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This study aimed to suggest theoretical and practical significance on popular song-driven tourism by analyzing lyrics at exploratory level. Tourism studies are expanding their horizons connecting tourism and entertainment. Among the entertainment genres, song is the most abstract form of delivering message to audience, which enable to sharing the intended images. Tourist consumed the image of the destination and buyer of popular song indirectly consume the song-image loaded destination in turn. Noting that destination themed popular songs were frequently appearing on market and lyrics of those songs include ladies, the research is focused on destination and lady mixed title song. Total 139 song’s lyrics were analyzed by using TEXTOM and UCINET tools. Study found 50 frequently-featured words, constructed semantic network of lyrics and revealed network’s structural and hierarchical relations by CONCOR analysis. Reliability tested by peer debriefing method. Lady, love, heart, mind and today were frequently appeared and have high degree centrality, which constructed semantic network in lyrics: lady in destination are longing for lovers in which lady is personified form of destination and in turn destination is place to return for lover. Also separated place, hometown, empathy and longing for lovers were found as four discourses of songs above. Semantic analysis also deepen the popular song-driven tourism discussion such as lady as destination ambassador, destination located song monument and local product. Significances of research that popular songs possibly are used as tourism contents. Basically one of traits of entertainment contents its connectivity. Limitations also included at the end of article.

This study examined what factors affect the capital structure and how the global financial crisis affects the relationship between the factors and capital structure for the food service industry in South Korea. Sample firms are composed of 39 firms belonging to the food service industry among those listed on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ markets of the Korea Exchange. The sample period is 20 years from 2000 to 2019 and sample is composed of 701 firm-year observations. We employed the panel regression model, where the dependent variables are the debt ratios measured by total debt ratio (total debt to equity), current debt ratio (current debt to equity), and non-current debt ratio (non-current debt to equity). And independent variables of the model are firm characteristics variables such as firm size, asset intensity, growth, non-debt tax shield, liquidity, operating profit on total assets, stock return, risk, and firm age. We found that firm size, growth, asset intensity, liquidity, operating profit on total assets, and firm age had a significant impact on total debt ratio in the analysis for entire sample period. We also showed that firm size, asset intensity, operating profit on total assets, and firm age impacted on non-current debt ratio. In the analysis of the sub-periods before and after the financial crisis, we showed that the financial crisis affects the relationship between the firm characteristic variables and capital structure of out-food firms. The results of the study are expected to be useful information for managers and investors of the food service firms, and government officials in charge of policies for the industry in South Korea.

As shown by the desire and popularity for air travel, air travel has become popular among people, and they are also getting used to passenger guidelines and in-flight safety knowledge when using airplanes. For this reason, tourists who frequently travel by air tend to think that pre-flight education on in-flight safety knowledge is repetitive, uninteresting, and boring. As a result, some of these passengers underestimate the importance of safety knowledge included in in-flight safety education and do not focus on safety briefings. Many think they already know the contents of in-flight safety knowledge and remain careless during safety briefings. However, more injuries or deaths may occur if insufficient measures are taken in the event of an accident, due to lack of attention and lack of safety-related information acquisition during in-flight safety education. In other words, it can be seen that the passenger's safety attitude or safety-related behavioral intention for in-flight safety education, which briefs passengers on in-flight safety knowledge, may appear differently depending on the level of understanding of the passenger's in-flight safety knowledge. Therefore, the purpose of this study is as follows. The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the mediation effect of safety attitude and the moderation effect of in-flight safety knowledge, in the relationship between the normative value of airline in-flight safety education and passenger's behavioral intention, on tourists who traveled by air before the outbreak of COVID-19. Therefore, a survey was conducted from June 28 to August 16, 2021, and an empirical analysis was conducted with 378 valid questionnaires, and the analysis results are as follows. First, it was found that the normative value of in-flight safety education directly affects the passenger's behavioral intention and indirectly but significantly affects the passenger's safety attitude. Second, in the influence relationship between the normative value of in-flight safety education and the passenger's behavioral intention, it was found that the influence relationship was controlled when the level of in-flight safety knowledge was above average. Based on these results, practical implications for domestic airlines are presented along with theoretical implications.

Happiness can be said to be the ultimate goal of life that everyone can feel. It is said that 95% of people who participate in temple stay feel happy after getting away from their tiring daily life. That’s why this study aims to analyze the structural relationship among the factors of emotion, flow and happiness for temple stay participants. For this study, a total of 280 questionnaires were handed out during October 3 to 27, 2019 to temple stay participants and 252 questionnaires were used for the final analysis. Frequency and reliability analysis were performed with SPSS 18.0, and confirmatory factor analysis and structural model analysis were performed with AMOS 25.0. Findings were as follows. It was found that positive emotions positively influenced cognitive and behavioral flow towards temple stay participants. Otherwise, negative emotions didn’t influence cognitive and behavioral flow towards temple stay participants. Additionally, cognitive and behavioral flow positively influenced happiness towards temple stay participants. The results show that temple stay is a recommended activity for those who try various changes to pursue happiness. The key implications are as follows. First, it is proven that temple stay is different from other active tourism experiences in that it evokes positive emotions of participants through emotional stability. Second, by empirically analyzing the structural relationship of 3 factors, this study resolved the structural questions among emotion, flow and happiness of temple stay participants who pursuit happiness. Third, findings contribute to adding research cases of an emotional or psychological perspective in the tourism field.

The aims of this study is to analyze effects of organizational culture typology on organizational commitment and its mediating effect of empowerment in hotel industry through the structral equation modeling. How the influencing factors of empowerment differentiate between organizational culture typology and organizational commitment. The study adopted a questionnaire method in research of hotel industry in Seoul of Korea. Data were collected from 311 employees for empirical analysis. Technique used in analyzing data was SEM. Amos 24.0 program was applied in the analysis. Variables used in the research are summed up as follows. Influencing variables of organizational commitment, which are an exogenous latent variable, are consisted of developmental culture, rational culture, group culture, and hierarchical culture. Mediating variable is consisted of empowerment. Endogenous latent variable is consisted of organizational commitment. The study itself is consisted of four basic parts. The second chapter addresses the research scales and model for empirical study by reviewing previous related references. In the third chapter, empirical analysis on research models on organizational commitment, focusing on nested and revised models, will be implemented after suggesting methodology and study design for the research. The findings obtained from the analysis is discussed in the fourth chapter, closing with some short concluding remark. In conclusion, a series of causal factors, ie organizational culture typology has significant influence on organizational commitment and its mediating effect of empowerment.

This study conducted a theoretical review of tourism satisfaction for DMZ tourism development and an empirical study targeting tourists. Through the study, we will analyze variables related to DMZ tourism to identify factors that can improve tourism satisfaction and suggest ways to preserve the natural ecosystem and use it as a global peace tourism and ecotourism destination that improves the status of the DMZ as an international and peaceful tourist destination. In order to conduct empirical research, based on previous studies, emotions felt through tourism, tourism service quality, and tourism field experience were composed of independent variables, and tourism motivation and tourism value were composed of parameters. A hypothesis was derived to understand the relationship between tourism emotion and tourism service quality on tourism motivation and tourism value, and the relationship between tourism motivation and tourism value on tourism satisfaction, and a research model was established based on this. It is necessary to promote DMZ peace zone, preserve the ecosystem, register as a World Heritage Site, develop various tourism contents in the DMZ region, develop service quality as a world tourist destination, discover and promote attractive values, and provide attention and institutional support from the government and local communities. In addition, active efforts will be needed to increase tourism satisfaction of domestic and foreign tourists by establishing a DMZ tourism brand development strategy.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how satisfaction factors of leisure sports tourism activities recognized by MZ generations affect intention to continue participation in the future and how perceived value of leisure sports tourism plays a mediating role between the two variables, and to help establish strategies for activating leisure sports tourism market centered on MZ generations in the future.,For this purpose, a survey was conducted on 390 leisure sports club members. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 program to analyze correlation, multiple regression analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis. First, all four variables except 'cost factor' among the sub-variables of leisure sports tourism satisfaction had a positive effect on intention to participate in the event. Second, the mediating effect of tourism value was verified in the relationship between the selected four sub-factors and intention to participate in the event. Since MZ generation pursue the direction of happiness different from the older geneation, safety, accessibility, leisure facilities, and surrounding scenery should be considered. And since it is not acceptable in the related industry, it is expected to be more active when the program development and investment support for the surrounding landscape are combined with the local governments in terms of regional economic revitalization.

The year 2020 marked the 70th anniversary of the Korean War and the 67th anniversary of the establishment of the DMZ. This study aims to analyze the process of tourism resources development of the DMZ Region based on the tourism policy of the past Korean governments (nine administrations), focusing on the path dependency theory of the historical institutionalism. Considering the theoretical and practical classification methods together, tourism resources were classified as security tourism resources, eco-tourism resources, peace tourism resources, historical-cultural tourism resources. The analysis was applied by documentary research method and case study research method. The findings of the research identified that firstly, the period between the early 1980s and late 1990s, which is the path formative phase, was centered on security tourism. Secondly, the period between the late 1990s and late 2000s, which could be categorized as the path extensional phase, expanded to ecological and peace tourism. Thirdly, in the period between the late 2000s and late 2010s, which could be classified as the path consolidated. It stretched out its boundaries, linking and patterning ecological, peace, security, historical-cultural tourism. This shows that the process of tourism resources development of the DMZ Region based on the tourism policy of the past Korean governments has been institutionalized through path dependency.

This study was designed to suggest insights on helping stimulate food markets at department stores, and setting marketing directions by analyzing how the selection attributes of department store food market users have changed since COVID-19, and what impact the relationship between the consumption value of department store food market users has had on selection attributes and customer behavior intentions? This study found that consumption value had a positive (+) effect on selection attributes and behavior intentions, and that selection attributes also had a positive (+) effect on behavior intentions. Among consumption values, this study discovered that emotional value had a significant impact on all selection attributes. Therefore, food markets at department stores should look to secure separate resting areas to relieve stress built up from using the department store and relax, offer a wide variety of foods and dining options, design lines of movement to make it easier for users to access amenities, install various cultural facilities and develop programs to lure consumers shopping online due to COVID-19 to brick-and-mortar (offline) stores. Moreover, in addition to just selling food, food markets at department stores should make continued efforts to transform themselves as venues that can deliver comfort and happiness to users by securing space for activities and experiences designed to instill a sense of comfort and pleasure to users and visitors. Thus, the department store industry should devise and implement an aggressive marketing strategy that may include securing a variety of food options and restaurant brands to create a more shopper-friendly environment and attract new customers, creating a comfortable atmosphere and a great ambiance by refreshing/renovating facilities in line with latest trends, securing and developing venues and lines of movement to help customers see, enjoy, and experience everything the department store has to offer, and positioning its food market as a premium food venue with quality customers expect from a department store.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between psychological capital (confidence, hope, resilience, optimism) and job performance of tourism industrial workers. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, a survey was conducted targeting employees of tourism industry in 10 cities in korea. The survey was conducted over a period of about one month from May 1, 2021 to June 1, 2021. 150 copies of the questionnaire were distributed, and 145 copies were used as final analysis data. Analysis result using SPSS 23.0 program and AMOS 23.0 program, Among the psychological capital of tourism industry employees, ‘confidence’ and ‘hope’ form a positive (+) influence relationship on job performance (job satisfaction, organizational commitment), Hypothesis1-1, Hypothesis1-2, Hypothesis2-1, and Hypothesis2-2 was adopted. However, as the relationship between resilience and optimism among psychological capitals did not form a positive (+) effect on job performance (job satisfaction, organizational commitment), Hypothesis1-3, Hypothesis1-4, Hypothesis2-3, and Hypothesis2-4 were rejected. Through this study, psychological capital of tourism industry employees was confirmed as 'confidence' and 'hope'. It is suggested that the tourism industry needs a management strategy for human resource management that can strengthen 'confidence' and 'hope' among employees' psychological capital in order to maximize business performance and improve employees' quality of life.

This study is aimed at analysis of purchase behavior through evaluation of importance and satisfaction of users for evaluation factors of Servicescape of Waterpark. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was conducted for the subject of 327 college students with experience of visiting Waterpark since the occurrence of COVID-19, and the following results have been derived. First, the first quartile was shown to be 5 items such as employees' mask wearing, disinfection of public goods (life jacket, sun bed, table, etc.), quarantine of facilities (pool, slide), optimum water temperature and indoor temperature, diversified amenities (spa, therapy, Korean sauna, etc.). Secondly, The second quartile was shown to be 7 items such as locker, management of distancing upon using shower room, optimum restriction of users of pool, slide, optimum restriction of users of locker and shower room, hygiene management of amenities (food and beverage), clean water quality, pleasant air, differentiated diverse facilities (pool, slide), etc. Thirdly, the third quartile was shown to be 8 items including, management of distancing upon waiting for use of pool, slide, optimum prices (admission fee, rental fee,), optimum prices (food and beverage), price discount system (credit card, partnership event), unique atmosphere only of Waterpark, sensual design of facilities (pool, slide), facility arrangement considering circulation, water play facilities for children (infant) ad elderly, etc. Fourthly, the fourth quartile was shown to be 6 items including management of fever check and electronic entry list before admission, optimum restriction of the daily number of visitors of Waterpark, attractiveness of appearance and facility of Waterpark, easily identifiable guide signs, safety of various facilities in Waterpark, equipping of instruments and facility in preparation for safety accidents, etc. Based on the study results, implications useful for field application have been presented.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the unfair trade experience of tourism consumers using OTA by applying the phenomenological research method, and to discover the individual characteristics, essential structure, and general structural description of the experience. The data collection for the analysis was collected through in-depth one-on-one interviews with 8 tourism consumers who had experience in unfair trade in the process of tourism products. As an analysis method, Colaizzi(1978)'s phenomenological research technique was applied. Colaizzi's phenomenological research technique is characterized by focusing on the common attributes of the research participants' statements. As a result of the analysis, 3 essential structures, 8 theme clusters, and 27 themes were derived. The derived essential structure was matched with the research problem of the 'content-cause-evaluation' structure. First, in terms of content, 'difficulty of canceling the contract' was derived as the essence, and 'excessive cancellation fee', 'avoidance of refund responsibility' were derived for the theme cluster. Second, in terms of the cause of the transaction, 'irrationality of the transaction conditions' was derived as the essence, and 'abuse of business status', 'infringement of property rights and choice of tourism consumers', 'unfair business conditions', 'vulnerable tourism consumer status' were derived for the theme cluster. Third, in terms of evaluation, 'distrust of OTA' was derived as the essence, and 'OTA's lack of service mind', 'OTA's indifference to tourism consumer protection' were derived from the theme cluster. In conclusion, this study confirmed the practical problems that occur in OTA by presenting the essential structure through the experience of unfair trade of tourism consumers.

The cultural similarity is a key factor in the intentions to travel. This study put focus on investigating the impact of geographic distance on cultural similarity and finding the key factor which causes the irregular relationship between cultural similarity and visit intentions. The empirical analysis was operated using the SPSS WIN Ver. 21.0 statistical package program after the questionnaire was collected, and the survey was conducted to 350 residents in China from 15 August to 23 August in 2021. Findings revealed that there exits direct impact among geographic distance, cultural similarity and visit intentions. The results of the difference analysis on cultural similarity and visit intentions according to geographic distance show that when selecting a specific tourist destination, Chinese tourists tend to prefer tourist destinations that are similar to their own customs and communication ways, among which, the visitors living in Guangdong, Beijing and Shanghai comparatively have higher visit intentions with higher cultural similarity towards Korea, and there exits the moderating factor like cultural motivation between cultural similarity and visit intentions. In more detail, while a sense of distance is formed from tourist countries with different social environments or lifestyles, and the visit intentions is lowered, yet in pursuit of cultural exploration, there is a tendency to visit the countries with different cultural backgrounds or low cultural similarity. This study bears valuable theoretical contributions and implications for destination marketing practices.

The recent domestic dining out consumption trend is developing into a well-being type of dining out culture that contains emotional values that combine taste, fashion, and pleasure. Therefore, the paradigm of eating out culture is changing to improve the quality of life of consumers. This change has been shown by consumers' interest in well-being and well-being food that pursues a healthy and happy life. The purpose of this study was to empirically verify the effects between quality attributes, satisfaction, and purchasing attitude on medicinal cuisine targeting consumers who are interested in or have experienced medicinal cuisine. This survey conducted a survey of 248 consumers who were interested in or experienced medicinal cuisine. The main research results of this study are summarized as follows, focusing on hypothesis verification. First, as a result of analyzing the effect of the pharmacological quality attribute on consumer satisfaction, it was found that the pharmacological action and cooking selection attribute had a significant positive effect on satisfaction, and the nutritional quality attribute did not significantly affect satisfaction. Second, as a result of analyzing the effect of consumers' satisfaction with the quality of medicinal products on the purchase attitude, it was found that the consumer's satisfaction had a significant positive effect on the purchase attitude. Third, as a result of analyzing the effect of the medicinal food quality attribute on the consumer's purchasing attitude, it was found that the pharmacological action and cooking selection attribute had a significant positive effect on the purchasing attitude, and the nutritional quality attribute did not.

The goal of this study is to identify the properties of wine selection that the consumer thinks most important when they buys the wine by using the BWS(Best-Worst Scaling) analysis. We grasped the relative importance of 13 factors as the selection property when buying wine with the use of general counting method. This research showed the following results: first, the important properties of 13 property factors were the taste, price and recommendation in order, while the less important properties were the color, label and alcohol proof etc.; second, this research observed the importance of 13 selection factors with the demographic characteristics when buying the wine. The result observed by gender analyzed that both men and women made much of the taste, while they didn't make much of the wine color. The result observed by age showed that the recommendation factor made much at the most of age was not made much by the age of 51 years old, while they made much of the promotion factor. The result observed by income showed that only those with less than 30 million won of income made much of the promotion factor. This research seems to grasp the wine selection property that can affect consumer's selection, and provide the importance in order of preference, and to be used as marketing data to activate the sales when it is applied to wine company. This research suggested that in the wine market where the consumer's desire is diversified, we can develop the better wine products by verifying the properties of wine selection, and that we can make use of this research in several promotion activities that fit to the target customer and consumption situation.

This study analyzed the influence relationship between the person-environment fit (job, supervisor, organization, co-worker) of airline cabin crew on service innovation behavior and the moderating effect of self-efficacy. 250 copies of the questionnaire were used for the analysis. As a result of the analysis, first, it was found that person-job fit, person-supervisor fit, person-organization fit had a significant positive (+) effect on service innovation behavior of airline cabin crew. This suggests that it is necessary to continuously support creative job performance through systematic job training for each position, and introduce a reasonable personnel management system and a systematic compensation system through fair and objective evaluations for members who have taken innovative actions. Second, it was found that person-coworker fit did not have a significant effect on the service innovation behavior of airline cabin crew. This is thought to be able to suppress the expression of creative innovation behavior as a result of crew members being operated as a team and are more interested in maintaining relationships with colleagues rather than suggesting creative and new ideas. Third, person-supervisor fit was found to be the variable showing the greatest influence on the service innovation behavior of airline cabin crew. Therefore, airlines need to create bonds with their superiors and maintain a close relationship with their superiors through team leader leadership and effective communication training to inspire individual-boss suitability. Finally, as a result of verifying the moderating effect of self-efficacy, it was found that it plays a statistically significant moderating role in person-organization fit, a sub-factor of person-environment fit. Therefore, it suggests that airlines need in-house service competitions and various training programs to enhance their employees' self-efficacy in addition to job-related training.