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TRANSLATING (T) and INTERPRETING (I) are truly global linguistic activities, the WRITTEN process of Translating being by far the most common. The ORAL process of professional Interpreting takes several forms. LIAISON or ESCORT INTERPRETING, which usually proceeds sentence by sentence. COMMUNITY INTERPRETING, which is a demanding skill often required by law for the benefit of language- handicapped recent immigrants in their contacts with authorities, education or health workers (Australia, Canada, California). It is taught in graduate courses and involves certification procedures. Furthermore COURT INTERPRETING is a well-defined, specialized activity typically performed in the CONSECUTIVE mode for long stretches, also with certification procedures, occasionally on offer within a formal educational framework (California). Finally CONFERENCE INTERPRETING, notably when performed in the SIMULTANEOUS mode, is an exacting verbal skill preferably taught in post-graduate courses. Academic institutions offering professional T & I training are surveyed, similarities and differences are discussed, including the conceptual and pragmatic borderline between T & I. Future needs and developments, career prospects for intercultural communication, and media work are assessed.

This paper discusses problems associated with translation of metaphors in literary texts from a relevance theory (RT) perspective. It begins with a general account of how metaphors are treated in translation theories (most notably by dynamic equivalence theory) and expounds the merits an RT-based translation theory has over others in accounting for various aspects of metaphor translation by drawing on such notions as efforts vs. rewards, poetic effects, and interpretive resemblance. Specifically, it is pointed out that the biggest reward (or contextual effect) obtainable from processing a metaphor is the image associated with it that can give rise to multiple implicatures with varying degrees of strength. This leads to the observation that an approach heavily skewed toward dynamic equivalence and thus tolerant to form modification (metaphor deletion, in this case) in favor of message communication may risk stripping RL readers of access to the richness of meaning inherent in metaphors. Based on these theoretical considerations, five specific methods of metaphor translation (M→M, M1→M2, M→S, M→P and M→S+P) are discussed with an analysis of examples taken from published translations of literary works. The analysis is geared toward elucidating how in each method processing efforts are reconciled with rewards and how this dynamic relationship relates to the goal of achieving equivalent relevance between SL and RL.

As simultaneous interpretation plays a pivotal role in international conferences, it is increasingly used on television for live coverage as well. Interpreters for live television interpretation face much challenging situation than ordinary international conference as they can not meet speakers in advance and more rapid delivery is required. The live coverage of Academy Award ceremonies was particularly unique in that the ceremonies were an entertainment rather than a routine conference.This study examined the temporal aspects of the simultaneous interpretation from English into Korean at the Academy Award ceremonies of 1997, 1998 and 1999 through computer assisted analysis of the original English speech and interpreted Korean. Statistical analysis of the three years' data showed no significant differences in the number of syllables, speech proportion(SP) and wpm of the speakers and interpreters. The same data, however, proved to be statistically different from other types of simultaneous interpretations such as lectures or news reports. When compared to original speech, the interpreted Korean version was higher in all the factors mentioned above except SP. As expected, the dubbed Korean version showed significantly greater wpm, SP and number of syllables than interpretation. Recommendation for the future live coverage of this ceremony should be a bilingual mode where viewers can chose from the English original or Korean simultaneous interpretation.

The purpose of this paper is to study the role of theory in teaching interpretation and translation to students. With an increasing number of undergraduate universities establishing interpretation courses and programs, it is important for them to realize that though teaching skills is important, students must also be taught the theoretical framework of interpretation and translation. It does not have to be a whole series of courses nor is it recommended because most students who are attracted to schools of interpretation and translation are more concerned about the practical aspects of the profession. Before examining various theories, the role and aims of formal training are discussed. Though natural or "born" interpreters and translators do exist, most students can greatly benefit from attending a school of interpretation and translation.In the theoretical foundations, different positions are examined such as the interpretive theory of Seleskovitch, the cognitive-pragmatic approach of Setton, the linguistic approach of Bell and the concepts and models of Gile.

The purpose of this paper is to categorize the difficulties arising in French-Korean translation within the context of interpretive theory and focus attention on the fact that these difficulties are not inherent in the communication process, namely translation, per se, but arise due to the incompetency of the translator. In particular the paper emphasizes that these difficulties in translation are not "unique" to the French-Korean language combination but are in fact "general" issues that occur in translation of other language combinations.To this end, the paper categorizes difficulties arising in French-Korean translations into three categories: 1) difficulties in the "understanding of sense-deverbalization" stage 2) difficulties in the "reformulation" stage 3) difficulties arising from differences in the language structures of French and Korean.Furthermore, special emphasis is placed on the fact that the third category must be placed as a sub-category of the first and second. In existing literature concerning the topic of translation, the third category has often been cited as if it were a theoretical issue of translation. However, this paper aims to propose a change in this perspective. In more detail, the paper aims to present the issue of difference in the language structure of French and Korean not as a "unique" difficulty but as a "general" difficulty that stems from the translation process of understanding -deverbalization-reformulation of all languages.In conclusion, the paper expresses the opinion that French-Korean translation is in fact not an exception to the general rule of translation and that the translator needs to take responsibility in striving to resolve any difficulties.

This paper explores the concepts of frame semantics in an attempt to identify and assess the potential advantages of applying frame semantics to the actual translation process. Frame is a concept first conceived by Bateson, and developed by Goffman. Later Fillmore further developed the concept by giving a linguistic dimension, to encompass the particular organization of knowledge that stands as a prerequisite to our ability to understand the meaning of associated words. The implications of frame semantics for translation are that translating a particular word is impossible unless the translator fully understands the frame to which the word in question belongs. Examples demonstrating frame gaps as instantiations of varied conceptualization approaches of different speech communities are introduced in order to highlight the need to bridge such gaps in order to achieve a truly communicative and effective translation. Different metaphors and social rituals as reflections of different metaphoric conceptualization of different speech communities are also studied with a view to drawing on the potential explanatory power of frame semantics in relation to translation.

Unlike Western interpreters who tend to work from numerous languages into their mother tongue, most Korean interpreters work from only one foreign language. It is therefore crucial that the quality of conference interpretation be maintained. This paper will use actual examples to highlight the correlation between the quality of conference interpretation and language combination. 1) Language combination will be defined, followed by an explanation of the mechanisms involved in a multilingual conference. 2) The residence of the interpreter and its impact on the cost and quality of conference interpretation will be explained. 3) The experience of an interpreter in a given area is also an element that must be taken into consideration. 4) The duration of the interpretation is also important because interpreters must not interpret 'solo' for more than 40 minutes. The second section looks at the essence of conference interpretation: it is a highly specialized profession; it requires comprehensive know- how; and it is highly stressful and fatigue-inducing. The last section reviews the current market situation, that is, the distribution between languages and number of interpreters.

This paper aims to analyse some problems of transliteration and improper uses of punctuation in text translation based on selected manuscripts and to offer better solutions. The principle of transliteration is oriented toward the closest reproduction of the pronunciation of the source language into the target language. In any case the direct notation of English proper names in Korean text must be avoided and written using the Korean alphabet. The usages of some punctuation marks in English and German are very different from those in Korean. This causes improper transfer of the corresponding punctuation marks and confuses the text reader by giving contrary usages. The purpose of this paper is to propose some transliteration and transfer methods so as to help other translators who may come across similar cases in the future.