Earticle

Kim, Kyunghee. (2007). A study on the translation of wordplay in the Korean literature. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 3-34. To investigate the problems during translation of wordplay, which is thought to be the most difficult task for translators, we analyzed how the wordplays seen in the Korean literature were translated into French. First, we tried to seek for the definition and classification of wordplay, and then we analyzed the sentences showing various wordplays. A total of 53 sentences containing wordplay were found in the 24 Korean literatures. In general, the wordplays could be classified into seven groups, including those related to similar pronunciation, those related to homophone, those related to idea association, those related to unfamiliarity, those related to Chinese characters, those related to contrast of the meaning, and those related to abbreviation. Among these, the first two were most frequently seen. Of the 53 sentences translated into French, 14 were successful not only in revival of wordplay but also in perfect communication of the contents of the original works. Although 33 translations failed to revive wordplay, they communicated the contents of the original works well. Ten of these 33 translations explained wordplay by using footnotes for more effective communication of the contents. The remaining six translations failed to both revive wordplay and communicate the contents of the original works. In conclusion, the best way to translate wordplay is to translate wordplay itself. However, in cases it is not possible because of a big cultural difference, it may be a good alternative to translate the meaning of wordplay. Keywords: wordplay, literary translation, Korean literature, cultural difference

Kim, Shin-Hee. (2007). Translation of Orwell's Animal Farm as Ideological Intervention. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 35-61. Contrary to the supposed ‘anonymity’ of the translator, this paper investigates the active role of the translator and the possibility of using translation as ideological intervention. Based on the fact that Animal Farm has been one of the most frequently translated works in Korea, this essay explores how translation of the novel served as ‘ideological intervention’ during the period of intense dictatorship in Korean history. The paper takes two case studies from Presidents Rhee's and Park's regimes, and demonstrates that translators could exert a political import under the guise of translation. Focusing on paratexts as a valuable site to detect the translator's presence, speech act theory is used to identify translation's covert function of ideological intervention. Keywords: Animal Farm, translation, social change, speech act theory, paratexts

Kim, Ah-Young. (2007). Analysis on semantic types of Chinese conditional without connectives-Case study of Chinese conditionals translated into -meon in Korean-. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 63-88. The structure of a composite sentence in Chinese is different from that in Korean. While parataxis are frequently used in Chinese composite sentences, the visible connectives are necessary in Korean. Therefore, analysis on the principle of Chinese composite sentences and the function of connectives is essential for equivalent translation and interpretation of Chinese composite sentences. This paper, a preliminary study to identify exact functions of Chinese subjunctive connectives, is to demonstrate the types of Chinese conditional without visible connectives. In previous studies, conditional and hyperthetic have been regarded to have same functions. The analysis, however, revealed that Chinese conditional without subjunctive connectives represents not only hyperthetic conditional including counter-factual conditional and uncertain conditional, but also non-hyperthetic conditional such as repeat conditional and future conditional. Among them, hyperthetic conditional can be expressed with subjunctive connectives while non-hyperthetic conditional cannot. In order to precisely translate and interpret Chinese conditional sentences into Korean, the discrepancies between sentences in Chinese conditional without subjunctive connectives and those with subjunctive connectives need to be investigated. Keywords: composite sentences without connectives, conditional, subjunctive connectives, hyperthetic, non-hyperthetic

Won, Jong-Hwa. (2007). Code-switching and cognitive models of the process of simultaneous interpreting. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 89-112. Bilingual code-switching has long been recognized as an important linguistic phenomenon worthy of serious investigation. Code-switching is a special skill possessed by bilinguals which allows them to switch from one language to another in the course of a communicative exchange without slowing down speech delivery. The process involves the integration of the morphological, phonological, and syntactic structures of the two codes or languages in real time. Code-switching is a particularly vital aspect of the behavior of the simultaneous interpreters. Indeed, one of the major defining characteristics of simultaneous interpreting is that it inevitably involves code-switching in which switches occur moment by moment not only by the speakers but by the interpreters themselves. Code-switching can also be said to occur when interpreters listen in one language and delivers in another. Few interpreting models formulated so far, however, have incorporated the code-switching process, with the result that simultaneous interpreting is presented as a strict, linear, one-way process. This paper asks the question “To what extent should the theory of code-switching be drawn upon in describing and explaining the process of simultaneous interpreting?” and a tentative answer is offered by integrating the switching process into Setton’s (1999) simultaneous interpreting model. Keywords: Code-switching, mental lexicon, parsing, executive, frame

Lee, Migyong. (2007). Accounting for Shifts in SI. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 113-132. The purpose of this article is to show that shifts in simultaneous interpreting should not be seen as shortfalls of the simultaneous interpreter. Rather, it is argued that shifts may occur as a result of the interpreter's strategic decision-making to deliver the speaker's message in the most suitable form to the target audience while at the same time overcome the constraints inherent in this mode of communication. This study uses the outputs of three professional simultaneous interpreters in actual international conferences to discern patterns in shifts and what trigger such shifts. According to the analysis, shifts may be categorized into five different types: ellipsis, deletion, addition, substitution and errors. In a total of 30 minutes speeches, there were 136 occurrences of shifts including 5 occurrences of errors. The largest number of shifts were in the form of substitution (51 occurrences) followed by deletion(39 times), addition (22 times) and ellipsis (19 times). The findings showed that the interpreter substituted own outputs or added information to deliver the message in the most easily understandable form to the target audience while deleted or omitted expressions to reduce time constraints. Thus, the empirical findings were evidence that shifts are not always errors but strategic choices on the part of the interpreter. Keywords: simultaneous interpreting, shifts, omission, ellipsis, substitution, error

Lee, Y. H., & Jeong, K. (2007). Process, translator roles and tools of software localization. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 133-153. Software localization process can be largely divided into two features: linguistic and non-linguistic. The non-linguistic features include the basic process of localization, work flow, software translation tools as well as the engineering aspects of localization. The paper looks at the three main stages of localization – internationalization, translation, and localization stage using examples, presents a localization work flow chart, describes the roles that translators may play and provide samples of translation tools most often used in the market. The aim of the paper is to provide information that the two authors deem helpful in understanding the concepts of software localization. Keywords: internationalization, translation, localization, user interface, documentation

Lee, Chang-soo. (2007). An Analysis of the Functional Effectiveness of Translated English Tourist Information Texts. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 155-180. The study investigates intercultural differences between Korean and English in the use of Appraisal resources in tourist texts in the realization of their persuasive function in text and the way these differences are dealt with in translations of Korean tour texts into English. Appraisal refers to semantic resources that we use to tell our readers or listeners how we feel about things and people in discourse. The present study shows that English tour texts tend to be higher in the frequence and force of Appraisal expressions used than their Korean counterparts. This suggests the need for translator's intervention in the TT to level up the range and force of Appraisal to bring it in line with English generic norms. The study illustrates these points through an detailed descriptive analysis of a Korean tour text and its English translations published a year apart. The analysis shows that critical awareness on the part of the translator of cross-lingual generic differences in the use of Appraisal resources and latitude to intervene in the TT to add, and strengthen the level of, Appraisal expressions are key to success in translation of Korean tour texts into English. Keywords: tour text translation, register analysis, systemic functional grammar, appraisal system, translation studies

Kim, Hye-Reem & Lee, Chung-Hyun. (2007). Interpreting intercultural speech acts in compliments and compliment responses. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 181-201. This study attempts to explicate the significance of intercultural understanding of speech acts in the interpretation with authentic materials on compliments and their responses. For this purpose, the subjects were two groups who were 30 Korean university students and 12 English- natives(Americans, Canadians, Australians and New Zealanders). To collect the data, the subjects have participated in filling out DCT and field observations have been carried out. The results showed that compliment types of both languages have their own syntactic rules and mainly usable vocabularies. In terms of compliment response types, Koreans commonly expressed in the way of negation with politeness, while English-natives acceptance with appreciation. These explain that speech acts reflect the unique thoughts and sense of values derived from cultures of a community. Particularly the way of responses of Korean compliments would be related to politeness theory. This politeness is a very subtle area of language that is difficult to be described. This means there is a dynamic interaction among the participants of the dialogue. Since the main role of the dialogue interpreter is regarded more as a mediator than a mere translator, he/she should perform his/her interpreting with full understanding of both languages. For prospective professional interpreter training, it is suggested that various speech acts in different circumstances should be studied in-depth. Keywords: compliment, compliment responses, dialogue interpreting, intercultural understanding, speech act

Lim, Hyang Ok. (2007). Interpretation as a Cultural Process. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 203-224. When talking about interpretation, we often discuss the language aspect of the process but neglect to mention that it is a part of a cultural process as well. The services of an interpreter are required not only to mediate the language differences, but also the cultural differences. This should be included in the pedagogy of interpretation, but is often simply covered in the interesting anecdotes that instructors share with their students or is taken for granted as something that interpreters will know automatically since they know the languages involved. The purpose of this paper is to look as interpretation as a part of the intercultural process. Language nuances such as doublespeak, silence, apologies, high-context and low-context cultures and turn-taking are some of the areas that will be looked at through the interpretation lens to examine what implications they have for interpreters and the interpretation process as a whole. Keywords: language nuance, high-context and low-context cultures, apologies, turn-taking, silence

Chang, Ai-li. (2007). Translation/Interpretation & Culture System. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 225-239. Language often comes into mind first when the term of translation and interpretation is heard. Reflecting this general reaction, TS/IS related research has concentrated mostly on linguistic aspects so far. However, it is rational that the true meaning of translation and interpretation should include not only language transfer but also cultural transfer. In this sense, this paper examines the relationship between the Korean Wave, or ‘Hanllyu’ and the Renaissance of traditional Chinese culture within China from the aspect of cultural transfer and translational action, and also explores the act of translation and interpreting as an active medium of inter-cultural communication. Keywords: Cultural transfer, Translational action, Intercultural communication, Korean wave (Hanllyu), Culture system

Cho, SangEun. (2007). Exploring how translation act changes according to development of translation competence: A qualitative analysis comparing results of a recent and a past TAP experiment conducted on a same subject. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 241-261. Research on translation process is required in order to apply appropriate translation teaching according to a translator's developmental stage of his/her translation competence. From this perspective, studies have been made on the models of acquisition and development of translation competence. TAP is a research methodology over which there has been a temporary agreement on its effectiveness. This study compares the data obtained through a TAP experiment with two subjects conducted in 2004 and a recent follow-up TAP on the same subjects, so as to track any changes in the translation acts made over time as their translation competence developed, and thus to explore how translation competence development has affected translation process. It is hoped that the result of the study, which reveals differences in the translation act according to the development of translation competence can be directly applied to teaching translation students. Keywords: TAP, translation competence, translation process, translation strategy, translation teaching

Choi, Jungwha. (2007). A Study of Translation Pedagogy and Translation for Publication: Focusing on job satisfaction and future directions for pedagogy. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 263-278. A survey was conducted of Korean translators who have received specialized translation training. The survey focused on job satisfaction, whether or not they had any of their material published under their own names and their professional activities as a whole. The results were as follows: Job satisfaction was 63.64%. The reason why they continued to work as translators was first, because it is their profession, Second, because they could learn a lot, Third, because they liked to communicate through writing. For those translators who considered quitting translating, the reasons cited included first, because it is a lonely job, Second, because the deadlines are always tight, and third, because they were always conveying other peoples' thoughts. As to other jobs which they would like to do together with their translation work, the first answer was interpretation, second, teaching and third writing. Regarding courses that were thought to be important as part of the training of translators, the first course was writing, second, publishing and third literature. The subject area in which the translators were published the most was economics and management followed by culture and arts, literature and science. To strengthen training in translation for publication, it was felt that the course most needed was writing followed by translating in teams. Keywords: translation, publication, writing, job satisfaction, teaching