Earticle

Jeonju is likely due to the aftermath of the revival of Baekje King Munmu three years (663), which was from the end of the DANG territory, King Munmu 10 years (670) in the Silla-Tang War was occupied by venturing process after the invasion of the region. The Shilla is completely occupied by the Jeonju province tastefully understated rooms titles Wansanjuseo(完山州誓) is deferred King Munmu 12 years (672). Sinmunwang five years (685) in Wansanju(完山州) while installing the province was highlighted as the base city of Jeonju, Jeonbuk region, Jeonbuk area Sanya preside over the nine weeks of the week last week to welcome distinguished guests gyeongdeokwang 16 years (757). Silla welcome distinguished guests were installed five years a couple of weeks sinmunwang Note that the direction of movement towards the victory in the Battle of bleach and bleach per surrounds the notice. Wansanju(完山州) area is likely to welcome distinguished guests often hayeoteul Silla is emerging as an important military stronghold pearl after the Baekje remaining calm when battling the forces. Silla was installed the week to welcome distinguished guests themselves firmly to expand the military occupation policy of Baekje notice by securing routes to the south the race.

Yongjangsa is a Buddhist temple that used to be located in Jeolan Village, Sanne-myeon, Jeongup-si in Jeonlabuldo Province, Korea. The temple was established by a Buddhist priest, Unju Jotong, who formed a close relationship with King Gyeonhwon between late Shilla and early Goryeo dynasty. Unju Jotong went to the southern region of China during the period of late Shilla dynasty, to learn from the Buddhist priest, Dao Ying. After returning from China, it is believed that Unju Jotong developed a close relationship with King Gyeonhwon of Hubaekje dynasty. Around this time, Unju Jotong set out to build Yongjangsa, a temple of Zen Buddhism. This took place between the year 900 and November 927. Presumably, King Gyeonhwon sponsored establishment of the temple, wishing for the prosperity of the royal family. Even after Hubaekje dynasty fell to ruin, Unju Jotong maintained his loyalty for the dynasty. Probably for this reason, he received little respect in Goryeo dynasty, and little records of him remain today. Meanwhile, the records on Yongjangsa temple are found in documents published throughout Goryeo dynasty and into late Joseon dynasty. They include poems written by Go Dongyeom, Kim Geukki, or geography books such as Donggukyeojiseungram and Yeojiji. The temple was burned down during the Japanese invasion in 1592, and then reconstructed in 1630. In 1635, Buddhist priests at the temple worked on publishing Buddhist scripts. Afterwards, the temple perished entirely during the period of Donghak peasant revolution in the late 19th century.

In April of the 18th year of the reign of King Sejong, the Yukjo Jikge System was abolished, and the Euijeongbu Seosa System was implemented. As change of a ruling system leads to change of the way of running politics and affects future politics, there is political motives behind it. Around the time when King Sejong considered adopting the Euijeongbu Seosa System, he was facing problems in major policies he had initiated such as the Ya-in(野人) Conquest after taking charge of the full rulership. Those problems could serve as criteria for the test of his leadership. Accordingly, the period was a political turning point when the first half of his politics. He revised the existing ruling system into an Euijeongbu-centered one to share his political responsibility with other government officials, successfully solve burdening problems, and maintain strengthened power. But, the Seosa System did not strengthen the Euijeongbu. While King Sejong put the Euijeongbu at the center of the government, he reduced the number of euijeongs from three to two, and restricted the right of personnel management of them. Though he presented the Chongje System arguing that it was an ideal system, he seems to have implemented the Euijeongbu Seosa System to overcome the difficult situation he faced. By implementing the system, he could relieve the some of the burden of political responsibility, and continue to maintain his power.

In 1624, even though the Rebellion of Lee Gwal(李适) was suppressed in a short time, it greatly influenced the government of King Injo. First at all, military power of Joseon was weaken in the process of suppressing the rebellion. Also, as the rebel forces of Lee Gwal occupied Seoul and the royal palace was on fire, various historical books, government documents and the data needed for reformation were destroyed. Meanwhile, the government of King Injo which made to take back political power in the end lost a political space and long-term outlook. After the suppression of the rebellion, this government made great efforts only on protecting King Injo and maintaining the government. This resulted in the daily investigation and surveillance on the potential political opposing party. Furthermore, most important thing is that the degree of political dependence upon Ming Dynasty and Mao Wenlung(毛文龍), who was a representative of Ming Dynasty, increased to protect their authority and tradition. Especially, Mao Wenlung tried to have more supports and military supplies from Joseon by using the crisis of the government of King Injo in a predicament caused by the rebellion. As a result, Joseon ran into financial problems. In short, after the Rebellion of Lee Gwal, Joseon had no choice but to incline to be a more pro-Ming disposition. After the Rebellion of Lee Gwal, the government of King Injo also had no choice but to take a conciliatory gesture toward Japan. Even though it was not realized, Joseon made a plan to receive a support from Japanese troops for suppression of the rebellion. Moreover, Joseon made an attempt to build stability in relations with Japan by dispatching Joseon Embassy(朝鮮通信使) to Japan right after the rebellion finished. In a word, as the Rebellion of Lee Gwal had begun, infrastructure and economic foundation of King Injo's government became deeply corrosive. Futhermore, the possibility of reformation suggested by the government which was taking power at that time became greatly weaken.

The Japanese colonial authority issued the new forestry policy at the beginning of colonial rule by suggesting the principles of Sustained Yield Management, which means maintaining sustainable development. Japanese Governor-General of Chosun carried out that policy in an irregular manner that marked schematic role division between national forests as cutover zone and civil-owned forest as planting area. Under this policy, Governor-General of Chosun forced forest owners to plant trees, while logging national forests aggressively. In 1930’ Japan's forestry policy for civil owned forest switched off from the principles of Sustained Management to promoting forest production as arising the ambition to invade the chinese continent. In accordance with the policy change, the amounts of timber that produced in private forests had soared dramatically. Meanwhile, timber productive capacity of national forests had also continuously expanded. At late 1930’ Japanese colonial authority built the system of consignment production by establishing Chosun forestry Development Company which was civil corporation operating under the authorities supervising. As Forestry authority produced a glut of timber, vast tracts of forests had devastated. Forest denudation under the japanese colonial rule was triggered by policy-based indiscriminate felling of trees.

This article analyzes how the procedural knowledge and historical skills are reflected in the 2015 national curriculum of history. In addition, it suggests how to improve the curriculum document system to realize the education of the procedural knowledge and historical skills. The necessity of learning about the procedural knowledge and historical skills is stated explicitly in the 'subject competencies', 'objectives' and ‘directions of teaching & learning and evaluation', but it is not stated clearly in the ‘content structure and achievement standards of history’. Therefore, it is considered to create the procedural knowledge & historical skills as a separate achievement standard that distinguish content achievement standards of history.

구양우는 당송이래 복건 북부지역의 중요한 지방 신기(神祇)이다. 구양우 신앙은 대략 당대 邵武縣 大乾鄉 지역에서 기원하였고 초기에는 역병을 일으키는 귀신으로 숭배의 대상이 되었다. 이후 그 신앙 형태가 점차 변화하여 다양한 모습의 신명(神明)이 되었다. 먼저 불교 승려들에 의해 재식계율(斋食戒律)을 받아들였다. 그리고 송대 지방 관원과 신사들의 추진으로 관의 사전(祀典)이 되었고 황제로부터 누차 칙봉을 받아 邵武지역의 수호신이 되었다. 또한 민북 지방에 과거시험이 성행하면서 사인들에 의해 과거시험의 신명으로 추앙되었다. 아울러 구양우신앙은 외부로 전파되어 邵武縣 大乾鄉 지역을 중심으로 복건 북부지역 및 인근의 江西 浙江지역을 포괄하는 신앙권을 형성하여 지역사회에 깊은 영향력을 미치게 되었다. 구양우 신앙의 변천과 전파 과정 중에서 지방관원 승려 그리고 서민 등 서로 다른 집단의 구성원들이 중요한 역할을 하였고 그 이면에는 당송에서 명청시기까지 민북 사회의 역사 변천을 반영하고 있다.

Ouyang You，one of the important Local gods in north Fujian in the Tang and Song Dynasties，originated in the Daqian village of Shaowu area. At the beginning，it might be worshipped as the gods which could spread plague. Later, its form evolved into a multiple faces god. In Tang，the god accepted Buddhist rituals. In Northern Song Dynasty，it was given a series titles in the official ceremonies. With the development of the imperial examination system, it was blessed by intellectuals in northern Fujian. At the same time，Ouyang You belief spread outward, formed a larger range faith circle, covering the north Fujian, and neighboring Jiangxi, Zhejiang and other regions, deeply influenced the local community. In the process of evolution and dissemination of Ouyang You faith, various groups which included local officials, monks, elite, and masses, has played an important role. It reflects the historical changes of society in north Fujian from the Tang and Song to the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

고대 동아시아지역은 중국을 중심으로 하는 ‘華夷秩序’하에 ‘禮’의 관념 속에서 평화적인 지역적 왕래를 유지하여 왔는데 이것이 소위 ‘朝貢貿易’이다. 조선왕조는 명나라와 공식적 宗藩関係를 맺은 이후 명, 청과 줄곧 양호한 외교적 관계를 유지하여왔다. 일본의 상황은 조금 다른데 일본도 동아시아질서에 융합하면서도 중국과의 왕래는 주요하게 문화적 방면이었고 정치상에서는 시종 상대적으로 독립적인 질서 관을 유지하였다. 특히 근대에 진입한 이후 일본은 빈번히 전통적인 ‘화이질서’에 도전하였고 동아시아에서 일본을 중심으로 하는 국제질서를 구축하려고 시도하였다. 이 글에서는 근대 일본의 國際秩序観의 정립을 계기로 1853년 ‘黒船事件’ 으로 인한 개항으로부터 1910년 조선이 완전히 일본에 강제합병 되는 기간의 일본 국제 질서 관을 연구하기로 한다. 즉 유럽열강의 대외확장을 모방하면서 全동아시아지역을 손아귀에 틀어지려는 일본의 야심을 조명한다. 근대 일본의 국제질서관의 형성 원인, 형성 과정 및 중조 양국에 미친 영향을 검토함으로써, 근대 일본의 국제질서관의 역사적 근원과 그 특점을 해부하여 근대 일본의 침략적 본질을 전면적이면서도 체계적으로 그려내어, 그 역사적 진실을 밝힌다.

In ancient times, the whole East Asia had been under the system of "Hua yi order" with China as the center. The concepts of “manners” maintain this area peaceful and orderly. That was called “tribute trade”. Joseon Dynasty had always maintained a relatively good diplomatic relations with Ming & Qing dynasties since suzerain-vassal relations had been established in the Ming Dynasty. That is different with Japan. Although Japan had also been incorporated into the East Asian Order, but it more reflected in cultural aspects when it communicate with China. But in Politics, Japan kept always relatively independent. That became more and more obviously after entering modern times, challenges to traditional "Hua yi order" had been built up frequently. Japan attempted to establish a brandy new order and take Japan as the center of new order. This paper starts with the view of international order in Modern Japan during the times between ‘black boat incidents’ in 1853 and Korea fully annexed by Japan in 1910. Actually that was Japan learned some experience from Europe's external expansion and attempted to control the whole East Asia with that. This paper will discuss the formation of modern Japan’s international order, the reasons of its formation and its influence on China & Korea; try to analyze the historical roots and characteristics of its formation; try to reveal the truth of Japan’s invasion, try to clarify the historical truth.

Korean independence fighters who struggled for freedom of the mother country from around the world when Korea lost its sovereignty by Japan couldn't help but value the awareness of country where they stayed on the independence movement, which was especially the case for Korean independence movement in China where the struggle was more active than any other countries thanks to the historic and geographic factors. Sun, Yat-Sen paid great attention to this and spared no efforts in supporting the Korean independence movements. His endeavors included determining 'Guarantee of Korean independence' as the ultimate goal of the Chinese National Revolution Movement from the early days. Unfortunately Sun Wen lacked the capacity to provide practical support except providing 'theoretical approval' to the provisional government of Korea as the revolutionary government that he led failed to win endorsement of other countries and his own future also suffered lack of clarity. Sun, Yat-Sen's dying instructions of supporting weak and small country and guaranteeing Korean interdependence later put profound influence to the figures of Kuomintang (National Party of China). Chiang Kai-shek, who claimed to be the successor of Sun Wen was the de facto leader of China and the top decision maker in the days of the provisional government of Korea, thus his influence played the most significant part in the Korea-China relationship in post-1930s. Chiang Kai-shek attempted to follow the dying instruction of Sun Wen as he regarded himself as his successor, but it appears that his sympathy to the Korean independence efforts and willingness to support the weak people of Korea were no stronger than those of Sun Wen. Awareness on Korea and interest and support to Korean independence of Chiang Kai-shek are represented through changes of time and environment such as the days prior to the Northern Expedition War, the days of the policy of 'ensuring safety inside and preventing any trouble from outside' and the days of Sino-Japanese War, all of which basically prioritized 'interests of China' in common. This can be confirmed by the fact that the relationship with Japan was put first in the days of the Northern Expedition War and days of the policy of 'ensuring safety inside and preventing any trouble from outside' while the relationship with allies was considered first during Sino-Japanese War before the support for Korean independence movement.

Contrary to the common view that Judaism was a stagnant religion because of its exclusivity, Judaism rapidly expanded throughout the Roman Empire. The people of the Jews amounted to six millions in the Empire in the beginning of the first century CE. Their growth rate drew great attentions of the Romans. This paper attempts to find the reasons for the expansion of Jewish settlements in the Early Roman Empire. First of all, the Jews actively tried to convert people. Even though, compared to Christians, they did not carry out evangelical missions aggressively, they were actively at work propagating their doctrines and offered many advantages to the proselytes. In this period, the Jews were the most open-minded race in the ancient world. Impressed by the openness of the Jews, many Gentiles were willing to convert to Judaism. Second, traditional Roman religion could not satisfy the Gentiles who longed for something better in the afterlife. As the Roman religion was a state religion, its main concern was not the salvation of the soul but the wellbeing of the empire. Because of these limitations, the foundations of the traditional Roman religion had been shaken since the second century BCE, while Eastern religions, as new alternatives, spread rapidly. Judaism was one of the favored religions, because it offered a systematic doctrine about the afterlife and personal salvation. Third, Romans, who believed in many different gods and goddesses, had the principle of tolerance toward all religions. They did not persecute any religious group except for the group of Bacchanalian revellers that violated the law. Furthermore, Rome granted many privileges to Judaism as well as tolerated it. The Jews were given exemption from military service and emperor worship. Thus, they were recognized as a privileged people. In conclusion, based on the three reasons mentioned above, Judaism was not a stagnant religion but an active religion and hence contributed to the expansion of Jewish settlement in the Roman world.

In the 21st century, the North Korean archaeologists have discovered and excavated the Koguryo tomb murals more than a dozen times, in which a dozen of tombs are included, such as Heritage Park Building No. 1 tomb murals in Pyongyang Folk Park, top level Taichengli No. 3 defined by North Korea scholars, Shochiku in Koguryo tomb murals in North Hwanghae first discovered in Pyongyang, the newly discovered cave tomb murals in the center of Pyongyang, Yutaoli mural tomb found in Nampo city in North Korea Long Gang county, No. 34 mural tombs found in the big cave hole of Pyongyang, the newly discovered Hunanli No. 18 mural tomb in 2013. Among them, Yutaoli mural tomb and Hunanli No. 18 mural tomb have been reported for excavation. The other tomb murals including Shochiku in tomb murals, has the only excavation briefing, and not published drawings and color photographs of murals found, which has brought great inconvenience for the study. So the paper intends to do a brief introduction for the tomb murals to Shochiku, with reference to North Korea published the text data, combined with diagrams and color photographs Mural Found. Shochiku in Koguryo tomb murals is a Goguryeo tomb murals found in the Archaeological Institute of the DPRK Academy of Social Sciences in the fall of 2002 for North Hwanghae Koguryo tombs along the course of the investigation. In September it began its archaeological cleaned excavated tombs are numbered according to the order in which numbered Shochiku No. 1 tomb. Shochiku in Koguryo tomb murals is semi-underground stone chamber grave mound by ramps, consists of front room, corridor, rear compartment configuration, and the direction of 180°. Mural tomb early destruction of frescoes also peeling serious, but some of the Frescoes still clear, legible, and can be regarded as Koguryo tomb murals focusing on the main character custom. Shochiku ramps in tomb murals painted walls and armor Ma Wushi pawns, drawing room before the gatekeepers, hunting map, painted on both sides of the corridor will be gatekeepers, the rear chamber tomb painted portraits. Tomb unearthed gold and copper rings, silver hairpin, coffin nail, coffin ring, pottery and other artifacts. Shochiku in tomb murals of Koguryo tomb murals are in North Hwanghae region for the first time discovered relics unearthed gold and copper rings, and other high specification Yinzan relics, and it provides a new kind of information for studying the Koguryo tomb murals further.