apps, use upgraded tools provided online to translate and upload their translation, which will instantly shared with webtoon fans around the world. The webtoon-specific language data is built up with categories for onomatopoeia, culture-specific words, and slang. The database creates revenues for companies by being channeled into online dictionaries and machine translators or sold to other companies.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between conference interpretation (CI) and note-taking through an analysis of notes produced by undergraduate students during CI classes. A comparison of the original speech, notes, and the interpretation was made to identify factors which impede accurate interpretation. This study specifically focused on the error types manifested by the students in order to identify teaching points at the undergraduate level of CI instruction. The results showed a pattern where students’ errors appeared to be concentrated in contre-sens or TL mistakes. Among the errors associated with note-taking practices, an analysis was performed on words that were either undeciphered or misdeciphered. Examples include omitting keywords written down during interpretation, misinterpretation of metaphors, grammar mistakes and/or awkward use of language due to source language interference, and misinterpretation due to ineffective arrangement of notes and loss of concentration. The relationship between errors commonly made by undergraduate students during CI and their note-taking practices was examined, and diagnoses were presented to help students improve their note-taking skills and interpretation. Also, educational implications and teaching points were proposed.

Gender sensitivity has recently emerged as one of the critical concepts for the spread of practical gender equality. In order to enhance gender sensitivity and confront implicit gender biases, continuous and long-term education on gender sensitivity is critical. Literature can serve as an effective as well as indirect channel for gender sensitivity education. In the same vein, translated literature can play its part in educating gender sensitivity as one of the sub-systems of the literature. Hence, this study analyzes and compares two Korean translations of Anne of Green Gables, one of the canonical novels for children and young adults. It turns out that the translation that is performed with enhanced gender sensitivity has fixed expressions that regard women as subordinates of men, discriminate women’s character or behavior, or belittle women. It is drawn from the analysis that the gender sensitivity can be better reflected in translation when translators keep in mind that literature performs educational function, translated literature is part of the literary system, and translators can have their own leeway in producing translation.

With distance interpreting being extensively performed during the COVID-19 pandemic, interpreting now more frequently entails recording and online transmission. This means that the issue of interpreters’ copyright deserves greater scholarly attention, but it has only rarely been discussed. This study explored the copyright provisions found in the Republic of Korea, which have relevance to works of interpreting, and also the professional guidelines and standard contracts provided by the International Association of Conference Interpreters (AIIC). It then carried out a survey of conference interpreters in South Korea asking: (1) In what manner has their interpretation been used? (2) What are their experiences with regard to the protection of their economic rights? (3) What are their experiences with regard to the protection of their moral rights? The survey results were analyzed based on Bourdieu’s concepts of doxa and nomos. The study concludes that the doxa among conference interpreters, invisibility, is at play in the field of interpreting in South Korea and that more attention should be paid to the strengthening of interpreters’ moral rights.

The aim of this study is to examine what conceptual value ‘transcreation’ has within Translation Studies. Transcreation, a portmanteau word made by combining ‘translation’ and ‘creation’ has recently risen as a breakthrough under the challenges posed by artificial intelligence and ‘creative non-translator translators.’ This ‘creative’ term, however, has not been explored as much because there is a skepticism with respect to the usefulness of the concept. Furthermore, the concern that transcreation as another new term destabilizes the status of translation as an umbrella term also makes the concept lose its position in Translation Studies. Against this backdrop, this study delves into distinctive features of transcreation and identifies conceptual value of the term within Translation Studies. For this purpose, the paper first looks at how the term ‘transcreation’ has been understood in various fields of study. To more identify differentiating features, the study compares transcreation with similar terms such as localization and adaptation. The results have two implications as follows: (1) transcreation has been used as a translation procedure to evoke intended emotions and feelings in target readers; (2) the concept puts more emphasis on the role of translators as a creative agent.

This study identified correlation between cultural distance and acceptance of transliteration by surveying reader response to Korean menu translation in English and Japanese. First, the study reviewed the standard translation guideline for translating the names of Korean foods to English and Japanese released by the National Institute of Korean Language (NIKL). The portion of transliteration strategy in English (1.7%) was much lower than that in Japanese (11.5%). Second, the study conducted a quantitative survey of 300 respondents to examine the understanding and acceptance levels of native speakers. Native English speakers displayed a very low acceptance for transliteration (meaning-19.0%, expression-21.6%) compared to Native Japanese speakers (meaning-39.3%, expression-38.6%), and respondents who were more familiar to Korean culture showed higher acceptance to transliteration, empirically proving that there is an inverse correlation between cultural distance and acceptance of transliteration. The study showed that reader response research to transliteration can be used as a tool for gauging the cultural distance between source culture and target culture.

This study aims to examine the Korean translationese in the translation of Victor Pelevin's novel 『iPhuck10』, to analyze which correction standards are used in the revision process to correct these translationese, focusing on the positive and negative functions of the revision in the translation for publishing. For this purpose, first, the translator's translation and the publisher's revision were compared and analyzed. And then, typical translationese from Russian texts was extracted, to categorize into vocabulary, syntax, and pragmatic levels. Second, in order to understand the publisher's correction strategy for dealing with the translationese, this study analyzed the specialized books on revision published by professional revisors, examined the correction standards were presented in them. Third, this study reviewed the changes in the translation caused by the publisher's revision and argued that it is undesirable to apply uniform principles throughout the translated text, if the translator intentionally uses the translationese as a translation strategy. Finally, this study argues that to solve these problems, translators must work diligently to avoid using translationese and constantly discuss with revisers to ensure the best results.

Indirect translations have a long history, for example, translations of the Bible, and are inevitable to facilitate communication in this fast-expanding, interconnected world. Indirect translations, however, usually have the negative impression of being more distant from the original source text, thus given little attention from academic scholars or focused on in terms of error analysis. In this context, this study aims to identify what strategies have been applied to overcome the bias imposed on indirect translations, paying special attention to loanwords in the renowned Greek novel Zorba the Greek. The novel features many terms and concepts not found in dictionaries, as well as the author’s own idiosyncratic expressions. This poses a big challenge to translators, therefore using loanwords is an effective way to tackle these difficulties. Two versions translated into Korean—a direct translation from the original Greek and an indirect translation from an English translation—are analyzed. The results show that the indirect translation tends to maintain loanwords with less modifications compared to the direct translation, which prefers to alter the exotic and unfamiliar terms and expressions into Korean, especially in translating humor and abstract concepts. These findings suggest that indirect translations adopt a more conservative and safe approach to avoid the risk of mistranslation.

Literal translation has been a long tradition in legal translation. However, rigid literal translation has lost ground in modern legal translation and given way to sense-for-sense, idiomatic translation. Drawing on the literature on legal translation, this paper examines controversies surrounding literal translation and idiomatic translation in legal translation and seeks ways to improve the quality of Korea statutory translation provided by the Korea Legislation Research Institute. Despite the proclaimed principle of accurate and natural translation that is comprehensible to native speakers of English, literal translation is prevalent in the Institute’s statutory translation, which undermines its translation service quality. Based on a small corpus of Korean-English statutory translation by the Institute, this paper examines instances of literal translation which realized lexical and syntactic equivalence in preference to natural and idiomatic translation. The analysis also shed some light on legal translation strategies based on a recipient-oriented approach and calls for further research on legal translation strategies and legal translation training.

This study analyzed the rhetorical features of a speech in Chinese and classified its Korean translation methods of political discourse. The rhetorical devices from President Xi Jinping's speech at Seoul National University in 2014 were selected. As a linguistic tool that employs a particular type of words, phrases, sentences to persuade the audience, 'parallelism' was found the most common rhetorical device. Parallelism is the repetition of two or more elements of sentences with the same grammatical structure. In this study, parallelism of Xi's Chinese speech was categorized into three types: parallelism of four-character structure; parallelism of quotes such as poems and proverbs; parallelism sentences to emphasize the topic of paragraphs. In addition, this paper found four common methods for translating parallelism: first, adding Chinese characters to Korean translations; second, translating word-for-word; third, abridging repeated words and lines; fourth, expanding the implicitly meaning throughout interpreting messages of parallelism.

This study focused on factors affecting the burnout of police interpreters who play a very important role in the criminal investigation. In particular, the effects of cultural acculturation, social support, and job stress on job burnout were analyzed based on theories and previous studies. In order to analyze the factors affecting the job burnout of police interpreters, a mixture of quantitative and qualitative research was conducted. As a result of the quantitative study, social support was analyzed to decrease job burnout, and job stress was analyzed to increase job burnout of police interpreters. However, cultural acculturation did not have a significant effect on job burnout. In the qualitative study, the specificity of the police interpretation system and procedural and structural problems in the interpretation process were identified that could affect the job burnout of police interpreters. Through the results of the mixed method study, policy alternatives and motivational measures were presented to improve the negative perceptions of police interpreters about the police organization and police investigations.

This study aims to review the theoretical assumptions of the Retranslation Hypothesis (Berman, 1990), and to test some of these assumptions by reviewing two translations of ‘Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone’ in Korea. The Korean retranslation of the first Harry Potter series was completed due to various factors and is reflected in various aspects within the text. The second Korean translation of the book, which was published with a difference of 20 years from the first version, could be classified as a “passive retranslation” according to Pym's classification (1998:82). However, upon analysis, the study finds that the retranslation was performed not simply for supplementation or improvement of the first text. Other factors that were determined are as follows: a better appreciation and understanding of the author and the work, meeting the expectations of the publisher and reader, the translator's personal affection for the original text, and a massive influx of new target readers. The retranslated version is an “active translation” (1998:82) in that it has a dynamic character in which various factors are intertwined. According to the Retranslation Hypothesis, retranslations tend to be more source culture oriented than the first versions. However, this study shows that the hypothesis is not a consistent phenomenon, and many cases of the opposite were also observed.