Earticle

This paper attempts to see how important the selection of speech style or tone appropriate to each character is in drama translation. Drama translators should be devoted on selecting appropriate tone depending on character and varying circumstances. It is because readers or audiences grasp the personality of each character and the relationship between characters only through the dialogues of characters. Therefore, there is a hazard of losing attention of readers or audiences if translation fails to express the multiple speech nuances. This is crucial both to stage-aimed and text-oriented translations. This study analysed two translations of Wilde's Salome focused mainly on the language of Salome, the female protagonist, The two male translators gave Salome femme fatale's voice or tone from the start. They ignored that Wilde's salome is turned from an innocent, beautiful girl into a cruel, evil woman after her love being rejected by Iokaanan (John the baptist). As a result, they failed to deliver the extreme change of Salome's character as well as Wilde's theme “the terrifying power of eroticism”.

‘Faithfulness’ and ‘readibility’ are the two main criteria by which we evaluate a translated work. This paper aims to show that these two conditions are a necessary and sufficient condition, not a choice translators can choose depending upon their translation strategies. It seems, however, that some French translations of Korean literature do not even satisfy ‘faithfulness’ condition. This paper has examined Les Piquets de ma mere in terms of faithfulness in form and meaning. As far as faithfulness in form is concerned, it is suggested that there should be corrections in the deletion of question markers in rhetorical questions and the phonetic translations of onomatopoeic and mimetic words. In terms of faithfulness in meaning, it is found that there are some mistranslations and lack of consistency stemming from the misunderstanding of the original work and the culture behind it. It is also shown that the three volumes of the book, each of which was translated in different situations, have similar problems in terms of ‘faithfulness’. This paper shows that the only way to achieve ‘faithfulness’ in translation is the complete understanding of the original work and the constant effort to maintain consistency.

Focusing on the dilemma of a literary translator between semantic faithfulness to the source text(ST) and creative intervention, this paper studies wordplays in Children's Classic Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. There is no better field than translation of wordplays to deal with the issue of creativity in literary translation, as the only way to be faithful to the intention of the original text is paradoxically to be unfaithful to its exact use of words(Delabastita 1996: 135). Translators of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland are required to decide to what extent they should intervene to deliver the intention of the ST author as wordplays are significant literary devices in the ST at the same time, as translators of a children's literature, they need to consider readability of the target language(TL) readers. Wordplays discussed in this paper are homophones, homographs, homonyms, parodical puns and puns of words with contrasting meanings. 8 target texts analyzed in this study showed two major types of translation techniques: 1) create new wordplays in the TL, and 2) translate the original wordplays and explain by footnotes or in parenthesis. Three translators created their own wordplays while 5 other translators systematically translated the original wordplays with its meaning and form intact. The analysis shows even in the translation between languages with such big linguistic and cultural differences as in the English-Korean translation, it is possible to deliver the poetic, witty, and humorous effects of the original by creating new wordplays.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze three translations of Kim Dong-in's Potatoes using contrastive methods focusing on stylistic features in the source and target texts. Style can be defined as a writer's peculiar way of choosing, ordering, and arranging language. Style is not a simple linguistic phenomenon at the rhetorical level but more importantly it is an entangled relationship between the themes, thought of the characters, and the writer's world-view. Thus, the writer's literary style is reflected in his/her own writing, which in turn affects the emotional response of a reader. As has been openly declared by the writer, Potatoes manifests different style from other main-stream novels written at the time. This has motivated me to explore how the intention or the style of Kim Dong-in has been reflected in translated texts. In literary works, literary translation included, ‘how’ works are expressed is often as important as ‘what’ is delivered. For the purpose of analysis, this paper employed the analysis of Kim Dong-in's literary style reported in Hwang (2002). The source text demonstrated authoritative narrative structure and it was found to have such features as the lack of description and summarized narration and the use of dialogues as an effective way of delivering its message. Based on the contrastive analysis of the three translations, the paper proposes that the translation of the literary style of the source text is an important factor in literary translation.

The present study comparatively analyzes one of the Korean's brilliant court literature 'NHanjungrok'Nand its two English translations Han Joong Nok: Reminiscences in Retirement(TT1) and The Memoirs of Lady Hyegy.ng: The Autobiographical Writings of a Crown Princess of Eighteenth Century Korea(TT2) in order to find how the respective translators of TT1 and TT2 deal with a whole range of problems encountered in the process of translating literary classics. In exploring such a research question, this study primarily draws on the so-called dual standards in translation evaluation, namely readability and faithfulness. This study finds that there is a 16 year difference between the creation of TT1 and TT2 and that the translator of TT2 displayed a heavier mediation in her translation. These findings suggest that there has been an enhanced understanding of the role of the translator as a communication mediator. The study also suggests that the future research should go beyond such a rigid binary opposition of readability and faithfulness in discussing translation evaluation for a more fruitful exploration of traslational questions.

The purpose of this paper is to examine translation strategies in translating English metaphoric expressions into Korean by focusing on the influential elements which have much to do with deciding translation strategies. The metaphoric expression is considered as a difficult item in cross-cultural translation because target text readers are unable to understand metaphoric expressions as they do not share knowledge and experience of the exotic cultural elements in the original text. Accordingly the translator has to choose the appropriate strategy to help the target text readers to understand cultural elements and share the equivalent connotations. This paper has indicated that English metaphoric expressions related to the body parts are translated into Korean by three strategies, that is, metaphoric expression-to-metaphoric expression, substitution of equivalent metaphoric expression and paraphrase, which are decided by considering the sameness of conceptual metaphor, degree of conventionalization, and metaphorical transparency.

This study addresses directionality underlying strategies employed during Korean-English simultaneous interpreting. The nature of simultaneous interpreting involving a complex deployment of concomitant tasks, necessitates professional interpreters to develop and constantly refine interpreting strategies. Interpreting strategies used during L1-to-L2 interpreting, however, have often been reported to be different from those used during L2-to-L1 interpreting, lending support to the hypothesis that simultaneous interpreting from L1 involves different processes and goals from interpreting from L2. Analysis of recordings of simultaneous interpreting among three professional Korean-English interpreters actually revealed that they employed different strategies according to the interpreting direction. Such a directionality can be caused by various factors including linguistic, social, and cognitive elements. During English-to- Korean interpreting, it seemed, the main objective of the interpreters was to convey the source text as accurately as possible, and attentional focuses were placed on its surface features including cohesive devices. While interpreting from Korean into English, however, the main objective was to deliver a target text understandable among the audience and thus interpreters were more geared toward meaning-based interpreting. This approach required interpreters to employ such strategies as omission and paraphrasing.

Simultaneous interpreting requires special expertise which distinguishes the conference interpreters from other bilinguals. It is argued in this study that working memory capacity as well as knowledge about topic being discussed are the two factors that constitute the expertise of conference interpreters. Under such assumption, working memory spans of two groups of conference interpreters - seven interpreters in the Experienced Group with more than ten years of working experience and 16 interpreters in the Novice Group with less than three years of experience - were measured. Also, a survey was conducted to assess the topic knowledge of the two groups of interpreters. Then, English into Korean simultaneous interpreting experiment was carried out to investigate the implications of working memory capacity and topic knowledge on the interpreters' ability to transfer information from source language to target language. The interpreters' ability to transfer information was measured in terms of their ability to transfer meaning segments referred to as Idea Units and Essential Idea Units in the texts. The results of the experiment showed that while Experienced Group was able to transfer higher percentage of both Idea Units and Essential Idea Units than Novice Group, Novice Group of interpreters were more influenced by working memory span than knowledge while the Experienced Group was more influenced by the Topic Knowledge in their abilities to transfer information during simultaneous interpreting.

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the challenging issues in subtitling and establish effective strategies for the better subtitling. Subtitling is quite different from standard textual translation and consists of incorporating on the screen a written text which is a condensed version in the target text of what can be heard on screen. A subtitled text has to be shorter than the audio because the viewer needs the necessary time to read the captions while at the same time remaining unaware that he or she is actually reading. Specifically, it is a burdening task to render English text into Korean version within the subtitling framework while remaining faithful to the original and in synchronization with the audio and visual flow on the screen. As principal operations in subtitling, this study shows condensing, elimination, cultural adaptation and quantitative reduction of target text. From the analysis, this study shows there is a quantitative difference of reduced translation between film and documentary genres. There is more reduction rate on the character level in documentary genre. Therefore, subtitler should establish different subtitling strategy in conformity to genre. In conclusion, subtitler should perceive the message and context of ST thoroughly and convey the core of meaning effectively in TT.

Literary translation serves as an important activity which is at the core of a complex network of social and cultural practices. Translation of Korean literary texts into foreign languages may play one of the key roles in making channel through which Korean culture communicate with other cultures. The problem arises: who would translate? This paper purports to study the translation of Korean literary texts by foreign translators, focusing on a practice of literary translation from Korean into Russian. In an attempt to meet the purpose of the study, the process and the result of literary translation classes with Russian students, conducted by the author, were analysed. The analysis was based on 6 aspects: society and culture, naming, linguistic characteristics, historical events, idiomatic expressions and stylistic features. It is suggested that there should be a systematic mechanism which could make co-work between Korean adviser and foreign translator more productive.

Translation and Interpreting (T/I) is closely related to culture and there is a general consensus that cultural competence is a vital ingredient in carrying out interpreting and translation activities in an effective way. However, general knowledge and definition of cultural competence often fall into the domain of encyclopedia knowledge, and so far there has been lack of related studies on identifying and defining what cultural competence really is. Thus, this study aims to explore existing research on T/I and culture, and on cultural competence with various angles. And then, based on critical examination and analysis of these existing studies, it will define what cultural competence means to Translation and Interpreting and figure out its components. In this study, cultural competence is divided into three components. The first is to acquire and understand source and target cultures, the second is to act as a mediator between the two cultures, and the third is to serve as an active agent of social and cultural activities. These three competences are related to “Knowing,” “Doing,” and “Identity” in terms of T/I and culture.