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While the quality of machine translation is getting better and better, it is still not perfect. In this case, how the user treats the imperfect machine translation results determines whether the user achieves the purpose for using machine translation. In this process, user evaluations are a key factor. User evaluations are not objective nor accurate. User evaluations are a subjective evaluation of the user and is related to the user. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the relationship between the level of the user's L2 and user evaluations. This paper surveyed 69 Chinese users to understand the current status of their use of machine translation, including frequency of use, purpose of use, favorite machine translation, reasons for preferences, and satisfaction with the quality of the machine translation used. At the same time, for specific translation articles, it lets users evaluate the accuracy and fluency of machine translation articles. The survey results show that users with low L2 levels used machine translation at a higher frequency and were more inclined to evaluate machine translation from the perspective of ease of use. In addition, statistical analysis of the evaluation results found that users’ evaluation of machine translation was related to the user's own level L2. The lower the L2 level, the higher the evaluation of the adequacy and fluency of machine translation, and the higher the assessment of the overall quality of the machine translation.

This study evaluates translations of a Korean short story to determine how pro-drop pronouns are translated into other languages, whether they are translated into null subject pronouns as in Korean. Eight researchers identified instances of pro-drop from a Korean short story titled Plaza Hotel and identified the distribution of overt and null subject pronouns in five target languages including English, German, Russian, Spanish and Japanese. The sentences were divided into dialogues and declarative sentences and subjects were classified into different types of pronouns for further analysis. The study demonstrated that null subjects were translated into overt pronouns in English (76.0%), German (64.3%), Russian (56.1%), Spanish (1.4%) and Japanese (0.5%). The percentage of overt pronouns in Spanish and Japanese were considerably low compared to other languages, which indicates that these two languages share a particular characteristic. The study also illustrated that the distribution of overt pronouns were higher in declarative sentences than dialogues and the gap was particularly pronounced in English (14.5 percentage point) and Russian (28.2 percentage point), and less so for German (3.0 percentage point). Moreover, the occurrence of null subjects being translated into first person subject pronouns were higher than third person subject pronouns

This study set out to investigate Qian Zhongshu's perceptions of translators in his Lin Shu's Translations and shed light on their significance and limitations. Qian Zhongshu was one of the greatest translation theorists during the period of the Republic of China along with Fu Lei. Before him, Lin Shu was considered as the figure of authority on novel translation, but he also received negative evaluations. When Lin Shu's translation was assessed in the style of writing, method, content, and mistranslation, some were positive about his translation, saying that his style of writing was superior and that his method was inevitable. Many others were negative, pointing out that his style of writing was anachronistic, that his method was wrong, that the content was immoral, and that he had many cases of mistranslation. In his Lin Shu's Translations, Qian Zhongshu depicted him as one of the translators with superior force in the style of writing among his contemporary translators. He admitted that there were some cases of mistranslation in Lin Shu's translation, but he argued that they were derived from Lin Shu's intention to overcome the shortcomings of original works. He even maintained that Lin Shu used a desirable method of translation to supplement and overcome the shortcomings of original works. Qian Zhongshu showed limitations in his attempt at making Lin Shu, who was a translator with little regard to original authors and strong consciousness for "Chinese culture as Ti and Western culture as Yong" in Qing Dynasty, a modern model. Qian Zhongshu, however, holds significance in raising the status of translators by showing that translators could be superior to original authors.

The present study investigates the methodological usefulness of cognitive linguistics as a tool for studying translation and ideology and seeks to ultimately confirm the need for Cognitive Translatology. As the theoretical background, the researcher examines the limitations of existing research centered on systematic functional grammar, which has been used mainly as a framework for dealing with ideology within translations. Concerning the constraints, the researcher explains the cognitive linguistic approach as a way to overcome such problems and presents an analytical model based on the approach. The model will then be applied to analyze the data from existing study cases based on systematic functional grammar to confirm the usefulness of the model.

Controversy over subtitling has arisen more often in movies of the superhero genre. This paper assumes the controversy is due to the characteristics of superhero movies especially concerning intertextuality, which is the information and the knowledge collected through non-verbal elements such as universe (world-view: Marvel Universe, DC universe), franchise storytelling, and characters. Therefore, it is important to translate not only linguistic elements but also the interwoven relationships in the intertextuality. The paper examined the subtitles extracted from six superhero films that have been criticized for being mistranslated by the fandom. According to the analysis, most of the criticism was due to the incorrect reflection of non-verbal elements, that is, intertextuality, rather than the misinterpretation of the linguistic elements. The paper concluded that considering intertextuality is important in subtitle translation of superhero genre movies.

This study aims to explore stylistic differences between inbound and outbound translation. For this purpose, Cho Chŏngnae’s Yuhyŏng ŭi ttang (1981) and two English translations thereof are analyzed in multiple levels of language, including word, fixed expression, punctuation, contracted form, and sentence length. The two translations analyzed in this study are (1) Land of Exile, a 1995 translation by Marshall R. Pihl, the late American translator and scholar in the field of Korean literature, and (2) The Land of the Banished, a 2001 translation by Chun Kyung-Ja, an award-winning Korean translator and former professor of English literature. The analysis shows that, in general, Chun’s translation is more source-oriented and less colloquial. More specifically, (a) Pihl uses more high-frequency nouns and adjectives, (b) Chun is more sensitive to fixed expressions and idioms, (c) Pihl uses more italics and contracted forms, while Chun retains punctuations of the source text, and (d) Chun often uses lengthier sentences in narration.

This paper aims to retrace the genealogy of the concept of the literal translation (直譯) in the northeast Asian languages including Korean by comparison with western major languages like English, French and German in order to rediscover the value of this basic form for all practical translations. For this purpose, we decided to examine first the different terms related to this concept and their semantic configuration over the Asian and European languages. After making a repeated search in a variety of language dictionaries as well as in the glossaries and the encyclopedia of the translation studies, we were led to think that literalness, faithfulness and source-orientedness constitute the principal characteristics of the concept of literal translation. Next, we tried to restitute the origin and the formation of the literal translation concept by examining the past key texts on translation and the historical researches on the subject matter. Finally, we proposed a kind of guide to the literal translation as a result of our investigation.

Translation studies research the cognitive and linguistic processes inherent in the reproduction of one language into another. To do so, they require the thorough observation of translation examples. Since the corpus, as a linguistic resource, contains many translation examples, researchers refer to a comparable or parallel corpus in order to clarify the principles of translation. However, the traditional corpora have some disadvantages because of their size and textual varieties. The Web as corpus is a new concept. It employs the Web as a collection of machine-readable and searchable authentic text. While such web pages are not a translation text in a strict sense, they can compensate for some of the defects of traditional corpora through their great number, their various languages and plentiful language cases, much of which cannot be found in small corpora. From this point of view, the Web as corpus, as a real-life language resource, is able to play a major role in the field of linguistics and translation studies.

This study intends to examine the types and functions of interrogative sentences used in the interpreting of police-suspect interview discourse in Korea. The findings of this analysis are as follows: First, the Korean police usually employed wh-interrogative sentences to ask for information from foreign suspects while using negative yes-no questions or declarative questions to refute the statements of foreign suspects. This attests to the fact that police officers use different types of interrogative sentences based on their investigation strategies. Second, foreign suspects made a number of questions about the intention of police officers’ questions or others. In particular, they asked questions the most when they were read their Miranda rights. This was mainly caused by the imbalance of knowledge between the two sides, which is one of the features found in institutional discourse. In the end, foreign suspects use a question as a means to protect their rights and make a statement favorable to themselves. Third, interpreters asked questions mainly about the case under examination to foreign suspects and police officers. This was also attributable to the imbalance of information and knowledge between the parties involved. In addition, interpreters sometimes asked additional questions to foreign suspects to get exact answers to the questions asked by police officers. This shows that interpreters use questions to confirm the accuracy of their interpretation or lead foreign suspects to provide answers appropriate to the questions police officers ask.

The purpose of this study is to examine how Korean feminist translators act as activists through the translation and publication process of the book, Radical Feminism. To achieve this goal, text analysis and an email interview with the translators of Radical Feminism were conducted. The findings suggest that the translators played the role of activists. They selected an author to introduce to domestic readers, and selected 10 articles written by the author. In addition, various meta-texts (e.g. the tile and image of the book, footnote, preface, SNS) were used to convey their radical feminism. However, the feminist translators published a full revision in seven months, recognizing that they should correct the mistranslation and expressions in order to be more faithful to the standards of radical feminism. Feminist translators are expected to play the following roles as activists. First, they should be able to change or create expressions that refer to women and their bodies using positive languages. Second, they should be able to introduce these new expressions by a publication platform. Third, they should be able to provide forums for solidarity with writers and the readers.