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About a genealogy of kings of the early Koguryo dynasty, there are some differences among materials and incorrect parts in Samguksagi. There are different opinions among historians on this account. So, this study reviewed about the king's genealogy from Jumong to King Sansang. As the result, Jumong, King Yuri and King Daemusin were in the father-son relationship, King Minjung was King Daemusin’s younger brother, and King Mobon was his son. King Taejo may be a descendant of Jumong although he had been known as King Yuri’s grandson previously. King Chadae was Jumong’s descent, but his ancestors was not known, and it is strongly possible that King Sindae was Taejo’s grandson. King Kogukwon and Sansang were sons of King Sindae. The family name of kings was different each other. The family name of Jumong was Ko, kings' family name from King Yuri to Minjung were Hae, and those were Ko after King Taejo. In other words, Jumong’s family name originally was Hae, but he changed into Ko after he had established the Koguryo dynasty. King Yuri used the family name Hae because King Yuri was born in Buyeo, and his descendants followed his name. Kings after King Taejo used Ko, Jumong's family name, because they were descendants of Jumong.

The location of Jinpo(鎭浦) in the famous Jinpo-Daecheop (Jinpo Great victory) in 1380 has not been illuminated despite of the long debate between two sides of assertors ; one for Gunsan(群山), the other for Seocheon(舒川). The major reason for this seems to be in the weakness in the empirical method for any of them. It is needless to say that Jinpo-Daecheop should be treated only as a problem historically happened in the Koryo period therefore it should be investigated above all based on the materials of Koryo period. For this purpose firstly the author by the contrastive analysis of the many Jinpos in the Dongguk-Yeoji-Seunglam which are complicated and liable to lead to misunderstanding, could get down to the Hansan-Yimpi(閑山-臨陂) Jinpo Living Area which seems to reflect the facts of Koryo period. Secondly the author argued that Jinpo in Daedong-Yeojido(The Great Map of the East) came to be established in Joseon period, Naripo(羅里浦) in the map which was the base of the Old Jinseong-Granary(古鎭城倉) is just the original Jinpo in the Koryo period. The Old Jinseong-Granary had to be moved to the mountain area due to the severe Japanese pirate’s offense since 14th century. The secret story of moving Granary from river base to the mountain area can be read in the The Record of Marine Transportation in Yongan Castle(龍安城漕轉記) by Kwon-geun. From the perspective of the east asian historical environment, moving the Old Jinseong-Granary, which has been kept over 400 years since the founding of Koryo Dynasty, from river to the mountain unexpectedly for the common sense, was not only from the attack of the Japanese pirates but also from the influence of new policy of Ocean Blockade by Ming Dynasty who became the new political power of the Chinese world in place of Yuan dynasty in 1368. The location of Jinseong-Granary is related not only to the rise and fall of the Koryo Dynasty but also to the cataclysm of the 14th century East Asian history. .

There were many heated debates about the posthumous promotion of princess jungwon to Wonjong, the punishment of princess Insung and the capital punishment of Gangbin, a wife of the crown princess Sohyun, during King Injo’s reign. Injo succeeded to carry out his purpose against the strong opposition of many of his subjects. Injo thought that a king played an important role in eliminating ‘bungdang’, political strife, which impinged upon the authority of a king and weakened the country. He told that bungdang was worse than the war or helping the enemy, so he was very antagonistic toward bungdang. He had always doubts about bungdang among the bureaucracy. Thus, his servants feared that they would be misunderstood by the king, and they got inactive in dealing various national affairs. As a result, Injo managed to eliminate the vice of bungdang, and could charge forward with political issues at his pleasure. Nonetheless, it was inevitable that he could not remove bungdang completely from the political stage. The truth was that Injo was adamant about eliminating bungdang, then his subjects just contained themselves from playing bungdang activities. In this light, I insist, the popular view must be corrected that bungdang played a role in creating checks and balances in the political scene during Injo’s reign.

In this Paper I have mentioned that there were serious mistakes not only in some Authorized Korean History textbook(ATKH) which are used at the high school but also in the College Scholastic Ability Test(CSAT) and a Sham Examination of CSAT(SECAST). This paper is divided into two parts. First, you can see the example of wrong explanation which are reported in the Authorized textbooks of Korean History. Next I have commented that there were so many faults in ATKH, CSAT and SECAST.

Donheon Im Byeong-chan was born in Okgu, Gunsan, and he became the leader of the righteous army. In 1906, he raised the righteous army in Taein with Myeonam(勉庵) Choi Ik-hyeon and was arrested and exiled to Tsushima Island and then came back the next year. Later, he organized Dokrip-Uigunbu(獨立義 軍府) getting a secret order from Gojong(高宗) in 1914. Sending a letter about the recovery of national sovereignty to the Joseon governor-general and Japanese Prime Minster, he was again exiled to Geomun Island for the violation of the Security Law and died there. The Taein Righteous Army raised in 1906 by Im Byeong-chan was the first righteous army raised in Jeonra-do after the Eulsa Treaty was concluded forcibly. And it was noticed early for the righteous army war that had influenced the other regions considerably. And the organization of Dokrip-Uigunbu in 1914 has been referred to as one of the representative monarchistic movements in the 1910’s. But Im Byeong-chan had to be labeled with his status all the time. As he was a local official(鄕吏), he could not get Gojong’s secret order even though he wanted to raise a righteous army. And at the uprising of the Taein Righteous Army, Gi Woo-man refused to join saying that Choi Ik-hyeon’s righteous army was, in fact, led by Im Byeong-chan, the local official. This continued even after his death. Even his descendants did not reveal his status openly, and the scholars have been introducing him as a person from a distinguished family. And there was another thing that kept following Im Byeong-chan. It was that he made Kim Gae-nam, the leader of the Donghak Peasant Army, get killed; they were saying that he lured him and informed on him to the police. It took place in Taein, the base of the Donghak Peasant Revolution, so Im Byeong-chan was underestimated even more. Of course, it was the greatest fault in his life that Im Byeong-chan did lure Kim Gae-nam and make him get killed. In consideration of his whole life, however, his contributions to the independence movement against Japan were great enough to cover that fault he made. He was exiled twice to Tsushima Island and Geomun Island, and he died for the country in the place of exile after all. And five years before the 3·1 Movement began, he suggested a new direction of the independence movement that was non-violent resistance in Korea. Therefore, from now on, we should think about Im Byeong-chan outside his status and the bridle of Kim Gae-nam to see the true aspects of his.

Presently, Korean historians have general views on the origin of the Korean Pon'gwan system based on a historical theory, in which the Koryǒ court rendered T'osǒng to local elites in the early Koryǒ period and that the Korean Pon'gwan system derived from T'osǒng.(Korean historians generally call it T'osǒngpunchǒngsǒl) But the historical theory is controversial. In this paper, I want to review the historical theory and suggest my own view on the origin of the Korean Pon'gwan system.

This manuscript intends to conduct a systematic review educational change in areas surrounding Okgu and Kunsan Port during the Modern Reform Period and define changes in the Okgu and Kunsan societies in terms of the response of Okgu and Kunsan residents to the educational changes. Okgu Hyanggyo during the second half of Joseon Dynasty went through changes incorporating the new rising class. The opening of Kunsan Port in 1899 brought a crucial transformation in the Okgu education that was focused on Confucianism. The Daehan Empire established Okgu Port Public Elementary School in Yangsajae of Okgu Hyanggyo. Some Okgu residents chose the new education while the others insisted on the traditional Confucian education. Jinmyung Eusuk was established near the open port. After the signing of Eul Sa Neuk Yak, Japan closed Okgu Port Public Elementary School promoting Okgu residents to establish Jin Myung School. A large family from Okgu actively participated in Jin Myung School followed by a variety of more people. However, there were some who maintained the Integrity Ideology. The areas surrounding the open port experienced more significant changes. A large number of people migrated into the area. Various organizations such as Okgu-Kunsanhang-Mindan were established and various schools including Kumho School was built. Japan established Public Kunsan Common School as a colonial education institute. However, Kunsan residents provided a full support for the school to receive a complete elementary education. The students mainly consisted of the children of merchants who moved near the open port. Unfortunately, Japan turned the school into a cheap colonial educational institute. They closed various schools established by Koreans and changed them to create a colonial education system with the Kunsan Common School. Nevertheless, the efforts of Okgu and Kunsan residents were not in vain and formed the foundation of national and social activities later on.

본고는 淸나라 말기에 駐美公使를 역임하였던 崔國因의 日記와 文集을 통하여, 그가 駐美公使로 나아가기 이 전 시기와 그 이후 시기에 조선의 安全 問題에 대하여 어떠한 인식을 가지고 있었는지 살펴보려 한다. 崔國因 은 전통적 세계관을 가지고 있는 지식인이었지만, 그는 그가 살던 사회적 문제에 많은 관심을 가지고 있었고, 이러한 관심으로 특히 “洋務運動”에 적극적으로 참여하여 세상에 이름이 알려졌다. 그리고 그가 駐美公使로 임명될 수 있었던 중요한 원인 중에 하나도 당시 실력가인 李鴻章이 “洋務運動”에 대한 그의 능력을 높게 평 가하였기 때문이었다. 미국 공사로 부임하기 이전에, 崔國因은 조선이 중국의 국방상 안전에 있어 매우 중요한 의미를 가지고 있다 고 굳게 믿고 있었다. 그는 일본이나 러시아가 조선을 침략할 것이라고 생각하였다. 그리고 만일 조선이 이들 국가들로부터 침략을 받게 되면 淸나라에서는 반드시 武力을 동원하여 조선에 군대를 파견해야 한다고 주장 하였다. 그가 일본이 조선을 침략할 것이라 생각하였던 이유는 당시 일본이 아시아 각 지역에서 문제를 일으 키고 있었기 때문이었다. 그리고 그가 러시아가 조선을 침략할 것으로 보았던 까닭은 당시 淸나라 사회에 만 연되어 있던 “防俄論”의 영향을 받은 것이었다. 아마도 그는, 1882년 ‘壬午軍亂’ 때 淸나라가 군대를 파견한 것 을 보고, 朝鮮을 무력으로 보호해야 한다고 주장하였던 듯한데, 하지만 이러한 그의 주장은 현실과는 다른 것 이었다. 왜냐하면 淸나라 군대는 이들 강대국들을 상대하여 이겨낼 만큼 결코 강하지 않았기 때문이었다. 미국 공사로 부인한 이후, 崔國因은 러시아가 조선을 침략할 가능성이 더욱 큰 것으로 보았다. 그리하여 그는 중국과 일본이 연합하여 조선을 보호해야 한다고 주장하였다. 그는 당시 국제 관계를 분석하여, 러시아가 유 럽에서 “3國同盟”으로 인해 많은 제약을 받고 있으므로, 아시아 지역 특히 조선을 침략할 가능성이 클 것으로 보았다. 그리고 러시아가 시베리아 철도를 건설하기 시작한 이후로는 러시아가 시베리아 철도를 이용하여 조 선을 침략할 것이라는 그의 생각은 더욱 확고해졌다. 이에 비하여, 崔國因은 일본의 세력이 강대해지고 그들 의 야심이 점점 커지고 있는 모습은 인식하지 못하였다. 오히려 그는 “同文同種”의 시각에서 중국과 일본이 연합할 것을 주장하였다. 이를 좀 더 자세히 말해 보면, 崔國因이 중국과 일본이 연합하여 조선을 보호해야 한 다고 주장하였던 목적은 중국이 그렇게 함으로써 일본을 전통적인 華夷의 질서 속으로 편입시킬 수 있을 것이라 생각하였다.

This is intended to study ideas about protecting Korea of CuiGuoyin through reviewing his journal and memorials. CuiGuoyin was a traditional intellectual, but he was concerned about the current affairs and was versed in foreign affairs. Li Hung-chang appreciated his ability in foreign affairs. Therefore, Cuiguoyin was appointed minister to Americain1889. Before leaving China, CuiGuoyin believed that Korea was very important for Chinese security. He pointed out that Japan or Russia would invade Korea. If Japan or Russia offence Korea, he advised the Qing Dynasty appeal to arms to settle dispute. The reason that he thought Japan would invade Korea was because Japan constantly created problems with other counties in Asia. Chinese intellectuals agitated that Qing Government should protect Korea from Russia invasion. CuiGuoyin was influenced to some extent by Chinese intellectuals’ opinion. He advocated that Qing Dynasty should appeal to force to protect Korea. But his advice was wrong, because the Qing armies had not enough power. After he went to America, CuiGuoyin thought Russia was more likely to invade Korea than Japan. He thought Russia gradually showed force towards other counties in Asia, especially Korea, becausethe Triple Alliance curbed Russian aggression in Europe. When Russia began to build the Siberian railway, he was more concerned about Russia. But he didn’t recognize the increase in national strength of Japan and its aggressive ambition. He advised that Qing Government should joint Japan to protect Korea, because he thought China and Japan shared the same culture and genes. In CuiGuoyin’s view, the aim of China- Japan Joint was to set Japan on the Sino-foreign country order.