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Kang, Oksun. “Women’s Letter-Writing and Their Societal-Cultural Networks.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 1-19. This paper seeks to study the operation of elite women’s societal networks, examining their letter-writing and cultural salons in the early nineteenth century. My focus will be given to women’s intellectual efforts to assert their power of reason against the exclusion of women from radical politics. This topic can be applied to women writers just after the French Revolution such as Mary Wollstonecraft, Helen Maria Williams, Sara Austin, Harriet Martineau, and Amelia Opie. Women’s letter writing should be reconsidered as a method by which women could penetrate the male force of life. Women’s salons should be also examined as dynamic tools to argue for female societal participation in Britain and France. Many elite women were active in the unofficial politics of the day, and used their informal social and kinship networks to support their political activities. Austin, Martineau and Opie do not stand in isolation, being often acquainted personally at Norwich, which was the center of Unitarian gatherings. It is clear that letter-writing and salon gatherings played an important subversive role, challenging women’s subjection. (Dongseo University)

Kwak, Seung-yoab. “A Study on Two Characters’ Desire of Improving Their Status in Great Exceptions and An American Tragedy.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 21-47. In Great Expectations, Charles Dickens depicts the poor and the unsound consciousness despite of considerable economic development in the contemporary English society. Pip’s wish to become a gentleman is concreted with his perception of the existence of other people’s wealthy state after visiting the Satis House like Clyde’s visiting his uncle Griffiths’. Dickens shows that to become a gentleman is not to attain social reputation but to come true moral values through this novel. The hopes and failures of American dream were expressed by the Clyde’s liberal life in An American Tragedy. Dreiser describes Clyde as the weakest hero and a victim of environment, chemical action and magnetism. He shows that pursuing of an excessive greed for wealth and pleasure eventually leads to an unsatisfactory condition. Pip and Clyde suffers from the mental poverty and their fates are influenced by the unknown forces in common irrespective of their will. In conclusion, Pip recovers morality and reliance with experiencing of losing his materialistic aspects and sense of values. Clyde ends in sitting on the electric chair by accidents and morbid social surroundings. But he is a weak and incompetent man because he did not know what his crime was even at the moment of his dying. Therefore two writers tell us that if a man fulfills his hope and ambition on the basis of his ability and conscience, he can contribute to his society and will be really a blissful person. (Tamna University)

Kim, Jeongho. “A Semiotic Study of Signifying Process of Black Feminism Drama through ntozake shange’s for colored girls.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 49-68. Semiotics is concerned not so much with what things mean, but how they mean. It is the study of how meanings come about and are constructed in society. Semiotics is important and useful to the study of black feminism drama as a signifying practice because it helps account for the text and its signification. A semiotic approach to shange’s discursive strategy such as vernacular expression, resistance to normative language and story, disruption of conventional narratives and collective interactions of many genres together opens up the plurality of multi-layered meanings and thematic politics of the black feminism dramas. Her choreopoem is best described as decolonizing discourse in which colored subjects confront and liberate themselves from different kinds of oppressive structures. (Chonbuk National University)

Nam gung, Jae. “A Study of Undershaft’s Religion in Shaw’s Major Barbara.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 69-87. It would seem that Shaw and Undershaft are one in the admiration of money for the freedom it brings and the respect of gunpowder for its power to effect liberation and social change. But how, then, is one to understand Shaw’s Fabian views encouraging the constitutional reform of government, his history of anti-violence, and his anti-militarism? Are these elements, so basic to his thought, thrown over in Major Barbara? Therefore this study investigates how Undershaft’s religion lies ultimately by analyzing this play to understand such an ironical phenomenon. Its end is not merely anarchist. It is a search for a new religion based on social fact as well as on idealism. Intellectually he can appreciate the truth of Undershaft as a starting-point, concomitant with idealism, for a new moral direction. The hope for social improvement via Barbara and Cusins lies in the intrinsically fluid nature of power. For the moment, power driven by altruistic Life Force idealism instead of selfish cynicism may be put to use to improve man’s physical well-being, since this is the most practical first step toward spiritual well-being. (Yewon Arts University)

Nam, Sung-sook. “The Characteristics and Meaning of Laughter in The Bluest Eye.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 89-108. Toni Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye, describes the tragedy of self identity having been lost, through the dominance of social values and the white standards of beauty. All Afro-American characters in this novel are affected by a white society that both violates and denies black culture. Characters, susceptible to dominant social definition, are inclined to give up ‘Funk’, which is black culture’s prime quality: they are ashamed of ‘Funk’, of spontaneous feeling. Such characters only respect proper manners, and discourage loud laughter because it is regarded by dominant Western culture as inferior. But this novel emphasizes the positive quality of laughter. Characters who do not give in to dominant cultural norms and so do not give up their laughter, have a more subjectively positive life. Spontaneous, positive laughter opens minds, expresses the subjective self and is free of any artificial system. In this novel, this kind of laughter is found in three whores who are marginal characters in society. Through their free and healthy laughter, Morrison exposes the wrong of binary thought and requires readers to acknowledge the peculiar value of a different culture. (Hannam University)

Park, Gui Suk. “The Meaning of Love and the Narrative Structure in Love.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 109-31. This paper investigates the meaning of love and the narrative structure in Toni Morrison’s Love. In the novel, Morrison employs two narrators to show how love between two little girls was lost and therefore they were disoriented from living meaningful lives. The first part of the novel seems to deliver the norms and values of dominant discourse in the patriarchal system by the third person narrator and to argue for heterosexual romantic love. However, in the final chapter of the novel, using the mysterious first person narrator, L, Morrison abruptly overthrows all the norms and values that readers have agreed on and followed with their cultural conventions and preconceptions about love. Through the disclosure of brutal intervention of heterosexuality on the two women and the reconciliation between them, Morrison suggests a remedy and the possibility of different love stories. (Gyeongsang National University)

Suh, Kil-soo. “Eugene O’Neill and the Vision of Life: A Study of Long Day’s Journey into Night.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 133-48. This essay attempts to examine the characteristic features of the four Tyrones’ tragedies, through the conflicting characters and the contrasting journeys in Long Day’s Journey into Night. They love and hate one another by recollecting the others’ doings in the past. They try to overcome the conflicts and begin to see the light. In the end, the play ends in a good atmosphere of forgiveness and reconciliation. O’Neill develops the dramatic strategy which transcends the spiritual conflict and emphasizes the vision of life through the four Tyrones. What O’Neill pursues ultimately is ‘journey into light.’ From this point of view, Long Day’s Journey into Night may be called ‘Long Night’s Journey into Day.’ (Daeshin University)

Lee, Byung-tae. “Condition for Authentic Justice represented in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 149-71. As a child, John Steinbeck developed what would be a lifelong interest in the stories of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table. As an adult during the 1930s, he recreated the Arthurian brotherhood cycle-its formation, flowering, and dissolution-in his novel, The Grapes of Wrath. This novel is characterized by the following Arthurian elements: a leader is chosen by the people and dies during the dissolution of the brotherhood. Steinbeck used the Arthurian brotherhood cycle to explore how the social problems of the period of the great depression in America must be solved for the oppressed such as the migrating workers to search for jobs from Oklahoma to California. For authentic emancipation of the oppressed from the society, Steinbeck explored the meaning of justice and the good life for the group. Through this work, he concludes that justice means maximizing the greatest happiness for the greatest number on the foundation of virtue and the common good. (Kwangwoon University)

Ko, Young-Jin. “Teaching Culture in English Subject as an International Language.” Studies in English Language and Literature. 37.3 (2011): 173-94. Since a language is created in a society and the language bounds the lives of the people living in the society, the language and the culture of the society are closely related. So it is not possible to study a language departed from the culture of the people using the language to communicate perfectly with them in the language. Thus, whenever we study English, we have studied the culture of the people using English as their mother tongue. This kind of learning is the studying English as a foreign language. And the aim of the learning of a foreign language is to communicate perfectly with the people using the language as their mother tongue. However, the globalization of the world increases rapidly the number of the people and the country using and teaching English, and that changes the role of English from a foreign language to an international language using all together to communicate with the people having different languages and cultures. So the learning and teaching method of English, especially in teaching culture, has to be changed with the step. The aim of this study is to suggest the teaching method to have, the foreign cultures to teach and the principles to be considered to select the foreign cultures in English education as an international language. And the study suggests ‘learners’ culture centered foreign cultures teaching and the principles considering the multi-cultural situation of the learners of English to select foreign cultures to teach. (Daejin University)

Kim, Ki-Jung ․ Jeong, Dong-Bin. “Perceptions of Multicultural Family Mothers on Early Childhood English Education.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 195-225. This study investigated the awareness of early childhood English education among muticultural background mothers of 5 to 7 years old children. Thirty mothers from China, Vietnam, and the Philippines participated in the study. SPSS 18.0 was used to analyze survey research of three factors; social factors, child-rearing attitudes, and awareness of early childhood English education. The major findings were as follows: First, the Filipino mothers’ Korean (M=3.75) and English (M=3.75) proficiency levels were higher than any others (M=3.23, 1.87), yet the Vietnamese mothers showed the lowest statistic results (M=2.85, 1.23). Second, the mothers’ nationality affected their awareness of early childhood English. The Filipino mothers regarded 3 years of age as the proper time to begin English education, and they spent much more time and money for such education. Finally, there was no statical differences according to the mothers’ child-rearing attitudes (p>.05), but the groups who showed compassion to their children spent more time and money for early childhood English education. This research has important implications for governmental and educational policy. (Chung-Ang University ․ Chung-Ang University)

Park, Seungwon. “Enhancing an authentic English training program for elementary school teachers in Korea.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 227-42. The purpose of this study is to suggest an authentic model for a teachers’ training program that needs to be implemented and that also reflects the demands of elementary school English teachers. For the needs analysis, a questionnaire was sent to sixty elementary school English teachers who participated in the training courses provided by the university in the summer of 2010. The survey was conducted to check course and program satisfaction and the results of the questionnaire show that the majority of teachers are extremely interested in upgrading their speaking and writing proficiency in English to properly communicate in the academic environment of their own schools. However, some teachers still have an interest in engaging in activities that promote their listening and reading proficiency of English. In particular, most teachers want both native speakers and Korean lecturers to circumscribe themselves to speak English outside the classroom as well as in class. In addition, numerous teachers find it useful to apply the teaching materials provided in the training program to their own classrooms immediately after the courses are ended. In conclusion, this examination implies that the current teachers’ training programs should be reviewed to see if they meet the demands of school teachers in terms of increasing the balance of improvement of the four language skills of English which leads to the participant-friendly training courses. (Korea Nazarene University)

Sim, Jie Young. “A Comparative Study on the Words close and shut by Analyzing their Collocations.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 243-65. The main concern of this paper is to show the difference between the synonymous words close and shut(especially the past participles closed and shut, and the verbs close and shut) and to verify the existing findings on these words in an unprecedented way. For this purpose, the noun collocations of the words close and shut from COCA are categorized and compared. Their implied meanings are also analyzed and compared. This paper reveals that the words close and shut have similar meanings, like ‘to move so that a gap, hole or opening is covered’ or ‘to stop all work or activity permanently’ that make both words collocate with the same nouns, whilst they also have totally different meanings and characteristics which cause them to collocate with completely different nouns from each other. Especially, the word close has its own semantic characteristic that it implies ‘to bring something to an end or to complete something’ which distinguishes it from shut. The different meanings of close and shut are reflected in each noun collocation, not only when they appear as past participles (closed and shut) but also when they appear as verbs (close and shut). This result shows that the difference of the semantic characteristics of two words makes them collocate with different kinds of nouns from each other. This study reveals that even though close and shut(not only as past participles but also as verbs) have similar meanings that cause them to look similar, each word has its own semantic characteristics and meanings that distinguish it from the other. (Silla University)

Oh, Kwan-Young. “A comparison between rule-based approaches and constraint-based ones in vowel nasalization and degemination.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 267-91. The purpose of this study is to show that when we treat vowel nasalization and degemination with coalescence, constraint-based approaches can be explained better than rule-based approaches from the comparison of two phonological approaches. For vowel nasalization I first analyze it by applying a nasalization and a nasal deletion rule in sequence, and then a transformational rule, but these are still inadequate from the viewpoint of coalescence and also can’t capture the functional unity of rules. Instead I can explain this nasalization appropriately by using constraints and setting a new constraint, which blocks the nasalized vowel plus nasal consonant sequence. For degemination, first I analyze it by using the assimilation rule and cluster simplification and then the transformational rule, but all are unsatisfactory in explaining degemination as coalescence. Therefore I can analyze it by using some related constraints and making a new constraint, which is driven by the necessity of accounting for the assimilation of the given examples. As the result, I can explain degemination more concisely and consistently than can rule-based approaches. (Chonnam National University)

Yun, Do-hyun & Ihm, Ick-hee. “The Correlation Between Multimedia Production and Students’ Achievement.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 293-317. The purpose of this study is to investigate the assumption that multimedia education will make learning outcomes of listening and speaking better than traditional teacher-centered one. This study focuses on two groups of university students taking an English class as a cultural study. Participants’ performance toward the multimedia production is measured in two different instructional treatments: the treatment 1 in the experimental group with the multimedia production and the treatment 2 in the control group with the traditional class method without that. The results of hypotheses were analyzed by SPSS. They show that there exists the strong correlation between multimedia production and students’ learning achievement of listening and speaking. Therefore, educators need to develop the special instruction methods or textbooks combined with the multimedia techniques which are capable of enhancing students’ listening and speaking ability. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies․ Kwangwoon University)

Yoon, Seok-Hwa. “Improving Listening Ability -through Movies.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 319-42. This article is to investigate the improvement of listening ability through Movies. movies turn out to be an effective teaching device and very motivating to develop the EFL learners’ listening skills. Their capacity to arouse the English learner’ motivation to engage them in a variety of activities related to aural perception in the target language can hardly be denied. Hence, using correctly films can help boost motivation and increase students’ enthusiasm for English learning while helping them develop learning skills. The growing acceptance of content teaching within EFL context as a motivator for students has led in recent years to the frequent use of movies in English classes. For the purpose of the study, the researcher formulate two hypotheses, that there would be a significant enhancement in the listening ability and a strong relationship between listening and affective factors - confidence, anxiety, interest, participation, easiness, and willingness to use the expression in the movies. A written questionnaires asking the level of affective domain in Likert Scale were submitted to the students in class. Based the findings and conclusion formulated in this study, the following recommendations are hereby proposed. English teachers can use movies to enrich their teaching and enhance learners’ interests in learning English. English teachers should explore the other enrichment activities that could be used to teach the movies and overall linguistic skills. (WonKwang University)

Chung, Chin-Wan. “The Role of Positional Faithfulness and Prosodic Constituents in Phonological Processes of English: Focusing on Conflicting Cases.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.3 (2011): 343-65. This paper discusses some conflicting cases of positional faithfulness in English. It is argued that multi-lateral application of positional faithfulness is better than uni-lateral application in that the conflict between each division of positional faithfulness is resolved by ranking one division of positional faithfulness over the other. Concerning voicing assimilation over a root and a derivational suffix, the voicing feature of the onset element of a derivational morpheme takes priority over that of the coda element of a root. With respect to segmental deletion in /n.t/, the coda element in a stressed syllable is preserved while the onset element of an unstressed syllable fails to appear in the output. (Chonbuk National University)